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作者简介:

高秋菊(1972—),女,辽宁北镇人,教授级高级工程师,在读博士研究生,从事油气勘探综合研究。联系电话:(0546)8791583,E-mail:gaoqiuju863.slyt@sinopec.com。

中图分类号:TE121

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2019)01-0165-09

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.2019.01.017

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目录contents

    摘要

    随着常规油气田勘探程度的不断提高,东部老油区特别是胜利油区面临着扩大勘探领域、打开非常规油气勘探局面的新形势和新任务。与北美海相页岩油相比,陆相页岩油具有自身的特殊性:成藏条件复杂,相应的定量评价技术匮乏。为此,以济阳坳陷罗家地区沙三段下亚段陆相页岩油为例,在明确页岩油“甜点”测井响应特征基础上,建立测井定量识别模型,实现了页岩油“甜点”的测井定量识别。同时,探讨页岩油“甜点”中总有机碳含量、岩相类型、裂缝和脆性4项关键要素与叠前、叠后地震信息的关系,形成了多测井曲线约束的总有机碳含量反演预测、 基于沉积参数的页岩岩相预测、基于叠后地震属性的缓倾角裂缝密度定量表征和基于叠前弹性参数的页岩脆性表征4大类地震预测技术。最终,以4项关键要素的地震预测结果为基础,以测井定量识别为约束,融合构建“甜点” 地震表征模型,实现了对陆相页岩油“甜点”的井震联合定量评价,取得较好的应用效果。

    Abstract

    With the continuous improvement of conventional oil and gas exploration,the eastern old oilfields,especially Shengli Oilfield,are facing a new situation and new task of expanding exploration field and opening up situation of uncon- ventional oil and gas exploration. Compared with North American marine shale oil,continental shale oil has its own particu- larity of complex reservoir-forming conditions and being lack of corresponding quantitative evaluation technology. There- fore,taking the Lower Es 3 Member of Luojia area in Jiyang Depression as an example,on the basis of definition of the log- ging response characteristics of shale oil “sweet spot”,the logging quantitative identification model of shale oil “sweet spot” in Luojia area was established,by which the logging quantitative identification of shale oil “sweet spot” is realized. Meanwhile,the relationship between key geological and engineering factors,including TOC,lithofacies,fracture and brittle- ness,and pre-stack and post-stack seismic information was discussed. Four categories of unique seismic prediction tech- nologies were generated,including the inversion prediction of TOC under multi-logging curves constraint,the sedimentary parameter based shale lithofacies prediction,post stack seismic data based gentle angle fracture density quantitative charac- terization,pre-stack elastic parameters based shale brittleness characterization. Finally,based on the seismic prediction re- sults of four key geological and engineering factors and constrained by logging quantitative identification,a “sweet spot” seismic characterization model is constructed,which realizes quantitative evaluation of “sweet spot” in continental shale oil with the well-seismic joint technology,and achieves good application results.

  • 页岩油储量丰富,具有极大的勘探潜力,是继页岩气之后非常规油气勘探开发的新热点[1-4]。在美国,页岩油的勘探以巴肯页岩最为成功,极大地促进了非常规油气勘探理论的发展[5]。受北美页岩油勘探成功经验启发,中国页岩油勘探掀起热潮。目前,在中国的渤海湾、柴达木盆地和泌阳凹陷等地区相继发现了页岩油,已成为高成熟勘探区油气勘探的重要领域[6-8],但还处于探索阶段[9-11]

  • 罗家地区位于济阳坳陷沾化凹陷陈家庄凸起北部的罗家鼻状构造带,北部以斜坡过渡至四扣— 渤南洼陷,西部与四扣—邵家洼陷相连,东邻垦西地垒及三合村洼陷。近年来,研究区多口井在沙三段下亚段(Es 3)页岩发育段见油气显示,罗42、新义深9和义182等井获高产工业油流,展现了页岩油较大的勘探潜力。

