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作者简介:

朱日房(1974—),男,广东河源人,高级工程师,从事油气地球化学研究。联系电话:(0546)8715354,E-mail:zhurifang2005@163.com。

中图分类号:TE122

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2019)01-0129-08

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.2019.01.014

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目录contents

    摘要

    页岩油资源潜力分析是页岩油勘探实践最重要的基础工作之一,可动资源量是最直接的资源潜力衡量指标。 在借鉴页岩油资源评价和页岩油可动性等已有研究成果的基础上,分别应用氯仿沥青“A”参数法和热解参数法计算东营凹陷沙三段下亚段页岩油资源量和可动资源量。结果表明,2种方法的计算结果基本一致,页岩油资源量分别为11.39×108 和11.57×108 t。平面上,页岩油资源主要分布在各次级洼陷带,资源丰度为100×104 ~250×104 t/km2 。 纵向上,页岩油资源主要分布在埋深 3000~3500 m,资源量为 7.01×108 t,其次分布在 3500~4000 m,资源量为 4.37×108 t;从页岩油可动资源量来看,两者接近,分别为0.75×108 和0.73×108 t,但深部页岩油具有较高可动率。利津洼陷带具有较高的页岩油资源丰度和可动率,页岩油资源潜力大,为有利的页岩油勘探区。

    Abstract

    Shale oil resource potential analysis is one of the most important basic works in shale oil exploration practice. Re- coverable oil resource is the most direct index of resource potential evaluation. Based on the existing research results of shale oil resources evaluation and the recovery of shale oil,the total resources and recoverable resources of the shale oil in Lower Es 3 Member in Dongying Sag were calculated by the chloroform asphalt“A”method and the pyrolysis parameter method respectively. The calculation results show that the calculation results obtained by the two methods are basically con- sistent,which are 1139 million tons and 1157 million tons respectively. The shale oil resources are mainly distributed hori- zontally in the central zone of the subsags,which the abundance of the resources is between1 million and 2.5 million t/km2 . Vertically,the shale oil resources are mainly occurred at the depth from 3000 m to 3500 m with 701 million tons shale oil resources,followed occurred at the depth from 3500 to 4000 m,which is 437 million tons shale oil resources. However,the amount of recoverable resources of shale oil are roughly equivalent at those two deep segments,which is 75 million tons and 73 million tons respectively. Shale oil located deeply has a higher recoverable rate. Lijin Subsag has high shale oil resource abundance and recovery mobility,high shale oil resource potential,and is a favorable area for shale oil exploration.

  • 北美页岩油勘探开发成果极大地激励了中国页岩油的勘探研究,中国东部新生代断陷湖盆发育多套陆相富有机质泥页岩,并有多口探井发现了页岩油气流,显示出良好的勘探前景[1-7]。近10a来,许多研究者在页岩的含油性[8-13]、储集性及流动性方面进行了探索[14-18]。页岩油资源潜力评价从最初以滞留油为主的原地资源量评价发展为以游离油为主要赋存方式的游离油量评价[19-21]。由于页岩油资源评价技术的不断进步、方法不断完善,以及对页岩中油气赋存机理认识的加深,必然对页岩油的资源潜力评价提出更高的要求。页岩油资源潜力评价研究仍然是目前页岩油勘探实践中重要的研究内容之一。为此,根据近几年页岩含油性定量分析等方面的进展,以东营凹陷沙三段下亚段为例,探讨陆相断陷盆地页岩油资源潜力评价。

  • 1 地质概况

  • 东营凹陷位于济阳坳陷东南部,其东接青坨子凸起,南部与鲁西隆起、广饶凸起呈超覆接触,西与惠民凹陷毗邻,北与陈家庄凸起和滨县凸起相邻,东西长度约为90km,南北宽度约为62km,总面积为5 850km2(图1)。从大地构造区划分上,东营凹陷属于中国东部渤海湾盆地的一个次级构造单元,是在古生界基岩古地形背景上,经构造运动发育形成的中、新生代断陷-坳陷盆地;由于基岩起伏以及中央隆起带的分隔,凹陷内又分为4个次级洼陷,它们既是盆地的沉积中心,也是富含有机质泥页岩发育区。凹陷内主要发育沙四段上亚段和沙三段下亚段2套成熟生烃的泥页岩[22],在110口井中的泥页岩段发现油气显示,试油37口井,14口井获得了工业油气流,其中对河54井沙三段下亚段泥页岩发育段试油,日产油量为91.4t/d[23],累积产油量为27 896t,显示出良好的页岩油勘探前景。

