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作者简介:

宋子怡(1994—),女,山东东营人,在读硕士研究生,从事沉积学与油藏描述研究。联系电话:15725273796,E-mail:wajay12@163.com。

通讯作者:

邱隆伟(1967—),男,江西赣州人,教授,博导。联系电话:18561332099,E-mail:qiulwsd@163.com。

中图分类号:TE122.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2019)02-0068-08

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.2019.02.009

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目录contents

    摘要

    孤东油田馆上段54 —68 小层为辫状河沉积,储层内部结构复杂。该油田面临综合含水率特高、剩余油高度分散、稳产难度大等问题,开展储层层次结构的精细解剖是解决该问题的关键。为此,以心滩内部的精细构型表征为切入点,通过对砂体内部结构单元的解剖,分析孤东油田六区馆上段远源砂质辫状河心滩构型,以明确砂质辫状河储层内部不同级别的构型特征。采用密井网精细对比的方式,实现了对砂质辫状河心滩内部增生体规模的定量表征;确定了心滩宽度、长度及厚度等4级构型单元的参数范围,其中心滩宽度为100~350 m,长度为400~500 m,厚度为 4~12 m;明确了心滩长度与宽度呈正相关,宽度与厚度呈近似正相关。确定了落淤层与增生体等 3级构型参数分布特征,落淤层在滩头、滩尾及两翼平均倾角分别为0.93°,0.53°和1.47°,长轴方向的心滩内部单一增生体的长度为280~800 m,宽度为165~400 m,估算落淤层长度为250~700 m,宽度为150~350 m。

    Abstract

    The small layers 54 -68 in the upper section of Guantao Formation in No.6 Block of Gudong Oilfield are braided river deposits that have complex architecture. At present,this oilfield has faced several problems including extra-high wa- ter cut,high distribution of remaining oil,difficulties in stable production. Therefore,the key to solving those problems is to carry out fine anatomy of the reservoir architecture. The fine architecture characterization of the inner part of the sandy braid bar is taken as the entry point. The internal architecture of the sandy braid bar in the upper section of Guantao Forma- tion in No.6 Block of Gudong Oilfield was analyzed. Combined with the characteristics of sedimentary microfacies of the sandy braided river of Gudong Oilfield,the different hierarchical levels of architecture interfaces in the sandy braided-river reservoirs were identified. Based on the well correction in dense pattern,the quantitative characterization of the scale of the reproduction body in the braid bar of the braided-river reservoir was realized. The range of parameters for four-grade archi- tecture was determined. Among them,width is 100-350 m,length is 400-500 m,thickness is 4-12 m of the braid bar.The length of the braid bar has positive correlation with the width of the braid bar,and the width of the braid has almost positive correlation with the thickness of the braid bar. The range of parameters for three-grade architecture of the off-silt and ac-cretion body was determined. The average dip of the off-silt at the head of bar is 0.93° and that at the end is 0.53° and that at two wings is 1.47°,and the length of single accretion body in the braid bar at direction of long axis is from 280 to 800 me- ters,and its width is from 165 to 400 meters. The width of the the off-silt may be from 250 to 700 meters and its length may be from 150 to 350 meters.

    关键词

    辫状河心滩构型剩余油馆上段孤东油田

  • 加拿大地质学家Maill于1985年基于Allen界面研究,提出了河流相储层构型理论与方法[1-3]。在此之后,中外诸多学者对不同类型沉积体的储层构型进行了研究。辫状河河道和心滩是辫状河最为重要的油气储集砂体,也是辫状河储层主要的构型要素。由于辫状河储层沉积机制的复杂性,心滩储层厚度差异大、非均质性较强,导致了心滩内部构型的复杂性,对辫状河储层开发效果以及剩余油分布造成深远影响。在高含水开发后期开展辫状河心滩储层内部构型研究,对剩余油挖潜具有重要意义[4-5]。辫状河储层构型研究重点是对心滩储层内部构型的精细解剖,对其内部落淤层的研究则是核心,也是识别内部增生体的关键沉积界面。为此,以孤东油田六区馆上段(Ng )辫状河为研究对象,结合前人的研究成果,对其内部构型进行精细解剖,以落实研究区辫状河心滩储层内部构型,进而研究心滩储层内部落淤层的产状、平面展布、发育模式等,以期为油田开发后期辫状河储层构型研究及剩余油挖潜提供依据。