  • 中外勘探实践表明,页岩油成藏的关键要素是 “甜点”的发育程度,“甜点”越发育,含油气性越好。与北美海相页岩油相比,罗家地区陆相页岩油具有自身的特殊性,难以直接应用海相页岩油“甜点”预测技术。目前,制约陆相页岩油勘探的重点和难点主要有:①如何单井定量识别和评价页岩油“甜点”,在纵向上描述“甜点”非均质性;②如何将影响 “甜点”的各类地质、工程要素与地震信息建立联系,进行精细地震预测;③如何有效地建立“甜点” 综合性定量评价技术。为此,以济阳坳陷罗家地区Es 3陆相页岩油为研究对象,在“甜点”测井定量识别的基础上,通过对关键地质、工程要素进行精细地震预测,形成页岩油“甜点”井震联合定量评价技术,旨在进一步推动罗家地区陆相页岩油勘探进程,为今后高效勘探开发奠定基础。

  • 1 “甜点”测井定量识别

  • 页岩油“甜点”在纵向上具有较强的非均质性,从单井上进行定量识别和评价至关重要。成像、核磁等特殊测井资料有助于直观、定量识别“甜点”,但在研究区仅有个别新井进行了特殊测井资料采集,无法推广应用。为此,根据常规测井资料,在明确页岩油“甜点”测井响应特征基础上,建立了罗家地区页岩油“甜点”测井定量识别模型。

  • 1.1 “甜点”测井响应特征

  • 由于受裂缝、泥浆侵入及含油气性等因素的影响,罗家地区页岩油“甜点”发育段在常规测井曲线上普遍具有“三高一低一负”的特征(图1),即高电阻率、高声波时差、高中子孔隙度、低密度、自然电位负异常[12-15]。此外,深浅侧向电阻率差值和次生孔隙的大小与“甜点”的发育程度呈正比。

  • 据此,选取双侧向(RD)、声波时差(AC)、补偿中子孔隙度(CNL)、中子密度(DEN)、自然电位(SP)、深浅侧向电阻率差值(Rc)及次生孔隙(PORf)7个测井及其衍生参数定量识别页岩油“甜点”发育段。

  • 1.2 “甜点”发育指数判别模型的建立

  • 根据页岩油“甜点”测井响应特征,选取罗69、罗67、新义深9等5口泥页岩典型井的41个样品,其中,“甜点”发育段样品13个,非“甜点”发育段样品28个。为避免出现数据冗余现象,采用因子分析技术[16]RDACCNLDENSPRcPORf 共7个测井参数降维减至3个因子参数。其中,因子1主要与ACDENCNLRc有关,反映“甜点”发育段的速度、密度等,定义为“甜点”的岩石物理因子f1;因子2主要与 RDSP 有关,反映“甜点”发育段的电性和渗透性,定义为“甜点”的油气概率因子 f2;因子3主要与PORf有关,反映“甜点”发育段次生孔隙的发育程度,定义为“甜点”的储集能力因子f3。

  • 以3个因子为分析变量,通过判别分析技术[17],建立罗家地区Es 3页岩油“甜点”发育指数的判别模型:

  • S=af1+bf2+cf3+d
    (1)
  • 采用回代法和交叉验证法对已知41个样本进行验证,结果表明上述模型的判别正确率较高,达87.8%。S值大于0.86时,可以判断为“甜点”段,S值越大,表示该段的“甜点”发育程度越高,反之亦然。同时,将其应用于罗69等典型页岩油井中(图1), “甜点”发育指数反映的“甜点”信息与岩性描述和成像测井结果具有一致性。如在罗69井2 933.5~2 936.5m井段,成像测井表明裂缝不发育,试油结果未见显示,S值为0;而在3 042.5~3 044.5m井段,成像测井显示裂缝较为发育,试油结果见油流,S值为2.85。页岩油“甜点”的发育程度与 S具有正相关关系,表明该判别模型较为准确、合理。页岩油“甜点”发育指数判别模型融合多测井曲线信息,减少多解性,实现了“甜点”发育程度的定量化描述。最终,利用该模型完成了罗家地区30余口井Es 3 13x和Es 3 12x—13s砂组页岩油“甜点”的定量识别,共识别出42段160m的“甜点”发育段,为后续的井震联合定量评价奠定了基础。