  • 图1 东营凹陷区域构造位置

  • Fig.1 Regional tectonic location of Dongying Sag

  • 2 页岩油资源潜力评价方法

  • 2.1 页岩油资源量计算方法

  • 页岩油资源潜力评价方法主要分为动态法和静态法2大类。动态法主要根据页岩油在开发过程中的动态资料,通过一定的数学模型定量计算资源量。静态法主要应用静态参数计算资源量,按计算方式的不同细分为统计法、类比法和成因法3种。统计法需要大量典型样本,适用于中-高勘探程度阶段;类比法需要有可类比的刻度区,一般适用于低勘探程度区;成因法重视物质平衡原理的应用,更多是确定性评价,适用于盆地勘探的各个阶段。目前由于缺少系统的页岩油开采动态资料和典型样本,难以应用动态法和统计法,同时中国东部陆相盆地的地质情况与北美具有较大差别,难以直接将北美成熟页岩油开采区作为中国页岩油资源潜力评价类比刻度区。因此,成因法是中国页岩油资源潜力评价最常用的方法。

  • 体积法是成因法中最常用的一种方法,其计算页岩油资源量的原理简单明确,将泥页岩的质量 (页岩体积与密度乘积)与泥页岩中页岩油含量相乘即可获得页岩油资源量,其计算式为:

  • Q资源量 =Shρa×10-2
    (1)
  • 计算页岩油资源量所需的参数主要包括泥页岩的面积、有效厚度、密度和页岩油含量。泥页岩的面积和有效厚度主要通过页岩厚度等值线图获取,密度由实测密度剖面获取。由于页岩油主要以游离油的形式赋存于泥页岩中,因此,泥页岩中的页岩油含量用游离油量来近似代替,而游离油量的定量分析是页岩油资源量计算中的难点之一。

  • 2.2 滞留油量与吸附油量计算方法

  • 游离油量的定量分析主要有2种方法,一种是孔隙度和含油饱和度法,另一种是地化参数法。对于常规砂岩储层来说,孔隙度和含油饱和度法表征游离油量简单明确,然而对于非均质性强、孔隙结构复杂、以纳米孔为主的泥页岩来说,其孔隙度和含油饱和度的测量非常困难,数据点少,难以用于宏观的页岩油资源量计算;因此,地化参数法成为最常用的游离油量定量分析方法。

  • 应用地化参数法很难直接获取游离油量和吸附油量,但能够确定页岩中的滞留油量和岩石对油的吸附潜量。在饱和吸附时,页岩对油的吸附潜量近似于页岩的吸附量,页岩中的滞留油量与页岩的吸附潜量之间的差值即为页岩的游离油量。

  • 表征页岩滞留油量最常用的参数为氯仿沥青 “A”含量和热解参数,相应的计算式分别为:

  • Qa=KaA
    (2)
  • Qs=10-1×Ks1S1+S2+S1+Ks2S2
    (3)
  • 页岩对油的吸附能力与岩石的结构、矿物组分和有机质丰度、类型及演化程度等因素密切相关[22-28]。不同的矿物组分对油的吸附能力明显不同,有机质对油的吸附能力远大于无机矿物对油的吸附能力[27-28],不同类型的有机质以及热演化程度不同的有机质对油的吸附能力也有明显区别[24]。孔隙结构影响无机矿物与油的接触面积,从而影响无机矿物对油的吸附能力[25]。因此,可以分别计算干酪根及不同孔隙度条件下各矿物组分的吸附潜量来表征整个岩石对油的吸附能力,同时,在计算无机矿物吸附潜量时加入与孔隙结构有关的泥页岩比表面积相关系数。页岩对油吸附潜量的计算式为:

