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作者简介:

何卫军(1979—),男,湖北恩施人,工程师,硕士,从事油气勘探与沉积层序研究工作。联系电话:(0759)3912428,E-mail:hewj@cnooc.com.cn。

中图分类号:TE122.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2019)03-0031-07

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.2019.03.004

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目录contents

    摘要

    基于钻井、测井、岩心、分析化验及三维地震资料,研究涠西南凹陷流一段上亚段重力流类型、沉积特征及发育模式。结果表明,研究区流一段上亚段主要发育碎屑流、浊流和滑塌沉积3种重力流类型,碎屑流和滑塌沉积在研究区最为发育。碎屑流沉积据其岩性构成可细分为砂质碎屑岩和泥质碎屑岩,砂质碎屑岩以发育块状构造,见泥质撕裂屑、漂浮泥砾为典型特征;滑塌沉积塑性变形构造发育,既体现重力流沉积特征,同时还部分保留牵引流沉积特征。湖平面变化、物源体系、坡折带及沟源通道等耦合控制重力流沉积类型及分布,在研究区建立了北西物源三角洲-断裂坡折-侵蚀水道和西物源三角洲-同沉积坡折2种经典的重力流沉积模式。

    Abstract

    Sedimentary types,characteristics and depositional model of gravity flow developing in the upper submember of the first member of Liushagang Formation in Weixi’nan Sag were studied based on drilling,logging,core,experimental da- ta and 3D seismic. The results show that there are three types of gravity flows including debris flow,turbidite current and slump deposit in the upper submember of the first member of Liushagang Formation in Weixi’nan Sag,among which debris flow and slump mainly develop in the study region. Debris flow can be divided into sandy debris flow and muddy debris flow according to its lithological composition. The sandy debris flow is characterized by massive structures,argillaceous rigup and floating mud-gravel.Well-developed plastic deformation structures in slumps deposit which shows the characteris- tics of gravity flow deposits,and retains the characteristics of traction flow deposits. The coupling of lake level change,prov- enance system,slope broken and source channel controls the sedimentary types and distribution of gravity flow,and two classical depositional models of gravity flow are summarized including north-west provenance delta-faulted slope-erosion channel and west provenance delta-synsedimentary slope broken.

  • 砂体的成因是沉积研究和油气勘探关注的热点领域[1-5]。重力流砂体在中国陆相断陷盆地广泛发育,在鄂尔多斯盆地、渤海湾盆地、二连盆地、北部湾盆地、南襄盆地及松辽盆地均有发现[6-12]。涠西南凹陷隶属于北部湾盆地北部坳陷带,是已证实的富生烃凹陷,油气资源丰富[13-15]。近年来随着油气勘探程度的提高,勘探重点已逐步从构造型圈闭转入砂岩体等隐蔽圈闭领域[16-18]。研究区已有多口井在重力流成因砂岩中获得工业油流,因此引起了诸多学者关注[1019-20]。前人对研究区重力流研究取得了不少成果和认识,但均将重力流划归于浊流范畴,夸大了浊流的影响。新完钻的W2E-1井钻遇了前人成果中没有涉及和识别到的厚层的泥质碎屑流沉积,为研究区岩性圈闭勘探提出了新的挑战。为此,深入研究重力流类型、沉积特征及沉积模式,以期为涠西南凹陷油气勘探提供理论依据。

  • 1 区域地质概况

  • 涠西南凹陷位于北部湾盆地西北边缘,北部受控于涠西南大断裂与粤桂隆起区相邻,西南部通过涠西南低凸起与海中凹陷相隔,东南部被企西隆起区环绕,是一个典型的北断南超的箕状断陷。涠西南凹陷整体构造格局受涠西南断裂、1 号断裂、2 号断裂和 3 号断裂这 4 条近 NE—SW 向断裂带控制。受断裂活动影响,涠西南凹陷分为 A,B,C 和 D 共 4 个次洼,A洼分布于1号与2号断裂之间,B洼和C洼分别位于2号断裂的东段和西段,D洼分布于B洼与企西隆起区北缘之间(图1)。