  • 图1 罗家地区罗69井页岩油“甜点”定量识别与成像测井分析结果对比

  • Fig.1 Comparison between quantitative identification results and imaging log analysis of shale oil“sweet spot”in Well Luo69of Luojia area

  • 2 “甜点”关键要素地震预测

  • 罗家地区Es 3陆相页岩油“甜点”受岩相类型、地层厚度、有机质含量等众多因素影响,其中,总有机碳含量(TOC)、岩相类型、裂缝和脆性4项是构成页岩油“甜点”的关键因素。为此,从罗家地区的实际地质情况出发,探讨页岩油“甜点”关键要素与叠前、叠后地震信息的关系,建立“甜点”关键要素的地震预测技术,并取得较好的应用效果。

  • 2.1 多测井曲线约束反演预测TOC

  • 多测井曲线约束的 TOC 反演预测的主要原理是构建多测井曲线联合约束条件,建立基于约束条件下的TOC解释模型,使得约束后的拟波阻抗曲线能够更加精细地反映TOC变化趋势,从而有效地利用反演方法进行 TOC 平面预测[18-19]。研究表明,页岩中TOC值越大,电阻率、声波时差越大,岩石的总密度越小。为此,对经典 ΔlgR 法进行改进,增加密度参数,建立多测井曲线约束条件下的TOC计算公式为:

  • TOC=7.3081ln1Pim-n+19.32
    (2)
  • 以罗家地区24口井的声波时差、密度和电阻率等数据为基础,利用渤南三维地震数据体进行反演运算,得到研究区三维波阻抗反演数据体(图2a)。结合TOC与波阻抗之间的经验公式,将波阻抗反演数据体转化为TOC数据体,对该数据体提取平面属性并网格化,实现 TOC 平面预测(图2b)。研究区4口井不同砂组TOC的误差分析结果表明,预测与实测TOC值的相对误差最大为22%,最小为0.04%,平均小于9%,具有较高的准确性。

  • 2.2 基于沉积参数预测页岩岩相

  • 由于页岩中各类岩相的地球物理特征差异较小,难以将地震属性与岩相建立较匹配的关系,根据地震属性差异直接预测岩相的空间变化存在多解性。为此,根据页岩储层地震、地质特征,提出基于沉积参数的页岩岩相预测方法。该方法综合运用地震数据与钻井资料,以地震属性表征沉积参数为基础,通过敏感沉积参数的神经网络融合来表征岩相[20]。其数学模型为:

  • 图2 罗家地区Es 3波阻抗与TOC平面分布预测

  • Fig.2 Prediction of wave impedance attribute and TOC plane distribution of Lower Es 3 Member in Luojia area

  • y1y2yn=w11w12w1mw21w22w2mwn1wn2wnmx1x2xm+c1c2cn
    (3)
  • 研究表明,TOC、孔隙度、碳酸盐含量和石英长石含量4个沉积参数与页岩岩相的关系较为敏感。首先通过研究区测井数据与实测沉积参数的交会分析,建立这4个沉积参数的测井定量模型;其次利用多口井计算得到的沉积参数与敏感叠后地震属性交会分析,并进行叠后地震属性预测;然后利用神经网络技术对这4个沉积参数进行属性融合,预测页岩岩相分布规律。该方法避免了直接利用地震属性预测岩相的多解性,增加了沉积参数的约束项,融合了更多的地震、地质信息,预测结果与实钻井吻合率达80%(图3a),比基于波形分类的页岩岩相预测更加精细、准确(图3b)。

  • 图3 罗家地区Es 3页岩岩相预测方法对比

  • Fig.3 Comparison of shale lithofacies prediction methods of Lower Es 3 Member in Luojia area