  • Sp=poxo+γi=1n pixi
    (4)
  • 其中

  • γ=SS0=ϕϕ023
    (5)
  • 在获取滞留油量和页岩对油的吸附潜量后,就可以计算页岩的吸附油量和游离油量。当页岩中滞留油量小于页岩对油的吸附潜量时,为欠饱和吸附,吸附油量就等于滞留油量,此时没有游离油;当页岩中滞留油量大于或等于页岩对油的吸附潜量时,为饱和吸附,吸附油量就等于页岩对油吸附潜量,游离油量则为滞留油量与吸附油量的差值。

  • 2.3 可动油资源量计算方法

  • 可动油主要指在地层条件下,采用一定的工程措施能够采出的原油。可动油资源量对页岩油的勘探开发具有重要意义,是页岩油资源潜力最直接的衡量指标。可动油资源量表达式为:

  • Q可动油资源量 =Q资源量 Er
    (6)
  • 页岩油可动率与泥页岩的骨架、原油、地层水性质等有关,还与地层流体压力有关,岩石骨架、原油和水的压缩性越大、地层流体压力越高、能量越大,页岩油可动率就越高。

  • 3 东营凹陷沙三段下亚段页岩油资源潜力评价

  • 3.1 页岩油地质条件

  • 东营凹陷沙三段下亚段为半咸水沉积,主要为灰色、灰褐色页岩与深灰色泥岩组成的不等厚互层,其厚度一般为100~300m。地化分析资料表明,研究区沙三段下亚段总有机碳含量(TOC)分布范围较宽,为0.5%~18.6%,平均值为4.9%;氯仿沥青“A” 含量为0.11%~2.94%,平均值为0.92%;有机质类型以Ⅰ型干酪根为主,少部分为Ⅱ1型干酪根,埋深为1 500~4 000m,各洼陷内基本上处于成熟生烃阶段。沙三段下亚段泥页岩有机质丰度高、类型好、主体处于成熟生烃阶段,是一套生烃潜力大、分布稳定的主力烃源岩。

  • 3.2 页岩油资源潜力评价参数

  • 3.2.1 页岩含油性分级

  • 湖相泥页岩的含油性在平面上和纵向上均具有很强的非均质性,页岩含油性分级描述能有效地消除页岩非均质性的影响[29-31]。按照页岩含油性参数(TOC、氯仿沥青“A”含量和 S1)及其相关性,结合东营凹陷沙三段下亚段烃源岩具体特征,将页岩含油性分为Ⅰ,Ⅱ和Ⅲ共3个级别。具体划分方案见表1。

  • 表1 东营凹陷页岩含油性分级划分方案

  • Table1 Division scheme for the oil-bearing abundance of shale in Dongying Sag

  • 采用系统取心井与测井曲线相结合,应用改进的 Δlog R 模型[32]建立 TOC、氯仿沥青“A”含量和 S1 的解释模型,进而计算页岩含油性参数。根据计算结果和表1划分方案,可以对研究区各单井的页岩含油性进行分级、统计各级厚度及含油性参数,编制各级的厚度等值线和地化参数等值线(图2,图3)。从图2可以看出,东营凹陷Ⅰ级页岩的厚度中心为各洼陷中心,厚度均在150m以上,其中利津、民丰达到200m;各含油性参数也具有类似的分布特征,利津洼陷中心处 TOC、氯仿沥青“A”含量和 S1 值分别为6.0%,1.2%和5.0mg/g,博兴洼陷中心处分别为5.0%,1.0%和4.0mg/g,民丰洼陷中心处分别为4.0%,1.0%和4.0mg/g。Ⅱ级页岩与Ⅰ级页岩具有相似的特征,牛庄、利津洼陷中心页岩厚度达到了200m,博兴、民丰洼陷为100m,各洼陷中心的 TOC、氯仿沥青“A”含量和S1值分别为2.0%,0.4%和2.0mg/g。

