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作者简介:

王秀宇(1976—),女,辽宁庄河人,副教授,博士,从事油层物理学和提高采收率研究。联系电话:13811270754,E-mail:wangxi-uyu@cup.edu.cn。

中图分类号:TE312

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2019)03-0092-07

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.2019.03.012

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目录contents

    摘要

    高效开发致密油藏是石油领域的一项重要任务,而渗吸采油作为开发致密油藏的重要机理之一,越来越受到人们的重视。选取新疆油田致密砂岩天然岩心和人造岩心,在室内条件下,利用改进的动态渗吸实验装置,系统地研究基质渗透率、温度、压力、岩心尺寸和裂缝密度等因素对动态渗吸采出程度的影响。通过将实验参数进行无因次化,得到无因次渗吸采出程度归一化模型。利用该模型得到的采出程度大于目前广泛应用的Ma模型计算结果,与动态渗吸实验得到的规律相吻合。研究结果表明:当岩心渗透率处于同一级别时,动态渗吸采出程度既有可能与岩心渗透率呈正相关,也有可能呈负相关;在其他条件相同的前提下,温度越高,岩心长度越短,动态渗吸效果越好;压力对渗吸效果的影响存在一个最佳范围,在本实验条件下为5~7 MPa;动态渗吸采出程度的增幅与裂缝密度呈线性正相关。

    Abstract

    Efficient development of tight oil reservoirs is an important task in the petroleum field. Spontaneous imbibition is an important mechanism for tight oil development,which is receiving increasing attention. Natural cores and artificial cores of the tight sandstone reservoirs in Xinjiang Oilfield were selected. Experiments with improved dynamic imbibition device were carried out to study the influence of permeability,temperature,pressure,core length and fracture density on the dy- namic imbibition recovery. In addition,a new dimensionless normalized model of the imbibition recovery was proposed through normalization on the experimental parameters. The new model has a better fitting to the dynamic experimental data than the widely used Ma model. The results show that core permeability has a positive or negative correlation with the dy- namic imbibition recovery within a certain permeability level;a higher temperature and a shorter core corresponds to a high- er imbibition recovery under the same other conditions;higher fluid pressure is more favorable to the dynamic imbibition at the optimal pressure range of 5-7 MPa in the experimental study;increment of the imbibition recovery is linearly related to the fracture density.

  • 世界上致密油资源非常丰富,经济价值巨大,中国致密油藏所占比例逐渐增加,高效开发这类油气资源是石油领域的一项重要任务[1-2]。渗吸采油作为重要的采油机理出现于 20 世纪 50 年代初之后,众多学者开始把渗吸采油视为亲水油藏高效开发的重要技术手段之一,并开展了大量的研究工作[3-8]

  • 地层内的渗吸是由大小孔道间毛管压力之差以及重力、界面张力等共同作用下发生的润湿相驱替非润湿相的过程。对于亲水油藏,当地层基质处于低渗透致密状态时,毛管压力很大,孔道内的原油在毛管压力作用下由于地层水的吸入而排出,这个过程就是自发渗吸。致密储层的渗吸过程一般为:注入水通过孔喉进入储层基质,并在毛管压力为主动力的作用下置换出储层内部的原油,置换出的原油经孔喉流出基质,进入裂缝,进而提高致密油藏开发效果。在渗吸过程中会受多种因素的影响,如基质渗透率、润湿性、流体界面张力和外界温度及压力等。渗吸过程中主要动力是毛管压力[9-13]

  • 根据外部环境的影响,渗吸可分为动态渗吸和静态渗吸两类,静态渗吸是指发生渗吸的外界条件是静止的,即在静止的液体环境下发生的自发渗吸;动态渗吸则是发生在外界液体为流动状态下的自发渗吸(即水有一定的注入速度)。为此,选取新疆油田致密砂岩天然岩心和人造岩心,利用自行研制的高精度动态渗吸实验装置开展室内物理模拟实验,系统研究基质渗透率、温度、压力、岩心尺寸和裂缝密度等因素对动态渗吸采出程度的影响程度和内在原因等,以期为现场致密储层开发提供理论依据。