  • 2.3 基于叠后地震属性的缓倾角裂缝密度定量表征

  • 罗家地区页岩中发育的裂缝以中低角度缝为主,该类缓倾角裂缝有助于改善页岩尤其是层状页岩微孔隙的连通性,利于油气聚集成藏。叠前裂缝预测技术具有较好的优势,可实现定量预测,但实际应用过程中受地震资料品质、实现过程繁杂等因素影响,预测效果不理想。

  • 针对研究区5口典型页岩井,选取能够反映缓倾角裂缝特征的敏感叠后地震属性。在数据归一化基础上,经已知测井裂缝密度的量纲标定,建立缓倾角裂缝密度的计算公式,实现了研究区缓倾角裂缝密度的定量表征。选取具有成像测井裂缝表征资料的罗69井,提取井旁道数据,分析其实测裂缝密度和各种叠后地震属性,发现相干、曲率属性对缓倾角裂缝较为敏感。经实测裂缝密度的量纲标定,建立基于叠后地震属性的缓倾角裂缝密度计算公式:

  • F=αX+eQ|X-fQ|+β
    (4)
  • 利用(4)式计算罗69井的裂缝密度曲线与实测裂缝密度具有较好的一致性(图4)。推广至罗家地区,预测Es 3的裂缝密度与实际钻探结果较为吻合,且研究区北部页岩储层的裂缝密度较大,多见工业油流(图5)。

  • 图4 罗家地区罗69井Es 3页岩储层计算与实测裂缝密度对比

  • Fig.4 Comparison between computed and measured fracture density in shale reservoir of Well Luo69of Lower Es 3 Member in Luojia area

  • 2.4 基于叠前弹性参数的页岩脆性表征

  • 传统的脆性指数计算方法在研究区应用效果不理想,存在不一致性和不适用性。页岩样品应力应变测试实验结果表明,脆性矿物含量与脆性指数虽有一定的关系,但数据较为分散,不适合建立较为精确的脆性表征公式。而杨氏模量、泊松比与脆性指数的关系显著,数据分布相对集中,因此可选用杨氏模量和泊松比作为脆性表征的2个参数,建立新的脆性表征公式[21-24]。通过二元多次回归分析,建立基于杨氏模量和泊松比的脆性指数表征公式:

  • B=k1E'+k2E'2+k3E'+k4σ'2+k5σ'+d
    (5)
  • 图5 罗家地区Es 3裂缝密度平面预测

  • Fig.5 Prediction of fracture density plane distribution of Lower Es 3 Member in Luojia area

  • 将基于杨氏模量和泊松比拟合得到的脆性指数与实测脆性指数进行交会(图6a),发现两者存在较好的一致性,近似呈正比关系,证实该脆性表征公式的准确性。为实现杨氏模量和泊松比的准确预测,通过叠前地震反演实现对杨氏模量和泊松比的直接计算,指导页岩脆性地震预测。在Aki-Rich⁃ ards近似方程的基础上[25-30],推导出基于杨氏模量和泊松比的地震波反射系数方程:

  • 图6 罗家地区Es 3计算与实测脆性指数对比及平面预测

  • Fig.6 Comparison of computed and measured brittleness index and the prediction of brittleness index plane distribution of Lower Es 3 Member in Luojia area

  • R(θ)=14sec2θ-2ksin2θΔEE+14sec2θ(2k-3)(2k-1)2k(4k-3)+2ksin2θ1-2k3-4kΔσσ+12-14sec2θΔρρ
    (6)
  • 以贝叶斯理论为指导,采用对初始模型依赖性较小、抗噪性强的AVA叠前地震反演算法,实现对杨氏模量与泊松比的直接反演,提高了结果的可靠性。罗家地区Es 3脆性指数预测结果与实际的钻探情况较为吻合,如渤页平1和渤页平2井的压裂效果不理想,日产油量较低,预测结果表明其脆性指数低,地层脆性较差(图6b)。

  • 3 “甜点”井震联合定量评价

  • 页岩油“甜点”井震联合定量评价技术是以各项关键要素的地震预测结果为基础,以测井定量识别为约束,通过两者融合回归,构建“甜点”地震表征模型,实现了对陆相页岩油“甜点”的井震联合定量评价。