  • 图2 东营凹陷沙三段下亚段Ⅰ级页岩含油性参数等值线分布

  • Fig.2 Contour map of oil content parameters of GradeⅠshale of Lower Es 3 Member in Dongying Sag

  • 3.2.2 页岩密度

  • 根据实测的密度资料(图4)发现,东营凹陷泥页岩密度表现出随埋深增加、压实程度增强而增大的特征,但在不同埋深段密度随埋深的变化曲线呈不同的斜率。在同一埋深下,烃源岩密度与TOC呈一定程度的负相关关系,即 TOC 越高,密度越小。由此,泥页岩的密度可以由不同TOC在不同埋深下的密度-埋深关系曲线(图4)来获取。

  • 3.2.3 轻烃恢复系数及重烃比例系数

  • 轻烃恢复系数及重烃比例系数采用文献[8]的资料,各系数随埋深的增加而增大。在主要的生油窗范围内,东营凹陷氯仿沥青“A”恢复系数为1.0~1.5,热解轻烃散失系数为0.1~0.4,热解 S2中重烃比例系数则为0.1~0.8 [8]

  • 3.2.4 页岩油吸附潜量

  • 根据东营凹陷沙三段下亚段实际样品的地化资料、岩矿资料和物性资料,以及不同组分对油的吸附能力,应用(4)式就可计算不同样品对油的吸附潜量。在生油窗范围内,东营凹陷沙三段下亚段干酪根对油的单位 TOC 吸附潜量为50~120mg/g [28],无机矿物中粘土矿物、石英、碳酸盐和黄铁矿对油的吸附潜量分别为18.0,3.0,1.8和10.0mg/g [25],泥页岩的初始孔隙度为50%,现今孔隙度为5%~15%。东营凹陷沙三段下亚段页岩油吸附潜量计算结果(图5)表明,东营凹陷沙三段下亚段泥页岩在主要生烃初始阶段页岩油单位 TOC 吸附潜量为200~300mg/g,略大于国外的200mg/g[29],与应用 A/TOC确定的230mg/g结果较一致[1928]。在埋深为4 000m左右,页岩油单位 TOC 吸附潜量约为100~150mg/g。

  • 图3 东营凹陷沙三段下亚段Ⅱ级页岩含油性参数等值线分布

  • Fig.3 Contour map of oil content parameters of GradeⅡshale of Lower Es 3 Member in Dongying Sag

  • 图4 东营凹陷泥页岩密度随深度变化曲线

  • Fig.4 Variation curves of shale density with depth in Dongying Sag

  • 图5 东营凹陷沙三段下亚段页岩油吸附潜量演化剖面

  • Fig.5 Evolution of adsorption oil capacity of shale in Lower Es 3 Member in Dongying Sag

  • 3.3 页岩油资源潜力及分布特征

  • 在确定不同深度下的氯仿沥青“A”轻烃恢复系数、热解轻烃散失系数、热解 S2中重烃比例系数、页岩油吸附潜量以及泥页岩密度等参数后,根据研究区不同级别的泥页岩总有机碳含量、氯仿沥青“A” 含量、S1、有效厚度、埋深等参数,计算济阳坳陷不同级别泥页岩的滞留油量和游离油量。计算过程中,为求精确,将不同级别泥页岩分布区在平面上均分为500m×500m的网格区,分别应用氯仿沥青“A”参数法和热解参数法计算各网格区的滞留油量和游离油量,所有网格的滞留油量之和为总滞留油量,游离油量之和为总页岩油量即页岩油资源量。

  • 研究结果表明,2种方法的计算结果(表2)非常接近,采用氯仿沥青“A”参数法和热解参数法,东营凹陷沙三段下亚段总滞留油量分别为65.44×108 和64.26 × 108 t;页岩油资源量分别为11.39 × 108 和11.57×108 t。其中利津洼陷页岩油最丰富,资源量超过6.00×108 t,占比超过50%,其次为牛庄洼陷。应用张林晔等建立的“弹性驱动+溶解气驱动可动油率曲线”[28] 作为页岩油可动率来计算页岩油可动资源量,得到东营凹陷沙三段下亚段页岩油可动资源量为1.50×108 t。

