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作者简介:

方正伟(1986—),男,湖北宜都人,工程师,在读博士研究生,从事油气储层综合研究。联系电话:15205467291,E-mail:slgfzw@163.com。

中图分类号:TE122.2+3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2019)01-0101-08

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.2019.01.011

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目录contents

    摘要

    济阳坳陷沙四段上亚段—沙三段下亚段泥页岩具有复杂的成分及结构非均质性,对其储集性控制因素尚不明确,制约了页岩油勘探进展。利用岩石薄片分析等资料将研究区以富碳酸盐为特征的泥页岩分为A—J共10种层理结构类型,以B—D类最为发育,所占比例达80%;利用岩石薄片、氩离子抛光-扫描电镜对泥页岩基质孔隙类型进行观察与综合分析,认为研究区孔隙类型主要有刚性颗粒间孔、有机质及黏土矿物收缩孔和碳酸盐晶间孔。 从层理结构类型来看,G,H,B和D类储集性较好,其次为E和F类,A和C类较差,其他类型储集性更差。分析不同类型层理结构泥页岩储集性控制因素发现:碳酸盐呈泥晶结构的泥页岩,矿物成分对孔隙发育程度具有主导控制作用;碳酸盐呈晶粒结构(包含柱纤结构)的泥页岩,层理结构对储集性的控制作用较强。根据泥页岩出油井段分析结果,指出下步应以寻找碳酸盐含量为30%~50%的G,H,B和D类层理结构泥页岩为主要勘探方向,优选碳酸盐含量满足上述条件且G和H类层理结构泥页岩层段。

    Abstract

    Mud shale in Upper Es 4 to Lower Es 3 Members of Jiyang Depression has complicate composition and structural heterogeneity,and controlling factors of reservoir property difference are unclear,restricting the progress of shale oil explo- ration. Bedding structures in mud shale characterized by rich carbonate in Upper Es 4 to Lower Es 3 Members of Jiyang De- pression can be divided into 10 types by using thin slice analysis data. Results show that types of B,C and D are the most developed in mud shale,which proportion can reach 80%. By analyzing and observing pore types of mud shale matrix through thin section and argon ion polishing-scanning electron microscopy,the main pore types in the study area are con- sidered to be rigid intergranular pore,organic matter and clay shrinkage pore,and carbonate intergranular pore. According to the bedding structure type,G,H,B and D have the best reservoir property,followed by E and F,A and C,and other types are the worst. By analyzing the controlling factors of mud shale reservoir property of different types of bedding structure,the mineral composition plays a leading role in controlling the degree of pore development in mud shale with muddy crystal structure carbonate. Bedding structure strongly affects the degree of pore development in mud shale with carbonate grain structure(including columnar fiber structure). According to the analysis of mud shale oil production section,it is clear that the further main exploration direction should be to turn to mud shale of G,H,B and D types with 30%-50% carbonate con- tent,and it is preferable to consider shale sections with more concentrated G and H types with carbonate content meeting the above conditions.

  • 济阳坳陷古近系沙四段上亚段—沙三段下亚段(Es 4 — Es 3)发育陆相暗色泥页岩,厚度可达550~950m,既是优质烃源岩发育带[1-2],也是石油连续聚集的页岩油储层发育带[3]。经统计,济阳坳陷已有320余口探井于Es 4 — Es 3泥页岩中见油气显示,其中30余口井获工业油流,表明济阳坳陷泥页岩具有良好的勘探潜力,是胜利油区重要的资源接替阵地。2012年以来,胜利油区开展页岩油勘探部署,但仅获低产油流,未实现页岩油勘探的工业突破和规模化开采预想,凸显出目前对研究区古近系陆相泥页岩储层认识程度和差异性判识局限的问题。受构造、气候等宏观地质条件影响,泥页岩平面及垂向的岩相变化快、非均质性强[4-7],有效储层预测难度大。研究区周围出露大量古生界碳酸盐岩母岩,为沉积区提供了丰富的物质来源,提高了湖水的碳酸盐基础浓度,加之处于亚热带半潮湿及干湿相间的气候[8],湖水浓缩产生大量碳酸盐化学沉淀,均为碳酸盐沉积创造了有利条件,使研究区发育的泥页岩具有富碳酸盐(主要为灰质)的典型特征[9],平均含量达40%~60%。灰质与泥质在垂向上互层或混积,且由于有机质、陆源碎屑的加入及埋藏过程中受成岩作用等影响,形成目前泥页岩丰富多样的层理结构类型[10-11]。研究区Es 4 — Es 3泥页岩层理结构的差异包括岩石成分及结构差异,是导致泥页岩非均质性的主要因素。深入剖析层理结构与储集性之间的内在联系,明确不同类型层理结构泥页岩的储集性控制因素,将是下步研究区页岩油勘探选层及选区的关键。