  • 图1 涠西南凹陷构造纲要

  • Fig.1 Schematic map of the regional geological settings in Weixi’nan Sag

  • 始新统流沙港组和渐新统涠洲组是涠西南凹陷主要的勘探目的层系,其中流沙港组从下往上可依次划分为流三段、流二段和流一段。流一段是一个完整的三级层序,其顶底界面(S80和S83)为区域不整合面[20-21]。按断陷湖盆体系的层序四分法[22-24],流一段内部可识别出初始湖泛面(S82a)、最大湖泛面(S82)[20] 和初始下降面(S81),据此将其划分为低位域、湖侵域、高位域和下降域(图2)。在勘探实践中常以S82为界将流一段划分为上亚段和下亚段。流一段上亚段包括高位域和下降域,二者的分界面为S81。流一段上亚段沉积时期,在B洼和C 洼沿断裂坡折带和同沉积坡折带广泛发育重力流沉积,这些重力流砂体被中深湖相泥岩包围,且直接位于烃源岩之上,具有非常有利的成藏条件,是涠西南凹陷近年来重要的勘探目标。

  • 图2 涠西南凹陷W4N-3井流一段地层综合柱状图

  • Fig.2 Comprehensive stratigraphic column of the first member of Liushagang Formation of Well W4N-3 in Weixi’nan Sag

  • 2 重力流沉积类型及特征

  • 重力流沉积存在多种分类方案[25-27],本文引用 SHANMUGAM的分类方案[26],依据钻井、测井、岩心及三维地震资料,在研究区识别出碎屑流、滑塌和浊流 3 种重力流沉积类型,其中碎屑流沉积又可根据其岩性细分为砂质碎屑岩(富砂质)和泥质碎屑岩(富泥质)。特别指出,本文提及的砂质或泥质碎屑岩是指经碎屑流搬运,而后沉积、成岩形成的重力流沉积体。

  • 2.1 砂质碎屑岩

  • 砂质碎屑流是呈塑性块体搬运的黏滞性流体,具有塑性流变学特征[27]。砂质碎屑流沉积代表性的标志为含泥砾砂岩与无任何层理的块状砂岩发育[128]。观察流一段上亚段岩心,发现岩性主要为深灰色泥岩与浅灰色砂岩不等厚互层。砂岩段主要为细砂岩、中砂岩与含砾砂岩,GR 曲线一般呈弱齿化箱形,分选中等-好,磨圆度为次棱角状-次圆状,块状构造发育(图3a),见泥质撕裂屑、定向排列的泥砾(图3b,3c);泥岩段主要为深灰色泥岩,块状构造,部分发育平行层理。块状砂岩段与下伏泥岩段呈突变平行接触关系(图3d),为砂岩块体沿一个滑动面发生滑动作用而形成的剪切面[628]。部分砂岩段泥砾较发育,见粒径达 7 cm 的巨大漂砾,泥砾多呈撕裂状、长条状定向排列,面状分布,反映砂质碎屑流层状或块状流动的特点[1]

  • 2.2 泥质碎屑岩

  • 泥质碎屑流是黏土质含量高的黏滞性塑性流体,以厚层块状泥岩沉积为主要特征。研究区 W2E-1 井在高位域钻遇了厚度为 110 m 的较纯泥岩,仅局部夹1~2 m的薄层粉砂岩、泥质粉砂岩,该套地层在地震剖面上与邻区已钻探的砂质碎屑流沉积具有相似地震反射特征,且均位于 2 号断裂带之下,解释为泥质碎屑流沉积。除W2E-1井钻遇了厚层的泥质碎屑流沉积外,W1-2和W1W-1等井钻遇的泥质碎屑岩有时与砂质碎屑岩伴生出现,二者呈突变接触。研究区泥质碎屑岩岩性为灰色、深灰色泥岩,块状构造,局部夹粉-细砂纹层,见漂浮砂砾(图3e)。GR 曲线表现为弱齿化高值。地震剖面上,泥质碎屑岩与砂质碎屑岩均呈现杂乱-差连续性、中-强振幅的反射特征,局部见小型逆冲推覆断层,与半深湖相泥岩有较清晰的分界线。

