The Carboniferous strata is important for hydrocarbon exploration in Junggar Basin，and its hydrocarbon accumulation is mainly controlled by source rocks. Identifying geochemical characteristics of the Carboniferous source rocks is significant to determine the effective source rocks in detail and to guide hydrocarbon exploration. The outcrop and drilling samples of source rock were systematically collected and the analysis methods were used including organic carbon content，rock pyrolysis，chromatography-mass spectrometry saturated hydrocarbon，single hydrocarbon carbon isotope，and experiment of hydrocarbon generation thermal simulation in gold tube-autoclave to study the geochemical characteristics and hydrocarbon generation capacity of source rocks. The results show that there are five types of source rock development modes of the Carboniferous strata in Junggar basin resulted from five types of sedimentary settings，namely residual ocean（sea），back-arc basin，intra-arc basin，marine rift，and continental rift basins. The source rocks in different sedimentary environments show different geochemical characteristics，and can be divided into 5 types，including Well Wucan1 type source rock，Dishuiquan type source rock，Wucaicheng type source rock，Zaheba type source rock，and Dixi8 well type source rock.The hydrocarbon generation capacity of source rocks developed in different sedimentary environments have huge difference.Among them，the source rocks in back-arc basin and intra-arc basin show strong hydrocarbon generation capacity and are high-quality source rocks，and the generated hydrocarbon is an important exploration target.