  • 1 泥页岩层理结构类型及特征

  • 前期在济阳坳陷Es 4 — Es 3系统取心井岩心分析的基础上,根据岩石组分、沉积构造和有机质丰度建立了泥页岩岩相综合划分方案,将岩石层理结构划分为块状、层状及纹层状3种,其他以成分为划分标志[12-13],如富有机质纹层状泥质灰岩。该划分方案欠考虑灰质、陆源碎屑的结构与分布。泥页岩在埋藏成岩过程中伴随黏土矿物转化、灰质逐步重结晶及有机质热成熟等,层理结构发生变化,直接影响了岩石孔渗性能,如重结晶作用明显的泥质灰岩的灰质晶间孔较发育,孔隙直径达微米级,伴随有机酸的进入还可形成溶蚀孔[14-17]。因此,在划分层理结构类型时,应考虑成岩作用造成的层理结构差异,明确成分结构特征,以形成具有指导作用和预测意义的层理结构类型。

  • 全岩X衍射分析表明,济阳坳陷Es 4 — Es 3泥页岩主要由泥质、碳酸盐质(主要为灰质,少量白云质)和少量陆源碎屑砂质3种成分组成[5-618-19],在划分层理结构类型时主要考虑这3种成分、结构及分布状态。其中泥质成分具有混合状分布、混合层状-纹层状分布、层状分布、纹层状分布4种分布类型;碳酸岩质在晶粒结构上具有泥晶、粉-细晶粒状及柱纤状(晶体垂直层面生长)3种类型,分布上具有透镜-条带状集中分布、纹层状集中分布、混合层状-纹层状分布、混合状分布及分散状分布5种分布类型;陆源碎屑砂质主要为粉砂级石英和长石碎屑,分布上具有层状集中分布和分散状分布2种分布类型。由于富碳酸盐质为研究区泥页岩的典型特征,因此在划分层理结构类型时,可优先考虑碳酸盐质的结构及分布特征;在碳酸盐质成分和结构确定时,泥质作为背景成分,其分布特征随之确定; 而陆源碎屑砂质作为辅助成分分布状态较为单一,可最后考虑。根据以上分析,将济阳坳陷Es 4 — Es 3泥页岩分为A—J共10种层理结构类型(表1)。

  • 罗69井是沾化凹陷Es 4 — Es 3泥页岩重点取心井,利页1井是东营凹陷Es 4 — Es 3泥页岩重点取心井,可以分别代表2个凹陷Es 4 — Es 3泥页岩的发育特征。分析罗69井(取心井段为2 911.06~3 139.7m)和利页1井(取心井段为3 580.17~3 838.32m)系统取心薄片的层理结构类型发现,沾化凹陷的B和C类层理结构占总层理结构的比例大于10%,A,D和G类层理结构所占比例为1%~10%,其他类型所占比例小于1%;东营凹陷B—D类层理结构所占比例大于10%,A,E—H类层理结构所占比例为1%~10%,其他类型所占比例小于1%。整体来看,B—D类层理结构泥页岩最为发育,所占比例达80%,其他类型所占比例较低,均小于10%; 东营凹陷泥页岩层理性、结晶程度优于沾化凹陷同层位泥页岩(表2)。

  • 表1 济阳坳陷Es 4 — Es 3泥页岩层理结构类型划分

  • Table1 Classification of mud shale bedding structure types in Upper Es 4 to Lower Es 3 Members of Jiyang Depression

  • 表2 沾化凹陷和东营凹陷Es 4 — Es 3 下取心井段层理结构类型统计

  • Table2 Statistical analysis of bedding structure types of drilling samples collected from Upper Es 4 to Lower Es 3 Members in Zhanhua Sag and Dongying Sag

  • 2 不同类型层理结构泥页岩储集性特征

  • 2.1 储集空间类型

  • 目前研究认为济阳坳陷Es 4 — Es 3泥页岩的储集空间类型有为黏土矿物晶间孔、碳酸盐晶间孔、石英晶间孔、黄铁矿晶间孔、溶蚀孔、有机质演化孔等[1520-22]。利用岩石薄片和氩离子抛光-扫描电镜对泥页岩基质孔隙类型进行观察与分析,发现研究区孔隙类型主要为刚性颗粒间孔、有机质和黏土矿物收缩孔及碳酸盐晶间孔(图1),还有少量溶蚀孔和黄铁矿晶间孔,而较纯黏土矿物组成的泥质层内黏土矿物片间孔及有机质成熟、过成熟形成的圆状或椭圆状孔均较罕见。

