A binary system was formed with the addition of the anionic surfactant SDS into amphiphilic polymer solution with different hydrophobic groups. The interactions between hydrophobic groups，SDS and amphiphilic polymer and the binary system were studied by using rheological measurements，dynamic light scattering and pyrene fluorescence probe. The results show that due to the effect of hydrophobic association and electrical property，SDS will interact with amphiphilic polymers in the aqueous solution. At a low concentration of SDS（0-50 mg/L），the apparent viscosity of the binary system solution will have dynamic increase and the fluorescence spectrum of pyrene I1/I3 value will be decreased obviously. This suggests that the increasing of apparent viscosity is mainly because the hydrophobic association of micro ranges is enhanced by surfactant，and the size and strength of the original space grid structure are also increased in the solution. When the concentration of SDS is higher，the apparent viscosity of the solution starts to go down rapidly. Strong association and electrostatic action result in the separation of the aggregations of the amphiphilic polymer and the formation of mixed aggregations. A lot of small-molecule surfactants is added，which makes the dynamic diameter of the mixed aggregations fluid decrease. And viscosity and viscoelasticity of the solution drop. Comparing rules of different number of carbon atoms（dodecyl，hexadecyl and octadecyl）in hydrophobic groups，it is found that the influence of SDS on the amphiphilic polymer with hydrophobic monomer of N-octadecyl acrylamide is minimal. This is because that along with the increasing of the number of carbon atoms，the association strength of the hydrophobic groups in the amphiphilic polymer is higher，and repulsive interactions among high molecules become weaker and the aggregate structure is closer，and it will be harder to be dissociated and recombined by SDS.