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作者简介:

钟城(1992—),男,广西玉林人,在读硕士研究生,从事油气构造地质、岩石力学及裂缝预测研究。联系电话:(028)83037177,E-mail:516014344@qq.com。

通讯作者:

秦启荣(1964—),男,四川广安人,教授,博导。联系电话:(028)83037177,E-mail:qqrong@126.com。

中图分类号:TE122.3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2019)02-0014-10

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.2019.02.003

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目录contents

    摘要

    川东南丁山地区于晚奥陶世—早志留世发育一套富有机质泥页岩,已钻井资料揭示该区具有良好的页岩气勘探开发前景,但探井的试气效果具有较大差异。通过放射性元素测井、有机地球化学分析、岩心描述、全岩 X射线衍射、扫描电镜分析、物性测试、现场含气性测试等方法,探究川东南丁山地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩的沉积环境,以及气藏的有机地化特性、含气性、岩性与矿物组分、脆性(可压裂性)、物性、非均质性(各向异性)等“六性”特征。研究结果表明:在放射性元素中,Th/U值小于7,V/Ni值大于1.0,V/(V+Ni)值大于0.56,表明为海相缺氧还原环境;岩性自上而下总体由灰黑色含粉砂质灰岩、泥岩递变为黑色缺氧富含碳质和笔石泥页岩,脆性矿物含量、总有机碳含量、镜质组反射率及含气量均呈递增趋势,页岩底部的岩石脆性指数大于50%,总有机碳含量大于2%,镜质组反射率大于 2%,含气量大于 3 m3 /t,有机质类型以Ⅰ型干酪根为主,总体处于高成熟晚期—过成熟产气阶段;无机质孔的孔隙度普遍小于有机质孔,不同地层条件下垂向渗透率远小于横向渗透率;缺氧闭塞的还原环境是有机质富集的基础,良好的保存条件是页岩气成藏的关键。

    Abstract

    A set of organic-rich shale formation developed in the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian in Dingshan area,south- eastern Sichuan Basin. According to the drilled wells,it is revealed that this area has good shale gas exploration and devel- opment prospects. However,the exploration gas test results after fracturing in the exploratory wells differ significantly. The “six properties”,known as the gas reservoir organic geochemistry,the gas-bearing property,the lithology and mineral com- position,the brittleness(fractability),the physical properties and the heterogeneity(anisotropy),and the sedimentary envi- ronment of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation were studied by means of radioactive elements logging,organic geochemistry analysis,core description,whole rock X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscope,physical property test,field gas con- tent test,etc. The results show that the shale sedimentary environment of Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation is marine anoxic re-duction environment,based on the results of radioactive elements(Th/U<7,V/Ni>1.0 and V/(V+Ni)>0.56). From the top to the bottom,the shale lithology changes from gray black silty limestone and clay to black anoxic shale that is rich in carbo- naceous and graptolite,accompanied with an increasing trend in brittle mineral content,TOCR o and gas content. At the bottom of the target shale layer,the brittleness index is higher than 50%;the TOC is larger than 2%;the R o is higher than 2%,the gas content is more than 3 m3 /t;and the organic matter type is mainly type I kerogen,which is generally in the late mature stage and the post mature stage. The porosity of inorganic matter is generally smaller than that of organic matter,and the vertical permeability is much smaller than the horizontal permeability in different formation conditions. An anoxic and occlusive reduction environment is the basis for the enrichment of organic matter. A good preservation condition is the key to shale gas accumulation.

  • 上扬子地区经历了多期构造旋回和沉积环境的变迁后,普遍发育海相、海陆过渡相和陆相3类富有机质页岩[1-2]。目前研究认为海相页岩的成藏条件最好,具有总有机碳含量(TOC)高、厚度大、成熟度高、脆性好、含气性较好等特征,主要分布于四川盆地及周缘、滇黔桂以及塔中—西部地区[3]。其中,川东南地区广泛发育一套上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组海相富有机质页岩,在涪陵焦石坝、南川等地区已获页岩气商业产能[4-8]。2013—2014年,中国石化勘探分公司在川东南丁山地区先后钻探的丁页1和丁页2井均获页岩气流,揭示该地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩同样具有页岩气勘探开发潜力[9-10]