  • 1 实验器材与方法

  • 实验装置  在总结以往实验装置优缺点的基础上,自主设计体积法动态渗吸装置(图1),通过磁力搅拌器带动水的流动,模拟动态渗吸的实验条件。实验时,将致密岩心放在大网孔硬塑料挡板上,挡板对岩心底面的遮挡可忽略。该装置可以高精度计量渗吸出油量,最小可读体积为 0.005 mL。为模拟地层条件,研制了高温高压动态渗吸实验装置(图1b)。该装置底部带有旋转搅拌器,用以模拟动态渗吸条件,承压可达到 20 MPa,耐温可达到 80℃。

  • 图1 体积法动态渗吸装置

  • Fig.1 Diagram of volumetric dynamic imbibition device

  • 实验材料  实验岩心采用直径为2.5 cm的新疆油田致密砂岩天然岩心和人造岩心,圆柱体人造岩心编号前加 R,长方体人造岩心加 F。利用人造岩心的原因是现场致密岩心数量有限,且为了获得更好的可对比性。实验用油为煤油,室温下其黏度为 2.7 mPa·s,密度为 0.792 g/cm3。实验用水为模拟地层水,由蒸馏水与不同化学试剂配制而成,化学试剂包括氯化钠、无水硫酸钠、碳酸氢钠、氯化钙、氯化镁和氯化钾,其水型为碳酸氢钠型,矿化度约为 30 000 mg/L。

  • 实验方法  采用上述实验装置开展动态渗吸实验。实验中渗吸出的油滴在水流的带动下被不断剥离岩心表面,在油水密度差作用下向上运动,通过计量管计量不同时间下的出油量,从而得到渗吸排驱效率。具体实验步骤包括:①测定岩心长度、直径、干重、孔隙度和气测渗透率等基本物性参数。②按照地层水矿化度配制模拟地层水,并对地层水抽真空。③将选好的干岩心抽真空饱和煤油。 ④将饱和好煤油的岩心放置于渗吸瓶中开展动态渗吸实验。⑤记录渗吸出油量,直至实验结束。

  • 2 动态渗吸排驱规律与机理

  • 2.1 渗透率对致密储层动态渗吸的影响

  • 选取岩心长度相近,渗透率不同的6块岩心,岩心基础数据如表1所示。实验结果(图2)表明:当岩心渗透率为0.031,0.053和0.059 mD时,渗吸采出程度分别为 20.8%,18.7% 和 15.8%。说明当渗透率小于0.1 mD时,岩心渗透率越低,渗吸采出程度越高。当岩心渗透率为0.278,0.363和0.474 mD时,渗吸采出程度分别为 19.7%,20.7% 和 22.4%。说明当渗透率略大(渗透率为0.1~0.5 mD)时,致密岩心的动态渗吸采出程度随着渗透率的增加而有所增加。这与渗透率小于0.1 mD时的实验结论相反。

  • 表1 致密砂岩岩心基础数据

  • Table1 Basic parameters of tight sandstone cores

  • 图2 不同渗透率下致密人造岩心的动态渗吸采出程度

  • Fig.2 Dynamic imbibition recovery of tight artificial cores with different permeability

  • 岩石内部的孔隙结构是一个错综复杂、互相影响的整体,应综合考虑岩心孔隙度和孔隙结构等基础物性进行研究,故引入储层品质指数(RQI)。储层品质指数是目前储层分类评价过程中常常用到的指标,其值为 K/ϕ[14]。由图3可以看出,动态渗吸采出程度随储层品质指数的增大而增大。这说明,储层品质指数可以更好地表征岩心的孔隙品质。当储层品质指数较高时,岩心在渗透率、孔隙半径和孔隙迂曲度等方面的综合特性较好。

  • 图3 储层品质指数与岩心动态渗吸采出程度关系

  • Fig.3 Relationship between RQI and dynamic imbibition recovery

  • 综上所述,在一定的渗透率级别范围内,动态渗吸采出程度既有可能与岩心渗透率呈正相关,也有可能呈负相关,但从整体看,致密油藏的渗透率与动态渗吸采出程度之间的相关性较差,这说明致密岩心渗透率仅仅是综合衡量岩心内部孔隙结构的指标之一,与其渗吸效果并无必然联系。