  • 3.1 井震联合定量表征模型的建立

  • 以罗家地区页岩油典型井为例,统计其中“甜点”基础地震表征数据,将日产油量、岩相、TOC、裂缝指数、脆性指数等参数分为岩相类型、油气富集、地层脆性3大类因素,拟合构建“甜点”的井震联合表征模型(表1)。

  • 在实际拟合过程中,对于岩相类型因素,根据不同岩相类型的产能,分别对层状泥页岩、纹层状泥质灰岩、纹层状灰质泥岩和块状泥页岩4类岩相进行赋值:其中,层状泥页岩的产能最好,赋值为1; 纹层状泥质灰岩的产能较好,赋值为0.75;纹层状灰质泥岩的产能次之,赋值为0.5;块状泥页岩的产能最差,赋值为0.2。由于 TOC 和裂缝指数能较好地反映油气富集因素,将两者的乘积称为油气富集因子。脆性指数能较好地反映地层脆性因素,称为地层脆性因子。以罗家地区25口井27个泥页岩“甜点”发育段的基础地震表征参数为依据,以产能情况和测井定量识别结果为约束,采用多次拟合回归方法构建“甜点”发育指数,实现了罗家地区Es 3页岩油“甜点”发育程度的井震联合定量表征:

  • 表1 罗家地区页岩油典型井的“甜点” 地震表征参数统计

  • Table1 Statistical results of seismic characterization parameters of shale oil“sweet spot”in typical wells in Luojia area

  • S=0.064L+0.024TF+0.066B-0.11
    (7)
  • 3.2 井震联合定量评价结果分析

  • 由(7)式计算获得的 S 与日产油量进行交会分析,发现两者具有较好的正相关性(图7)。当S值大于0.5时,日产油量较高,均达到工业产能,属于夹层及裂缝型储层,为Ⅰ类“甜点”;当 S值为0.35~0.5时,日产油量较低,产能较差,属于基质型储层,为Ⅱ类“甜点”;当S值小于0.35时,未见产能。由此可见,根据叠前、叠后地震资料构建的“甜点”发育指数可以较好的反映泥页岩“甜点”的发育程度,实现 “甜点”的定量表征和评价。

  • 图7 罗家地区“甜点”发育指数与日产油量交会分析

  • Fig.7 Cross plot between developmental index of“sweet spot” and daily oil production in Luojia area

  • 采用建立的井震联合定量表征模型,实现了罗家地区Es 3 13x和13s—12x砂组的页岩油“甜点”定量评价(图8)。结果表明:13x砂组以发育夹层及裂缝型“甜点”为主,预测Ⅰ类“甜点”有利面积为120km2,资源量为4 800×104 t;13s—12x砂组以发育基质型“甜点”为主,预测Ⅱ类“甜点”有利面积为60km2,资源量为2 400×104 t,展现了罗家地区北部夹层及裂缝型页岩油“甜点”的较大勘探潜力,为今后研究区页岩油的高效勘探指明方向。

  • 图8 罗家地区Es 3页岩油“甜点”井震联合定量评价结果

  • Fig.8 Quantitative evaluation of shale oil“sweet spot”in Lower Es 3 Member in Luojia area with wellseismic joint technology

  • 4 结论

  • 在明确济阳坳陷罗家地区Es 3陆相页岩油“甜点”具有“三高一低一负”测井响应特征的基础上,建立罗家地区页岩油“甜点”发育指数判别模型,实现了页岩油“甜点”测井定量识别。根据罗家地区页岩油“甜点”的TOC、岩相类型、裂缝和脆性4项关键要素与多种地震信息的定性、定量关系,研发了多测井曲线约束的TOC反演预测、基于沉积参数的页岩岩相预测、基于叠后地震属性的缓倾角裂缝密度定量表征和基于叠前弹性参数的页岩脆性表征4大类“甜点”关键要素地震预测技术。以 TOC、岩相类型、裂缝和脆性4项关键要素的地震预测结果为基础,以测井定量识别为约束,融合构建“甜点”地震表征模型,完成了对陆相页岩油“甜点”的井震联合定量评价,其中在13x砂组的夹层及裂缝型储层中预测Ⅰ类“甜点”有利面积120km2,资源量4 800× 104 t,展现了罗家地区北部夹层及裂缝型页岩油“甜点”的较大勘探潜力,为今后研究区页岩油的高效勘探指明了方向。