  • 页岩气藏具有典型的自生自储、近源成藏的特点,沉积环境、岩石学特征、微观孔隙特征、有机质含量与类型、有机质成熟度、物性等对页岩气的聚集及勘探开发具有至关重要的作用[11]。为此,笔者针对川东南丁山地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩进行分析,利用放射性元素测井、有机地球化学分析、岩心描述、全岩X射线衍射、扫描电镜分析、物性测试、现场含气性测试等方法,分析页岩气藏的有机地化特性、含气性、岩性与矿物组分、脆性(可压裂性)、物性、非均质性(各向异性)等“六性”特征以及保存条件,探讨页岩有机质聚集与页岩气成藏机理,为研究区后期页岩气富集规律及勘探开发研究提供参考与指导。

  • 1 区域地质概况

  • 丁山地区隶属重庆綦江县,构造主体位于以齐岳山断裂和南川—遵义断裂为界的湘鄂西—黔东北断褶带、黔北断褶带、川东南断褶带交汇处(图1)[1012]。受齐岳山断裂控制下的逆冲推覆构造影响,在盆地边缘形成由褶皱导致的斜坡构造格局,整体为齐岳山断裂下盘的一个正向构造。研究区先后经历了加里东期、海西期、印支期和喜马拉雅期等多期次构造运动的不断改造,NE,NW,SN向断裂和褶皱体系相当发育,平面总体形态为NE—SW向鼻状背斜[9-1013-15]。区域地层普遍缺失泥盆系、石炭系,背斜核部地层遭受严重剥蚀,致使较老的震旦系出露于地表,至今仍遭受不同程度的风化剥蚀。晚奥陶世—早志留世早期,研究区沉积一套厚度大于30m、以五峰组—龙马溪组黑色页岩为代表的富含有机质的笔石相优质烃源岩。研究区奥陶系上统自下而上发育涧草沟组(O3j)和五峰组 (O3w),志留系下统自下而上发育龙马溪组(S1l)和石牛栏组(S1sh);根据测井资料及岩性、岩相特征,可以进一步将五峰组—龙马溪组自上而下划分为上段和下段,其中,下段为优质页岩层段,自上而下可以细分为1—4号小层(图2)。

  • 图1 川东南丁山地区区域地理位置与构造纲要

  • Fig.1 Regional geographical location and tectonic outline of Dingshan area,southeastern Sichuan Basin

  • 丁页1井位于丁山构造东南部埋深较浅的区域,优质页岩层底界的埋深为2 054.0m,厚度为30.0m,测试日产气量为3.4×104 m3/d。丁页2井位于丁山构造北西部埋深较大的平缓区域,优质页岩层底界的埋深为4 367.5m,厚度为35.5m,测试日产气量为10.5×104 m3/d[9-10]。这2口井均钻遇厚度约为30m的优质富有机质页岩,丁页1井的页岩气产量远低于丁页2井。钻井、测井、录井及试气等资料显示,2口井的有机质含量与含气性、矿物组分与脆性、微观孔隙与渗透率等方面均存在不同程度的差异,也反映出四川盆地边缘海相页岩成藏条件与地质构造特征的复杂性。

  • 图2 川东南丁山地区丁页1和丁页2井五峰组—龙马溪组综合柱状图

  • Fig.2 Lithological column of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation of Well Dingye1and Well Dingye2in Dingshan area,southeastern Sichuan Basin

  • 2 “六性”特征及相互关系

  • 中外页岩气勘探开发实践表明,页岩气藏为典型的自生自储型气藏,具备形成时间早、持续聚集、无明显圈闭界限、低孔低渗透的特性[16-17]。因此,传统储层的“岩性、物性、含油气性、电性”的四性关系已不能满足川东南复杂构造背景下页岩气藏特征描述以及页岩气富集规律研究的要求,应拓展为有机地化特性、含气性、岩性与矿物组分、脆性(可压裂性)、物性、各向异性(非均质性)等“六性”特征评价[18-19]