  • 2.3 浊积岩

  • 浊积岩是浊流作用形成,沉积颗粒的正粒序分布是浊积岩的典型特征[1]。以往研究中往往夸大了浊流作用,董贵能等将研究区重力流沉积划分为典型浊积岩和非典型浊积岩[10],实际上只有典型浊积岩是浊流作用形成的,而非典型浊积岩多为砂质碎屑岩和滑塌岩。研究区浊积岩岩性以浅灰色中砂岩、粉-细砂岩与深灰色、褐灰色块状泥岩、页岩互层为主。GR曲线呈钟形组合,FMI电成像测井图像上见明显冲刷面和正粒序特征。另外,在C-M图上也反映出递变悬浮沉积为主的结构特征(点群分布平行于 C=M 线)[10]。岩心上可见较丰富的鲍马序列,但多不完整,如图3f为 ABC段组合:A段为块状浅灰色细砂岩,具正粒序层理,反映能量逐渐减弱的过程,A 段底部具冲刷面;B 段为下平行纹层段,浅灰色细砂岩与深灰色泥岩定向分布,沿层面揭开可见到剥离线理;C段为波纹层理段,纹层显微波状层理,变形构造;D—E 段被后期重力流事件侵蚀冲刷而缺失。

  • 图3 涠西南凹陷重力流沉积特征

  • Fig.3 Sedimentary characteristics of gravity flow in Weixi’nan Sag

  • 研究区浊积岩常呈薄层状产出,其厚度一般为 10~50 cm,有时与砂质碎屑岩伴生出现,往往一套厚层砂岩的中下部为砂质碎屑岩,而顶部为浊积岩,反映砂质碎屑流在搬运过程中流动分层,进而转化为浊流的特征[128]

  • 2.4 滑塌岩沉积特征

  • 滑塌岩是一种介于滑动与碎屑流之间的具有塑性变形特征的重力流沉积,在涠西南凹陷 C 洼及 B 洼西部广泛发育。研究区共有 9 口井钻遇滑塌岩,W2-2 和 W2-2Sa 井在下降域钻遇滑塌岩的主体,岩性以细砂岩为主,单层砂体厚度为 19~25 m,顶底均为厚层半深湖-深湖相泥岩,GR 曲线呈齿化箱形。岩心观察,可见丰富的滑塌变形层理,局部仍可见平行层理特征(图3g,3h)。FMI 成像测井图像上可见包卷层理、变形层理及冲刷面。砂岩组分以跳跃和悬浮组分为主,无滚动组分,跳跃组分占 30%~40%,悬浮组分占 60% 以上(图4a)。在 C-M 图上,样品点群大部分分布于平行C=M线的RQ段,但也有部分样品点落在 SR 段(图4b),反映流体搬运过程中以重力机械分异为主,但仍部分保留牵引流的沉积特征。

  • 图4 涠西南凹陷流一段滑塌岩粒度累积概率曲线和C-M

  • Fig.4 Grain size probability curves(a)and C-M map(b)of slumps of the first member of Liushagang Formation in Weixi’nan Sag

  • 3 沉积模式

  • 研究认为湖平面变化、物源体系、坡折带及物源通道等对重力流类型、沉积分布及岩性组合产生影响,湖平面变化是物源供给的影响因素,北西、西物源是物质基础,2 号断裂带、侵蚀水道、同沉积坡折是物源通道及控制因素。根据不同的物源体系及控制因素,在研究区建立了北西物源三角洲-断裂坡折-侵蚀水道和西物源三角洲-同沉积坡折2种经典的重力流沉积模式(图5)。

  • 3.1 北西物源三角洲-断裂坡折-侵蚀水道重力流沉积模式

  • 从NW-SE向地质剖面(图6a)看,W13N-5井流一段上亚段钻遇的重力流砂体与北西物源三角洲、 2 号断裂带及侵蚀水道均有成因联系。2 号断裂带上升盘发育的大型北西向三角洲在地震剖面上见明显的前积特征,W7-3 井钻遇了 174 m 三角洲砂岩,岩性以砂砾岩、含砾砂岩、细砂岩为主,物源条件好。2号断裂带在流一段上亚段沉积时期为北东向展布的雁列式断层,具有右旋走滑性质,分支断层为近东西走向,相邻断层之间形成西高东低的断裂坡折,构成非常有利的汇水、输砂通道。另外,在 2号断裂上升盘南缘发育1条侵蚀水道,近南北向展布,地震剖面上见明显侵蚀特征,W9N-1 井在水道内钻遇了后期沉积的88 m水道砂岩,水道形成期及沉积充填期均有较强的输砂能力,是研究区另一条重要的物源通道。