  • 2.2 温度对致密储层动态渗吸的影响

  • 分别选取 2 组物性相近的致密天然岩心,开展温度对动态渗吸采出程度的影响实验。岩心基础数据如表2所示。第1组实验,将3块物性相近岩心 2-3,2-4和 2-5分别在实验温度为 75,50和 25℃下进行动态渗吸实验。实验结果表明,动态渗吸采出程度随实验温度的升高而增加(图4a)。第 2 组实验,将物性相近的 2 块岩心 3-6 和 3-7 分别在 50 和 25℃下开展动态渗吸实验,当岩心基本不再出油时,将 2 块岩心的实验温度升至 75℃,继续使其发生渗吸。实验结果表明,在温度升高一段时间后,岩心表面又渗吸出油珠,渗吸采出程度分别提高了 4.52%和2.84%(图4b)。

  • 表2 温度影响实验岩心基础数据

  • Table2 Basic core data of experiment to analyze temperature effect

  • 图4 2组不同温度下的动态渗吸采出程度实验结果

  • Fig.4 Dynamic imbibition recovery degree at different temperatures for two groups

  • 温度对渗吸的影响机理主要包括原油黏度的降低以及原油的膨胀等[15]。因岩石、地层水、原油受热膨胀系数不同,温度变化相同时,原油体积变化最大,增加的体积差使原油离开岩石表面向外运动;而且,温度升高,原油中活性成分受热分解,胶体层厚度减小,增加了流体在孔隙中的流动通道,为渗吸的发生提供有利的条件。

  • 2.3 岩心长度对致密储层动态渗吸的影响

  • 选取物性相近,长度比分别为 1∶2,1∶3 和 1∶4 的 3 组人造岩心进行实验。岩心数据如表3 所示。实验结果(图5)表明,动态渗吸采出程度随岩心长度的增加而增加,且随着岩心长度比的增加,采出程度的增加幅度提高。

  • 为进一步找出岩心长度对动态渗吸采出程度的影响规律,以岩心长度为横坐标,以动态渗吸采出程度为纵坐标绘制曲线,结果(图6)表明,致密岩心动态渗吸采出程度与岩心长度呈负相关,岩心长度越短,动态渗吸采出程度越高。这说明,致密储层中裂缝发育越完善,细小、短裂缝越多,越有利于致密储层发生动态渗吸作用。

  • 表3 岩心长度影响实验岩心基础数据

  • Table3 Basic core data of experiment to analyze core length effect

  • 图5 不同岩心长度比下的动态渗吸采出程度对比结果

  • Fig.5 Comparison of dynamic imbibition recovery at different core length ratio

  • 图6 岩心长度与动态渗吸采出程度的关系

  • Fig.6 Relationship between dynamic imbibition recovery and core length

  • 2.4 压力对致密储层动态渗吸的影响

  • 常温25℃下,将饱和过煤油的岩心放置于动态渗吸装置中,分别设定实验压力为 2.5,5,7.5,10, 12.5 和 15 MPa 进行实验。岩心基础数据如表4 所示。分析3块岩心在不同压力下的最终动态渗吸采出程度(图7)发现,对液体施加压力能够促进渗吸的进行,且压力为5~7 MPa时的动态渗吸采出程度最大。随着压力的进一步增加,渗吸采出程度基本不再变化。这说明在中低压力下,岩心压敏性受到影响较大,渗透率降低范围大,一定程度上增大了渗吸的动力(毛管压力)。由图7亦可看出,岩心 1-3,1-4 和 R7-3 的渗透率分别为 0.378,0.107 和 0.097 mD,动态渗吸采出程度最大增幅分别为 1.4%,1.2% 和 0.6%,说明对于致密岩心,岩心渗透率越大,压力对渗吸采出程度的影响也越明显。