  • 2.1 “六性”特征

  • 2.1.1 有机地化特性及含气性

  • 烃源岩主要控制油气藏的形成与分布,衡量和评价烃源岩的生烃能力主要依据有机质丰度、类型以及热成熟度[20]。当富有机质页岩热成熟度达到生气阶段后,TOC 值较高,对应较高的含气量[21-22]。地化测试结果(表1)显示,丁页1和丁页2井五峰组—龙马溪组自上而下TOC值均呈现递增趋势;其中,丁页1井五峰组—龙马溪组4号小层的 TOC 值为1.72%~4.64%,平均为3.12%,低于丁页2井相应的4号小层,其 TOC 值为3.11%~5.96%,平均为4.07%。含气量随TOC值的递增而呈现增加趋势,相应的丁页2井的含气量也大于丁页1井,尤其丁页2井4号小层测试含气量为4.12~8.76m3/t,平均为5.77m3/t,具有较好的含气性。此外,成熟度检测结果表明,2口井五峰组—龙马溪组页岩镜质组反射率(R o)的平均值大于2%,且自上而下具有明显升高的趋势,有机质类型主要以Ⅰ型干酪根为主,少量 Ⅱ1型干酪根,有机质热演化程度较高,总体为高—过成熟阶段,处于产气阶段。

  • 表1 川东南丁山地区丁页1和丁页2井五峰组—龙马溪组页岩地化测试结果

  • Table1 Geochemistry test results of shales from Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation of Well Dingye1and Well Dingye2in Dingshan area,southeastern Sichuan Basin

  • 2.1.2 岩性及脆性

  • 研究区丁页1和丁页2井岩心观察发现,其五峰组—龙马溪组上段岩性以深灰色-灰黑色灰质泥岩、粉砂质泥岩(图3a)和云质泥岩为主,下段岩性以黑色泥岩、碳质泥岩为主(图3b),富含黄铁矿(图3c,3d),以五峰组顶部一段富含笔石(图3e,3f)、粉砂质泥岩类和斑脱岩为主要特征作为龙马溪组与五峰组的分界。岩心亦可观察到富有韵律的水平层理(图3g)以及后期受构造作用形成的多被方解石充填的水平滑脱缝,缝面呈现出擦痕与方解石充填的镜面特征(图3h),总体表现为连续稳定的浅水-深水陆棚相沉积,反映水体自下而上逐渐变浅,后期构造作用强烈。

  • 针对矿物组分的分析主要依据丁页1和丁页2井五峰组—龙马溪组岩性变化选择测试实验样品,其中全岩X射线衍射实验仪器为荷兰帕纳科公司的X Pert Pro,测试样品共153个。结果显示,研究区五峰组—龙马溪组纵向上矿物含量存在明显的递变规律,脆性矿物含量自下而上呈递减趋势,与黏土矿物呈现此消彼长的关系。丁页2井4号小层的脆性矿物含量平均为53.6%,稍高于丁页1井4号小层;而丁页2井4号小层的黏土矿物含量平均为30.3%,低于丁页1井4号小层。丁页1和丁页2井五峰组—龙马溪组上段碳酸盐矿物的平均含量分别为18.4%和16.3%,而五峰组—龙马溪组下段碳酸盐矿物含量较低且纵向上分布较均匀,普遍小于10%。

  • 图3 川东南丁山地区丁页1和丁页2井五峰组—龙马溪组页岩岩心特征

  • Fig.3 Characteristics of shale cores from Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation of Well Dingye1and Well Dingye2in Dingshan area,southeastern Sichuan Basin

  • 常规的脆性评价以石英含量作为主要依据,但四川盆地龙马溪组页岩的岩相多达7种,石英含量为15.6%~55.0%,长石含量为3.3%~10.2%,而碳酸盐矿物含量则较少[23]。为避免由单一矿物评价页岩脆性带来的缺陷,且长石相比碳酸盐矿物更具脆性,以及由于在缺氧环境下形成的黄铁矿占一定比例,因此利用矿物组分含量来进行脆性评价,以石英、长石和黄铁矿作为研究区的主要脆性矿物,建立岩石脆性指数的计算公式为:

  • BI=v石英 +v长石 +v黄铁矿 v石英 + 长石 + 黄铁矿 +v碳酸盐+v×100%
    (1)
  • 式中:BI 为岩石脆性指数,%;v石英为石英含量,%;v长石为长石含量,%;v黄铁矿为黄铁矿含量,%; v石英 + 长石 + 黄铁矿为脆性矿物含量,%;v碳酸盐矿物为碳酸盐矿物含量,%;v黏土为黏土矿物含量,%。

  • 研究区五峰组—龙马溪组的岩石脆性指数自下而上表现为逐渐减小的变化趋势。其中,丁页1井4号小层的岩石脆性指数平均为51.9%,低于丁页2井4号小层(57.6%)(表2)。

  • 2.1.3 物性及各向异性

  • 页岩内部发育的大量微米-纳米级孔隙被认为是页岩气富集与储存的相对有利空间,其发育程度影响页岩的储集性能,进而控制页岩气产量[1624-25]。利用扫描电镜对页岩微观孔隙特征进行观测与统计,结果(图4)显示,丁页1和丁页2井五峰组—龙马溪组微观孔隙组成包括无机质孔和有机质孔,以及少量微裂缝。样品多数可见沉积阶段发育的黏土片间孔和草莓状黄铁矿晶间孔,其中黏土片间孔形态随黏土(伊利石)多呈絮状、弯曲的新月状,数量较多、连通性较好(图4a);草莓状黄铁矿晶间孔在某些样品中发育较为普遍,但由于黄铁矿晶体大小不一,因此其内部孔径差异较大,单个草莓状黄铁矿晶体间连通性较好,常充填有机质(图4b),但多个草莓状黄铁矿晶团之间的连通性则较差,常孤立赋存(图4c,4d)。此外,可见成岩阶段发育原生的圆形或椭圆形、蜂窝状有机质孔,大多呈点状分布(图4e,4f),还有少量次生有机质收缩缝(图4g),存在少量黏土矿物内部脱水后形成的纳米级微裂缝,且该类裂缝的开度仅为十几至几十纳米,沿延伸方向变窄直至尖灭(图4h)。

  • 微观孔隙的孔径统计结果显示,研究区丁页1和丁页2井五峰组—龙马溪组页岩样品以发育纳米级孔隙为主。其中,丁页1井页岩样品有机质孔的孔径为10~100nm,平均为38nm;无机质孔的孔径则具有较大差异,其孔径为50~220nm,平均为108nm。丁页2井页岩样品有机质孔的孔径与无机质孔的孔径差异较小,有机质孔的孔径普遍小于50nm,孔径中值为25~50nm,平均为35nm;无机质孔的孔径多大于100nm,为100~200nm,平均为133nm。根据霍多特分类方法[26],这2口井的有机质孔均以小孔为主,丁页1井的无机质孔以小孔-中孔为主,丁页2井的无机质孔则以中孔为主。

  • 表2 川东南丁山地区丁页1和丁页2井五峰组—龙马溪组页岩全岩X射线衍射矿物组分及岩石脆性指数

  • Table2 X-ray diffraction mineral composition and brittleness index of the whole shale rock from Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation of Well Dingye1and Well Dingye2in Dingshan area,southeastern Sichuan Basin

  • 图4 川东南丁山地区丁页1和丁页2井五峰组—龙马溪组页岩扫描电镜微观特征

  • Fig.4 Scanning electron microscopic characteristics of shales from Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation of Well Dingye1and Well Dingye2in Dingshan area,southeastern Sichuan Basin

  • 丁页1和丁页2井无机质孔和有机质孔的孔隙度对比结果(图5)显示,其无机质孔的孔隙度均小于1%。其中,丁页1井页岩样品中1—4号小层的无机质孔的孔隙度呈递增趋势,丁页2井页岩样品中4号小层的无机质孔的孔隙度大于丁页1井4号小层(图5a)。丁页1井页岩样品中3—4号小层有机质孔的孔隙度呈明显递减趋势,由1.7%降至0.1%;丁页2井4号小层页岩样品有机质孔的孔隙度约为1.5%,稍大于丁页1井4号小层页岩样品有机质孔的孔隙度(图5b)。