  • 研究区A—D,I类层理结构泥页岩碳酸盐质成分主要呈泥晶结构,晶间孔不发育,孔隙类型主要为刚性颗粒间孔和有机质收缩孔,少量碳酸盐溶蚀孔;E和J类层理结构泥页岩碳酸盐质呈晶粒结构,但呈分散状分布,晶间孔不发育,孔隙类型主要为刚性颗粒间孔和有机质收缩孔,少量碳酸盐溶蚀孔;F—H类层理结构泥页岩碳酸盐质呈晶粒状、透镜-条带-纹层状分布,主要发育晶间孔,部分刚性颗粒间孔和有机质收缩孔,少量碳酸盐溶蚀孔。

  • 2.2 储集性特征

  • 沾化凹陷代表井罗69和东营凹陷代表井利页1不同层理结构泥页岩孔渗性统计结果(表3)表明:沾化凹陷泥页岩孔隙度平均为4.5%~5.8%,渗透率平均为4.20~19.44mD,以G类层理结构泥页岩的储集性最好;B,C和D类层理结构泥页岩次之,A类层理结构泥页岩的储集性最差;东营凹陷泥页岩孔隙度平均为12.0%~14.7%,渗透率平均为2.80~34.63mD,综合分析认为,从凹陷间对比看,东营凹陷泥页岩储集性优于沾化凹陷;从层理结构类型来看,G,H,B和D类储集性较好,其次为E和F类,A和C类较差,其他类型储集性更差。

  • 图1 济阳坳陷利页1井Es 4 — Es 3 泥页岩主要储集空间类型

  • Fig.1 Main pore space types of mud shale of Well Liye1in Upper Es 4 to Lower Es 3 Members in Jiyang Depression

  • 表3 沾化凹陷和东营凹陷Es 4 — Es 3 不同类型层理结构泥页岩储集性对比

  • Table3 Comparison of mud shale storage properties with different bedding structures in Upper Es 4 to Lower Es 3 Members in Zhanhua Sag and Dongying Sag

  • 注:孔隙度、渗透率统计数据来源于胜利油田勘探开发研究院石油地质测试中心孔渗测试结果。

  • 3 储集性控制因素

  • 3.1 矿物成分对A—D类泥页岩储集性的主导控制作用

  • 由图2可知,碳酸盐成分呈泥晶结构的A—D类层理结构泥页岩的孔隙度与黏土矿物、陆源碎屑和总有机碳含量呈正相关,与碳酸盐含量呈负相关,而碳酸盐呈晶粒结构的E—H类层理结构泥页岩的相关性不明显。

  • 利用氩离子抛光-扫描电镜对样品进行逐级放大观察,发现泥页岩中的碳酸盐呈泥晶结构时,碳酸盐多聚集呈小型团块状与泥质混合,内部晶间孔不发育,且团块与泥质塑性均较强,团块与泥质、团块与团块之间在压实作用下呈较紧密接触。观察发现利页1井埋深为3 762.95m样品的层理结构为B类,泥晶灰质与泥质混合,砂质分散于泥质、灰质中,局部可见灰质、介形碎片、炭质定向排列(图3a);局部氩离子抛光-扫描电镜观察样品中泥质与灰质混合发育,灰质发育区域孔隙不发育,灰质不发育区域可见部分孔隙(图3b)。放大观察,孔隙类型以刚性颗粒间孔为主(图3c),部分有机质收缩孔,局部可见碳酸盐溶蚀孔(图3d)。因此,对于碳酸盐呈泥晶结构的泥页岩,矿物成分对孔隙发育程度具有主要控制作用;碳酸盐含量较高且与泥质混合分布时,陆源碎屑和泥质相对含量减少,刚性颗粒间孔不发育,黏土所吸附的有机质相对含量减少,有机质收缩孔发育程度减小,有机质演化产生的有机酸溶蚀作用范围受到限制;整体上孔隙均匀性较低,孔隙度较小,反之则孔隙度较高,一般碳酸盐含量小于50%时,具有较好的储集性;当碳酸盐富集成透镜状或纹层状分布时,孔隙主要分布于泥质纹层或有机质纹层内部,孔隙类型主要为黏土矿物、有机质收缩孔及刚性颗粒间孔。

  • 图2 东营凹陷利页1井泥页岩孔隙度与黏土矿物、陆源碎屑、碳酸盐及总有机碳含量交会图

  • Fig.2 Crossplots of porosity with clay content,terrigenous debris,carbonate and TOC in mud shale collected from Well Liye1in Dongying Sag

  • 图3 东营凹陷利页1井泥页岩层理结构及储集空间类型

  • Fig.3 Bedding structure and pore space types of mud shale collected from Well Liye1in Dongying Sag