  • 符号解释:

  • S ——“甜点”发育指数;abc ——岩石物理因子、油气概率因子及储集能力因子的权系数;d ——常数;f1——岩石物理因子;f2 ——油气概率因子;f3 ——储集能力因子; TOC ——总有机碳含量,%;Pim-n ——拟合波阻抗,(g/cm3)• (m/s);n ——沉积参数总数;yn ——重点井的沉积参数; cn ——常数;m ——地震属性个数;xm ——重点井的地震属性;wnm ——沉积参数yn相对于地震属性xm的权系数;F —— 裂缝密度,条/m2αβ ——量纲校正参数;X ——归一化处理后的相干属性;Q ——归一化处理后的曲率属性;ef ——归一化处理后曲率属性的最大、最小相关系数;B ——脆性指数;E′ ——归一化的杨氏模量;ΔE ——杨氏模量变化量; E ——杨氏模量;σ ——泊松比;Δσ ——泊松比变化量; σ′——归一化的泊松比;ρ ——密度;Δρ ——密度变化量; k1k2k3k4k5——拟合系数;R( θ) ——纵波反射系数; θ ——入射角,(°);k ——纵横波速度比;L ——岩相类型。

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    • [16] 宋梅远,张善文,王永诗,等.沾化凹陷沙三段下亚段泥岩裂缝储层岩性分类及测井识别[J].油气地质与采收率,2011,18(6):18-22.SONG Meiyuan,ZHANG Shanwen,WANG Yongshi,et al.Litholo⁃ gy classification and prediction of favorable areas of ShaⅢmud⁃ stone-fractured reservoir in Zhanhua depression[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2011,18(6):18-22.

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    • [24] 王芙蓉,何生,郑有恒,等.江汉盆地潜江凹陷潜江组盐间页岩油储层矿物组成与脆性特征研究[J].石油实验地质,2016,38(2):211-218.WANG Furong,HE Sheng,ZHENG Youheng,et al.Mineral com⁃ position and brittleness characteristics of the inter-salt shale oil reservoirs in the Qianjiang Formation,Qianjiang Sag[J].Petro⁃ leum Geology & Experiment,2016,38(2):211-218.

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    • [26] 慎国强,李海涛,王玉梅,等.密度及泊松比参数叠前地震反演技术应用研究[J].石油天然气学报,2011,33(3):67-71.SHEN Guoqiang,LI Haitao,WANG Yumei,et al.Application of Density and Poisson-ratio Parameters form Prestack Seismic In⁃ version[J].Journal of Oil and Gas Technology,2011,33(3):67-71.

    • [27] 苑书金.叠前地震反演技术的进展及其在岩性油气藏勘探中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(3):879-886.YUAN Shujin.Progress of pre-stack inversion and application in exploration of the lithological reservoirs[J].Progress in Geophys⁃ ics,2007,22(3):879-886.

    • [28] 殷文.叠前地震反演关键技术及影响因素分析与研究[J].地球物理学进展,2013,28(6):2 958-2 968.YIN Wen.The analysis on the key techniques and influence fac⁃ tors of prestack seismic inversion[J].Progress in Geophysics,2013,28(6):2 958-2 968.

    • [29] 王玉梅.叠前地震反演精度影响因素[J].油气地质与采收率,2013,20(1):55-58.WANG Yumei.Study of influential factors on pre-stack seismic inversion accuracy[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficien⁃ cy,2013,20(1):55-58.

    • [30] 苗永康.叠前地震反演技术的应用条件及难点分析[J].油气地质与采收率,2014,21(6):61-64.MIAO Yongkang.Analysis on application conditions and difficul⁃ ties in pre-stack seismic inversion[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2014,21(6):61-64.

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