  • 由于沉积后期的压实作用,导致页岩内部的黏土矿物经过多次塑性变形,呈现定向排列,并形成渗透性极好的页理[15]。为还原岩石原始地层条件,对丁页1和丁页2井五峰组—龙马溪组页岩样品进行横向和垂向渗透率覆压测试,丁页1和丁页2井页岩样品的测试覆压分别为20和48MPa。测试结果显示:2口井页岩样品的横向渗透率均大于垂向渗透率,页岩气侧向的渗流、扩散速率远大于垂向的渗流、扩散速率;其中,丁页1井页岩样品的横向渗透率为0.008~1.967mD,平均为0.695mD,垂向渗透率为0.005~0.495mD,平均为0.205mD,二者相差2.4~7.4倍;丁页2井页岩样品的横向渗透率为0.007~0.180mD,平均为0.064mD,垂向渗透率为0.002~0.068mD,平均为0.019mD,二者之间相差2.9~6.7倍。

  • 图5 川东南丁山地区丁页1和丁页2井五峰组—龙马溪组页岩样品无机质孔与有机质孔的孔隙度对比

  • Fig.5 Comparison of inorganic porosity and organic porosity between shales from Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation of Well Dingye1and Well Dingye2in Dingshan area,southeastern Sichuan Basin

  • 2.2 “六性”相互关系

  • 将研究区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩样品的 TOCR o分别与含气量进行交会,结果(图6)显示,三者均存在良好的正相关关系;TOCR o值越高,含气量越大,且相关系数均大于0.8。研究区具有经济开采价值的层段主要位于五峰组—龙马溪组下段,为 TOCR o值均大于2%的过成熟优质烃源岩;其中,丁页1井优质烃源岩主要为3号小层下部—4号小层,厚度约为30.0m;丁页2井优质烃源岩为3—4号小层,厚度约为35.5m。整体上,2口井4号小层的 TOC值最大,页岩成熟度最高,含气量较高;1—3号小层黑色页岩的成熟度次之;而五峰组—龙马溪组上段非黑色页岩段的 TOC 值最小,成熟度最低,相应的含气量也较低。

  • 此外,通过对2口井五峰组—龙马溪组页岩样品总孔隙度、含气量、脆性矿物含量及 TOC 进行交会分析,发现其均具有良好的正相关关系。页岩总孔隙度高,对应较高的含气量,TOC 与脆性矿物含量也较高。

  • 图6 川东南丁山地区丁页1和丁页2井五峰组—龙马溪组页岩TOCR o与含气量交会图

  • Fig.6 Cross plots of TOCR o and gas content of shales from Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation of Well Dingye1and Well Dingye2in Dingshan area,southeastern Sichuan Basin

  • 3 成藏主控因素分析

  • 3.1 缺氧闭塞的古环境是有机质富集的基础

  • 研究区位于四川盆地周缘,受晚奥陶世—早志留世加里东运动中期都匀运动影响,形成被雪峰隆起、川中隆起和黔中隆起三者加持的坳陷,加之冰川时代之后,冰川大规模融化,坳陷发生快速海侵,形成了较大规模的深水陆棚环境(图7)[7916-2527-31]。页岩中放射性元素的Th/U,V/Ni和V/(V+Ni)值可以有效地应用于判断古沉积环境中水体的氧化还原条件。其中,Th/U>7时,为风化、氧化和淋滤作用的陆相沉积环境;2<Th/U<7时,为海相贫氧还原环境;Th/U<2时,为海相缺氧强还原环境[29]。分析研究区五峰组—龙马溪组自然伽马能谱测井数据发现,丁页1井五峰组—龙马溪组上段和下段1号小层的Th/U值为4.0~24.0,为氧化的陆相沉积与贫氧还原的海相沉积的过渡带;2—4号小层的Th/U值为0.53~7.50,表明沉积环境以低能和亚高能还原、强还原的海相沉积为主。丁页2井龙马溪组的Th/U值为0.68~7.00,表明沉积环境以低能和亚高能还原、强还原的海相沉积为主。研究区五峰组—龙马溪组露头岩心样品的V/Ni值为1.27~6.7,V/(V+Ni) 值为0.56~0.87,综合判定五峰组—龙马溪组页岩的沉积环境为海相贫氧还原环境。