  • 3.2 层理结构对E—H类泥页岩储集性的主导控制作用

  • 对于碳酸盐呈晶粒结构(包含柱纤结构)的泥页岩,层理结构对储集性具有主导控制作用。原始沉积的泥页岩中碳酸盐质一般为泥晶结构,当泥页岩中碳酸盐呈晶粒结构时,说明岩石发生了明显的重结晶作用,而伴随重结晶作用产生碳酸盐晶间孔。分析表3认为,G和H类层理结构泥页岩的储集性优于E和F类:一是晶粒状碳酸盐呈纹层状分布时,晶间孔发育的均匀性及连通行较好,二是由于晶粒碳酸盐纹层所夹泥质也为层状、纹层状(图4),一般在湖水较为安静和湖水分层的环境下沉积,内部有机质较为发育,有机质收缩孔及产生的有机酸对临近碳酸盐纹层的溶蚀增加了储集空间[23-26]。由孔隙度与碳酸盐含量交会(图2f)可知,孔隙度分布具有上凸形态,碳酸盐含量为30%~50%时,孔隙度较高。

  • 图4 沾化凹陷晶粒状碳酸盐质成分的分布特征

  • Fig.4 Distribution characteristics of crystalline carbonate in shale in Zhanhua Sag

  • 4 有利层理结构类型及下步勘探方向分析

  • 对济阳坳陷部分泥页岩出油井段进行岩石普通薄片及荧光薄片分析,结果(表4)表明,测试出油井段泥页岩岩性主要为(含)泥质泥晶灰岩、含泥质含白云质泥晶灰岩、泥质微晶灰岩及(含)灰质泥岩,发育多种类型层理结构。郭7井于2 940.83~2 998.35m井段进行深部酸化试油,产油量为8.98t/d;井壁取心荧光薄片分析表明该井段发育C,D,E, G类层理结构泥页岩,其中G类层理结构泥页岩的晶间孔较发育(图5a),孔隙度较高,荧光显示较好 (图5b),应是主要的射孔出油井段。罗67井于3 287~3 310m井段进行酸化压裂试油,产油量为2.09t/d,其岩心微观特征与郭7井类似。

  • 表4 济阳坳陷泥页岩部分出油井段岩心特征及产油量

  • Table4 Characteristics and production rate of mud shale samples collected from oil production sections in Jiyang Depression

  • 目前济阳坳陷所发现的泥页岩出油井段主要为G类层理结构泥页岩富集层段,其碳酸盐含量一般为50%~70%,储集空间类型主要为碳酸盐晶间孔。由表2可知,G类层理结构泥页岩的发育所占比例低,不是大规模发育的泥页岩类型,将勘探目标聚焦在此类泥页岩会相对局限。由图2可知,碳酸盐含量为30%~50%时,泥页岩孔隙度相对较高,储集空间较发育。因此,下步勘探应扩大目标范围,以寻找碳酸盐含量为30%~50%的G,H,B和D类层理结构泥页岩为主要勘探方向,优选碳酸盐含量满足上述条件且G和H类层理结构泥页岩发育层段。

  • 图5 济阳坳陷郭7井出油井段G类层理结构泥页岩的荧光显示特征

  • Fig.5 Class G bedding structure and its fluorescence characteristics of mud shale samples collected from oil production section of Well Guo7in Jiyang Depression

  • 5 结论

  • 济阳坳陷Es 4 — Es 3 泥页岩层理结构可分为A—J共10种类型。统计发现B—D类最为发育,所占比例达80%;主要的孔隙类型为刚性颗粒间孔、有机质及黏土矿物收缩孔和碳酸盐晶间孔。综合分析认为:从凹陷间对比看,东营凹陷泥页岩储集性优于沾化凹陷;从层理结构类型来看,G,H,B和D类层理结构泥页岩储集性较好,其次为E和F类,A和C类较差,其他类型储集性更差。碳酸盐呈泥晶结构的泥页岩,其矿物成分对孔隙发育程度具有主导控制作用,孔隙度与黏土矿物、陆源碎屑和总有机碳含量呈正相关,与碳酸盐含量呈负相关;而碳酸盐呈晶粒结构的E—H类层理结构泥页岩的相关性不明显,层理结构对储集性的控制作用较强。根据泥页岩出油井段分析,指出下步应以寻找碳酸盐含量为30%~50%的G,H,B和D类泥页岩为主要勘探方向,优选碳酸盐含量满足上述条件且G和H类层理结构泥页岩发育层段。

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    • [26] 王淼,陈勇,徐兴友,等.泥质岩中纤维状结构脉体成因机制及其与油气活动关系研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2015,30(10):1 107-1 118.WANG Miao,CHEN Yong,XU Xingyou,et al.Progress on forma⁃ tion mechanism of the fibrous veins in mudstone and its implica⁃ tions to hydrocarbon migration[J].Advances in Earth Science,2015,30(10):1 107-1 118.

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