  • 1 开发地质概况

  • 孤东油田是胜利油区四大主力整装油田之一,位于济阳坳陷沾化凹陷的东北部,是在中生界潜山背景上发育的近南北走向的大型披覆背斜构造整装油田[6-9],分为8个开发区块,六区位于其东北部。该区块面积约为8.5km2,现有钻井561口,其中包括1口检查取心井,平均井距为95m。目的层为馆上段,划分为6个油组,其中54 —68小层为辫状河沉积[10],54,55,61 小层的辫状河砂体是其主要储层。该油田于1987年投入开采,经历天然能量开采、注水开发、井网调整及综合治理4个阶段,综合含水率已达98%。由于河流相储层内部构型复杂,非均质性强,在开发过程中存在耗水高、注采矛盾突出等问题,亟待开展储层构型研究。

  • 2 辫状河构型表征

  • 辫状河构型划分主要依据1985年Maill提出的河流相储层构型划分方案,综合应用层序分析方法对研究区辫状河储层进行构型界面的识别以及构型单元的划分[11],将研究区辫状河划分为6级构型: 1级构型界面为纹层之间的界面,构型单元为纹层; 2级构型界面为纹层组之间的界面,构型单元为纹层组;3级构型界面为增生体之间的界面,常见的3级构型界面为心滩内部落淤层,构型单元为增生体;4级构型界面为心滩等单砂体之间的界面,构型单元为单砂体;5级构型界面为单一辫状河道的界面,构型单元为单一辫状河道砂体;6级构型界面为复合辫状河砂体的底面,构型单元为复合辫状河道砂体。针对研究区辫状河储层构型的研究主要是从3级、4级和5级构型单元展开的。

  • 2.1 构型单元及其沉积特征

  • 2.1.1 辫状河河道单元

  • 辫状河河道是辫状河沉积中重要的沉积微相,由于研究区辫状河坡度较大、水浅流急,辫状河易发生摆动和迁移,发育砂质充填、泥质充填和半泥质充填等3种充填类型[12]

  • 辫状河河道单元是平水期河流沉积作用下砂质充填为主所形成的,并常夹于泥质、半泥质充填物之间;其单砂体厚度较小,岩性以细砂岩、粉砂岩为主;以平行层理、小型板状交错层理及小型槽状交错层理为主。底部可见滞留沉积,顶部多突变为泥岩;但在测井及录井资料中,其底部的滞留沉积常不明显,因此辫状河河道单元在纵向上一般呈孤立状存在,自然伽马曲线以中—高幅度的微齿状钟形为主,自然电位曲线呈底突变、顶渐变的接触关系,微电极曲线幅度差较大,呈正韵律特征(图1)。

  • 2.1.2 心滩单元

  • 心滩是辫状河沉积中最主要的微相类型,为辫状河的骨架砂体[12],该单元是辫状河在游荡迁移过程中形成的。远源砂质辫状河心滩的岩性多为细砂岩,常发育大型槽状交错层理和大型板状交错层理。单砂体厚度较大,纵向上仍可显示正粒序或正韵律特征。

  • 由于水动力条件和沉积方式的差异,心滩各部位落淤层的倾向、倾角及发育程度各异。通过调研THORNE等对Brahamaputra砂质辫状河[13-14]及ASHWORTH等对孟加拉国Jamuna辫状河建立的心滩模型[15-16],参考余成林等对心滩储层内部构型的研究结论[17-18],将研究区心滩划分为滩头、滩尾、滩翼和滩主体4个部分(图2)。

  • 图1 孤东油田六区6-25-J474井Ng61 小层构型单元划分

  • Fig.1 Architectural unit division of Upper Ng61 Layer in Well6-25-J474, No.6Block of Gudong Oilfield

  • 图2 辫状河心滩落淤层的理想发育模式

  • Fig.2 Theoretical development model of off-silt layer of the sandy braided bar

  • 滩头位于整个心滩最靠近物源的一端,是心滩的迎水流部分。沿水流方向由于受到水流的持续冲刷,形态相对较陡,并且由于滩头在流水的作用下不断垮塌,其垮塌下来的沉积物会在流水的作用下发生一定程度的改造(如冲洗-回流)。因而滩头往往由滑塌沉积及其上部的流水冲刷沉积物所组成[19],其沉积界面常较陡峭。滩头位置由于落淤层不被保护,在洪水冲刷的作用下,保存程度低,故滩头几乎不发育落淤层。

  • 滩主体为心滩的核部,形态相对平缓。滩主体由一定数目的增生体及落淤层所构成,各增生体之间大致呈平行状叠置,增生体间界面复杂多变,有时侵蚀特征也较为显著[19]。增生体内部一般以板状交错层理及槽状交错层理为主,增生体之间局部也可呈现大型交错层理。滩主体落淤层比滩头和滩翼落淤层的保存程度高,比滩尾落淤层的保存程度差,导致滩主体落淤层倾角小,呈近水平状,越靠近心滩的翼部及滩尾,落淤层厚度及连续性越好。