  • 此外,研究区冰川时代导致大规模生物灭绝,冰期后气候回暖,低等生物大量繁殖,已死或将死的浮游动、植物沉积于水体深部,大量硅质生物如放射虫、有孔虫、海绵骨针、笔石等于水体底部富集[3],因此在水体底部有机质富集的同时,其硅质含量也相应升高;且缺氧闭塞的深水陆棚环境对生物死亡后的埋藏与保存具有积极作用,也促进有机质的富集。

  • 3.2 良好的保存条件是页岩气成藏的关键

  • 页岩气藏的形成一般经历超深埋藏的生烃期和构造运动的抬升期[8]。在构造运动过程中,页岩气赋存的地层和环境条件发生改变,顶底板条件、埋深、构造抬升的时间与强度、区域断裂与裂缝发育规律等均可能导致页岩气的逸散和页岩气藏的破坏[2832]

  • 丁山地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩底板为五峰组页岩、临湘组瘤状灰岩和宝塔组灰岩,其分布连续,总厚度为52.7m;龙马溪组的顶板为石牛栏组,以泥质灰岩、泥岩、灰质泥岩为主,总厚度达214.0m,可作为页岩层的直接盖层。

  • 受侏罗纪末期至晚白垩世早期江南-雪峰隆起的递进扩展,以及晚白垩世黔中隆起自南向北的挤压,丁山地区总体由SE向NW方向抬升,靠近齐岳山断裂的丁页1井五峰组—龙马溪组的抬升时间相对早于丁页2井,且变形强度大于丁页2井;另一方面,丁页1井五峰组—龙马溪组的埋藏较浅,且由于靠近齐岳山断裂,主要发育以高角度缝-直立缝为主的构造裂缝,贯通连接优质产气层段和切穿盖层断裂,因此气体主要沿断裂产生垂向的强烈逸散,地层压力系数较低,保存条件相对较差;而丁页2井五峰组—龙马溪组埋深较大,且远离齐岳山断裂,主要发育以低角度缝和水平缝为主的构造裂缝,大型断裂的发育程度较低,页岩气主要在优质页岩层内横向扩散,地层压力系数较高,保存条件相对较好。

  • 图7 四川盆地及周缘龙马溪组沉积时期沉积环境及沉积模式示意(据文献[7916-2527-31]修改)

  • Fig.7 Diagram of sedimentary environment and sedimentary model of Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin and its periphery(modified from references[7916-2527-31]

  • 4 结论

  • 川东南丁山地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩主要以缺氧闭塞的还原环境为主,岩性自下而上由深黑色富含碳质与笔石的泥页岩递变为深灰色-灰黑色灰质泥岩、粉砂质泥岩,沉积水体自下而上总体变浅。研究区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩的含气量、TOCR o值自下而上呈现降低趋势,五峰组—龙马溪组底部具有较好的生烃能力,TOC 平均值大于2%,有机质类型以Ⅰ型干酪根为主,R o平均值大于2%,总体处于高成熟晚期-过成熟产气阶段。岩石脆性矿物含量与脆性指数自上而下也呈现升高趋势,五峰组—龙马溪组下段的岩石脆性指数均大于50%;页岩微观孔隙主要以无机质孔和有机质孔为主,少量微裂缝,有机质孔的孔隙度普遍大于无机质孔,且垂向渗透率远小于横向渗透率。研究区五峰组— 龙马溪组页岩样品的 TOCR o与含气量三者均存在良好的正相关关系,TOC 值越高,R o值越大,其含气量也越大;总孔隙度、含气量、脆性矿物含量及 TOC 也呈不同程度的正相关关系。缺氧闭塞的古环境对生物死亡后的埋藏与保存具有积极作用,促进有机质的富集;良好的保存条件有助于页岩的富集成藏,较差的保存条件会导致页岩气逸散,不利于页岩气成藏。

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