  • 从岩性特征来看,顺物源方向砂岩厚度逐渐减薄,粒度逐渐变细;从重矿物组合和母岩类型来看,三角洲砂岩、水道砂岩和重力流砂岩具有相同或相近特征,重矿物均以赤褐铁矿+白钛矿+锆石组合为主,母岩类型中变质岩含量最高(44%~61%),沉积岩次之(28%~39%),岩浆岩最少。对比分析岩性特征、重矿物组合和母岩类型,认为北西物源三角洲砂岩、水道砂岩和重力流砂岩具有相同的物质来源。

  • 综上,北西物源三角洲是重力流沉积的物质基础,侵蚀水道和2号断裂坡折是物源通道,构成了研究区经典的“源-沟-坡-扇”重力流沉积模式。

  • 3.2 西物源三角洲-同沉积坡折重力流沉积模式

  • 图6b 可较清晰地呈现流一段上亚段西物源不同重力流沉积体系的时空演化规律。湖平面变化、物源供给及同沉积坡折等多因素耦合控制了西物源重力流沉积的发育及分布特征。

  • 图5 涠西南凹陷流一段上亚段沉积模式

  • Fig.5 Sedimentary model of the upper submember of the first member of Liushagang Formation in Weixi’nan Sag

  • 图6 涠西南凹陷北西物源和西物源重力流沉积地质剖面(剖面位置见图1)

  • Fig.6 Geologic profiles of gravity flow from northwestern(a)and western provenance(b)in Weixi’nan Sag (The position of the section was shown in Fig.1)

  • 一方面,湖平面变化、物源供给不仅对三角洲前缘滑塌岩分布及规模起明显控制作用,还影响碎屑流沉积物粒度。湖平面升降与物源供给强弱呈负相关性,高位域湖平面缓慢上升,物源供给相对较弱,三角洲前缘滑塌岩发育更靠近物源区且数量相对少、规模小,同沉积坡折带之下以泥质碎屑流沉积为主。下降域随着物源供给量增大,滑塌岩逐步向凹陷中心靠近,数量多、规模大。下降域中后期三角洲朵叶体已推进至同沉积坡折带附近,物质基础好,坡折带之下的重力流以砂质碎屑流为主,局部呈浊流特征,发育良好的储层。另一方面,同沉积坡折带控制三角洲前缘滑塌岩、碎屑岩和浊积岩的分布。坡折带之上,由于三角洲在前积过程中产生的斜坡带,其可容空间相对较小,重力流搬运的距离较近,重力流流态在滑动向碎屑流或浊流转化的过程中沉积下来,部分沉积物保留了牵引流沉积特征,以发育三角洲前缘滑塌体为主;坡折带之下可容空间大,重力流搬运距离较远,则发育碎屑流和浊流沉积。

  • 涠西南凹陷流一段上亚段重力流沉积体系具有良好的岩性圈闭条件,已被 W2-2,W13N-5 等多井证实成藏,剩余的多个重力流砂岩体仍具有勘探价值,是下一步勘探的重点领域。

  • 4 结论

  • 涠西南凹陷流一段上亚段发育碎屑流、滑塌和浊流 3 种重力流沉积类型,其中碎屑流沉积又可根据其岩性细分为砂质碎屑岩(富砂质)和泥质碎屑岩(富泥质)。砂质碎屑岩发育块状构造,见泥质撕裂屑、漂浮泥砾,反映块状或层状流动特征;浊积岩发育丰富,但不完整的的鲍马序列,常呈薄层状产出,或与砂质碎屑流相伴生出现;滑塌岩搬运过程中以重力机械分异为主,但仍部分保留牵引流的沉积特征。湖平面变化、充足的物源供给、2 号断裂带、侵蚀水道和同沉积坡折是研究区多类型重力流形成的重要条件,其分布位置主要在三角洲前缘前积层斜坡带、断裂坡折带或同沉积坡折带。砂质碎屑岩、滑塌岩及浊积岩形成的岩性圈闭已被证实成藏,在涠西南凹陷仍具有很高的勘探价值。

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