  • 滩尾位于心滩的背水流方向,主要发生前积作用,向下游方向其厚度逐渐减小,呈现较为规则的板状交错层理或前积交错层理。滩尾落淤层倾向河流下游,其倾角与滩尾倾角基本一致。滩尾总体不受冲刷作用的影响,落淤层的发育和保存程度常较好。

  • 滩翼是心滩的两侧部分,剖面上总体呈垂直水流方向上凸的弧形(图2),局部受侵蚀或河流侧向加积作用的影响,滩翼的一侧常受水流侵蚀出现滑塌堆积,另外一侧侵蚀作用较弱,其上部可叠加一定的侧向加积沉积。滩翼落淤层倾向心滩两侧,倾角与滩翼倾角基本一致。滩翼落淤层易受坡度影响,坡度小时,易被水流冲刷,整个落淤层保存难度较大;坡度大时,底部的落淤层保存较差。

  • 在水位由高到低变化的过程中,心滩露出水面经受侵蚀,在其顶部可能会发育一些被水流冲出的小型沟道,称为“冲沟”,该冲沟后期被细粒悬浮物质充填而形成心滩内部夹层。

  • 心滩在单井剖面上识别相对简单,主要利用岩心及测井曲线进行识别[20]。通常自然伽马曲线以中—高幅度的微齿状箱形为主,顶底均为突变接触,自然电位曲线呈高负异常值箱形(图1),微电极曲线幅度差大。

  • 2.1.3 落淤层

  • 落淤层在洪水间歇期或在动力减弱的条件下形成,岩性以泥岩、泥质粉砂岩或者粉砂质泥岩为主。通常在辫状河心滩内部增生体顶部发育,属于Maill分级方案里判断各级增生体界面标志的3级界面[4]。落淤层具有十分重要的指相意义[1721],识别心滩内部落淤层是开展心滩储层构型研究的关键。落淤层的自然电位、自然伽马呈高值,微电极呈低值(图3),测井曲线回返的幅度与落淤层的厚度呈正相关性,落淤层厚度越大,测井曲线异常幅度越大[21]。落淤层厚度在不同位置差异较大,研究区辫状河储层中落淤层厚度约为0.06~0.6m。

  • 2.2 构型单元空间发育特征

  • 将辫状河河道和心滩底部拉平,按顺物源和垂直物源方向分别建立连井剖面(图3),对研究区馆上段54 小层连井剖面的河道及心滩储层构型进行精细解剖。基于以上心滩发育模式,心滩先垂向增生,达一定厚度后,河水基本不漫过心滩,然后心滩两翼侧向增生,其内部发育5期增生体。长轴方向整体呈平缓前积并向下游方向迁移,滩头较陡,滩尾较缓,中心界面近似水平,短轴方向向两翼倾斜[22-23];研究区发育2期辫状河河道,心滩与辫状河河道侧向接触,部分心滩表面发育冲沟,多为泥质充填。

  • 图3 孤东油田六区辫状河河道及心滩储层内部构型连井剖面

  • Fig.3 Section showing internal architecture of the braided-channel and the braided-bar reservoirs based on well correlation in No.6Block of Gudong Oilfield

  • 在心滩落淤层构型界面倾角、增生体宽度和长度定量表征的基础上,建立了研究区馆上段54小层辫状河心滩连井构型栅状图(图4)。该心滩储层内部发育4期落淤层、5期增生体,增生体在顺水流方向具有前积特征,在侧向具有侧积特征,主要是由于增生体在向前推进的过程中不断发生前积和侧向迁移形成的,增生体之间的构型界面向顺水流方向倾斜[24]

  • 2.3 构型参数表征

  • 2.3.1 4级构型参数关系统计

  • 根据孤东六区的单井沉积微相划分和平面展布,统计分析心滩的参数范围或区间值,具体包括心滩的宽度、长度、厚度等。在各小层心滩不同参数统计的基础上,分析了不同沉积微相不同参数的分布特征。从图5可看出,心滩长度集中分布于400~500m(图5a),宽度范围分布较为集中,一般为100~350m(图5b),心滩厚度集中分布在4~12m(图5c)。

  • 图4 孤东油田六区Ng54 小层辫状河心滩连井构型栅状图

  • Fig.4 Fence diagram of the internal architecture of the braided-bar reservoir,54 sublayer of Upper Guantao Layer of No.6Block of Gudong Oilfield