  • 表2 东营凹陷沙三段下亚段页岩油资源量计算结果

  • Table2 Calculation results of shale oil resources of Lower Es 3 Member in Dongying Sag

  • 从东营凹陷沙三段下亚段页岩油资源丰度的平面分布特征看(图6),其页岩油资源量主要分布在各洼陷带,从洼陷中心向边部逐渐减少,洼陷中心的资源丰度以利津洼陷最高,可达250×104 t/km2,其次是牛庄洼陷和博兴洼陷,分别为150×104 和100× 104 t/km2,民丰洼陷最低。纵向上,埋深为3 000~3 500m最高,为7.01×108 t,明显高于埋深为3 500~4 000m的4.37×108 t;可动油资源量则2个埋深段相当,3 000~3 500m为0.75×108 t,可动率为10.75%,3 500~4 000m为0.73 × 108 t,可动率为16.70%,反映出深部页岩具有更高的可动油资源量。从页岩油资源丰度和埋深大于3 500m页岩分布范围叠合图发现(图6),利津洼陷的洼陷带沙三段下亚段页岩主体埋深大于3 500m,具有高页岩油资源丰度和高可动率特征,是沙三段下亚段有利的页岩油勘探区。

  • 图6 东营凹陷沙三段下亚段页岩油资源丰度等值线分布

  • Fig.6 Contour map of shale oil abundance of Lower Es 3 Member in Dongying Sag

  • 4 结论

  • 应用体积法能很好地计算陆相断陷盆地页岩油资源量,其中滞留油定量分析可以选用氯仿沥青 “A”参数法或热解参数法,2种方法计算的滞留油量有较好的一致性,具有较高的可信度。吸附油量可以通过吸附潜量进行估算,页岩中各组分的吸附潜量通过一定的模型能很好地表征页岩的吸附能力,进而进行页岩油资源量的计算。

  • 东营凹陷沙三段下亚段页岩油主要分布在各洼陷中心,资源丰度最高可达250×104 t/km2,主要分布在埋深为3 000~3 500m,但在3 500~4 000m具有更高的可动页岩油资源丰度。利津洼陷带沙三段下亚段页岩油资源丰度和可动率均相对较高,为研究区沙三段下亚段页岩油有利的勘探区。

  • 符号解释:

  • Q 资源量——页岩油资源量,108 t;S ——泥页岩面积,km2h ——泥页岩有效厚度,m;ρ ——泥页岩密度,t/m3a ——泥页岩中页岩油含量,t/t;Qa——利用氯仿沥青“A”含量计算的滞留油质量分数,%;Ka ——氯仿沥青“A”轻烃恢复系数; A ——氯仿沥青“A”测量值,%;Qs——利用热解参数计算的滞留油质量分数,%;KS1 ——热解轻烃散失系数;S1S2—— 热解烃量,mg/g;KS2——热解S2中重烃比例系数;Sp——页岩油吸附潜量,mg/g;po ——有机质在泥页岩中所占比例;xo——有机质吸附潜量,mg/g;γ ——泥页岩比表面积相关系数;pi ——第i种矿物在泥页岩中所占比例;xi ——第i种矿物的吸附潜量,mg/g;S0S ——孔隙压实前和压实后的比表面积,m2/g;ϕϕ0—— 泥页岩现今孔隙度和初始孔隙度; Q 可动油资源量——可动油资源量,108 t;E r ——页岩油可动率,%。

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    • [29] PEPPER Andrew S,CORVI Peter J.Simple kinetic models of pe⁃ troleum formation,PartⅢ:Modelling an open system[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,1995,12(4):417-452.

    • [30] JARVIE D M.Shale resource systems for oil and gas:Part2-Shaleoil resource systems[J].AAPG Memoir 97,2012:89-119.

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