  • 为定量分析砂体的大小,编制各参数之间的散点和直方图,分析各参数之间的相关性(图5),发现心滩的厚度与宽度在一定范围内呈正相关性(图5c)、长度与宽度呈正相关性(图5d)。

  • 图5 孤东油田六区辫状河构型单元参数关系

  • Fig.5 Statistics on the architecture unit parameters of the braided river in No.6Block of Gudong Oilfield

  • 2.3.2 3级构型参数关系统计

  • 通过井间精细对比,统计研究区心滩落淤层参数(表1),确定落淤层在滩头平均倾角为0.93°,滩尾平均倾角为0.53°;两翼平均倾角为1.47°。基于现代河流心滩地貌形态观察,落淤层是心滩表面的披覆体,在地下储层3级构型表征过程中,受资料条件限制,笔者近似将增生体与落淤层参数关系近似相等,但实际落淤层一般小于增生体的规模。本文采用密井网对比的方法,估算落淤层宽度为150~350m,长度为250~700m。心滩内单一增生体的宽度为165~400m,长度为280~800m。

  • 2.4 储层构型对剩余油分布的影响

  • 剩余油的影响因素众多,如:地质因素与工程因素[25],本次研究主要从心滩构型模式出发,主要探讨落淤层对辫状河心滩剩余油分布的控制作用[26-27],分析受落淤层控制的剩余油分布位置,为其内部剩余油的挖潜指明思路。

  • 从心滩纵向剖面(图6)可以看出,当注水井布置在滩头位置时,注入水沿着增生体向滩尾处推进,受重力影响,增生体顶部富集剩余油,由于滩主体顶部发育冲沟,注入水未沿上部落淤层向滩尾方向推进,因此在滩尾处未受注入水波及而富含剩余油(图6a);当注水井位于滩主体时,注入水向滩头和滩尾2个方向推进,由于滩头不发育落淤层,注入水受重力影响,水驱容易沿中下部突进,顶部富含剩余油,受冲沟影响,滩尾顶部未受注入水波及,因此剩余油主要富集在滩尾和滩头(图6b);当注水井位于滩尾时,注入水向滩头和滩主体方向推进,注水井周围砂体水驱波及系数相对较高,滩主体剩余油主要富集在单期增生体顶部,受冲沟影响,滩主体顶部增生体无法波及,滩头受落淤层保护,心滩最底部增生体未受注入水波及,而富含剩余油(图6c)。因此,注水井和落淤层的匹配程度对剩余油分布具有重要影响,注水井应布置在心滩的滩主体部位,而采油井应布置在心滩的滩头和滩尾部位。

  • 表1 孤东油田六区辫状河落淤层参数统计

  • Table1 Geometrical parameters of the off-silt layers in braided river of No.6Block of Gudong Oilfield

  • 图6 孤东油田六区辫状河心滩储层构型对剩余油分布的影响

  • Fig.6 Influence of braided-bar reservoir architecture on the residual oil distribution in No.6Block of Gudong Oilfield

  • 从心滩横向剖面上看,当注水井位于滩翼时,对于垂向加积型心滩,注入水沿着增生体向右驱动,受重力影响,增生体底部水驱效果好,顶部赋存剩余油(图6d)。当注水井位于滩主体时,对于垂向加积型心滩,注入水迅速沿增生体向两侧驱动,仅受重力和极差影响,每个增生体顶部富含剩余油 (图6e)。因此,注水井应布置在心滩的滩主体部位,而采油井应布置在心滩的滩翼部位。

  • 通过对心滩剖面分析,认为在仅考虑落淤层对剩余油分布影响的情况下,将注水井布置在心滩滩主体部位,水驱效果会更好。

  • 3 结论

  • 孤东油田馆上段发育远源砂质辫状河沉积,主要发育辫状河心滩、河道、河漫滩3种沉积微相,其中心滩为最主要的骨架砂体类型,内部发育多期增生体,增生体之间发育的落淤层是其内部的主要夹层。基于心滩内部落淤层精细解剖,分析研究区发育的心滩内部4级构型参数包括心滩的宽度、长度、厚度的范围,长度大多为400~500m,宽度集中在100~350m,厚度主要为4~12m,明确了心滩厚度与宽度在一定范围内呈正相关性、长度与宽度呈正相关性;对落淤层的倾角、长度、宽度及厚度等3级构型参数进行统计,综合确定落淤层在滩头平均倾角为0.93°,滩尾平均倾角为0.53°,两翼平均倾角为1.47°;估算落淤层宽度为150~350m,长度为250~700m。通过对心滩横、纵剖面的分析,在仅考虑落淤层对剩余油影响的情况下,应将注水井布置在心滩的滩主体部位,水驱效果更好。

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