  • 表4 压力影响实验岩心基础数据

  • Table4 Basic core data of experiment to analyze pressure effect

  • 图7 动态渗吸采出程度与压力的关系

  • Fig.7 Relationship between dynamic imbibition recovery and pressure

  • 为进一步研究压力的影响,对岩心1-3和R7-3 开展压力敏感性实验。将实验岩心在洗油、烘干、称重后放入岩心夹持器,通过设定不同上覆压力,测定各个压力下的渗透率。由图8 可见,当有效压力为0~10 MPa时,岩心渗透率降幅明显,继续增加有效压力,渗透率的降幅变小。渗透率的下降,一定程度上增加了渗吸的动力(毛管压力)[16]。同时,岩心外部压力的作用促进了地层水向岩心内部流动。此外,还可以看出,岩心1-3在加压5 MPa时的渗透率改变量为15%,而R7-3在相同压力下的渗透率改变量仅为 7%。这说明岩心渗透率越大,受压力影响也越大[17]。这与岩心1-3的动态渗吸采出程度受压力影响比岩心 R7-3更加明显的实验结果相符。

  • 图8 岩心渗透率随有效压力的变化

  • Fig.8 Permeability changes with effective pressure

  • 2.5 裂缝密度对致密储层动态渗吸的影响

  • 为模拟裂缝密度的影响,采用 XB-Q 型轻便岩石切割机,在单块长方形岩心上切割宽度为1 mm的裂缝,裂缝不完全贯穿岩心,以保证岩心的整体性。将 4块尺寸为 2 cm×2 cm×5 cm 的岩心,分别处理为无缝、单缝、双缝和四缝,相对应的裂缝密度分别为0,0.2,0.4 和 0.8 条/cm,进行渗吸实验对比,岩心基础数据如表5所示。

  • 表5 裂缝密度影响实验岩心基础数据

  • Table5 Basic core data of experiment to analyze fracture density effect

  • 由图9 可以看出,动态渗吸采出程度随裂缝条数的增加而增加。从曲线的间隔可以看出,与无缝岩心对比,动态渗吸采出程度的增幅与裂缝条数基本呈线性正相关。这是因为,裂缝可以为渗吸的发生提供更多的通道,外界流体的流动可以及时将从大孔道渗吸置换出的油携带走,提高渗吸作用[18]; 其次,单位体积致密岩心裂缝越多,岩心内各小岩块的体积越小,油滴渗吸的过流面积也越小,可以降低渗吸阻力,提高渗吸效率[19]。对于裂缝性油藏,裂缝越发育,越有利于渗吸作用。

  • 图9 裂缝密度对致密储层动态渗吸采出程度的影响

  • Fig.9 Effect of fracture density on dynamic imbibition recovery of tight reservoirs

  • 2.6 致密储层动态渗吸无因次时间模型

  • 为更好地将室内实验结果与实际生产相结合,为油田现场生产提供一定的理论依据,须建立无因次时间与动态渗吸采出程度归一化模型。目前应用广泛的是MA等所提出的模型[20-28],其表达式为:

  • Rr=1-e-γtD
    (1)
  • 其中:

  • tD=αKϕ×σtμwLc2
    (2)
  • 式中:R r为相对采出程度;γ为经验常数;t D为无因次时间;α 为系数;K 为渗透率,m2ϕ 为岩石孔隙度;σ为界面张力,N/m;t为渗吸时间,s;μw为地面水黏度,Pa·s;L c为岩心特征长度,m。

  • 利用本次研究中2-3等岩心的动态渗吸实验数据与Ma模型进行对比,发现Ma模型拟合度较低(图10a)。说明 Ma 模型不适用于动态渗吸实验规律研究。需要对动态渗吸实验数据采用反推得到新的方程。具体方法为:由已知的实验数据计算出相对采出程度,并用1 – R r为纵坐标,同时计算出相对采出程度对应的无因次时间,并以此为横坐标进行绘图,对曲线进行拟合即可得到不同岩心的拟合公式 (图10b)。求取各个岩心拟合公式系数的平均数,最终得到新的动态渗吸采出程度归一化方程,其表达式为:

  • Rr=1-0.969e-4.177tD
    (3)
  • 图10 利用Ma模型无因次化处理及改进的动态渗吸实验拟合结果

  • Fig.10 Dimensionless results of dynamic imbibition experiment estimated with Ma model andnormalized model

  • 改进的归一化拟合方程与 Ma 模型的形式相比,在底数 e 前面增加了系数。在相同的无因次时间下,新方程得到的相对采出程度较 Ma模型偏大,与动态渗吸实验得到的规律相吻合。

  • 3 结论

  • 动态渗吸采出程度与渗透率相关性较差,与储层品质指数相关性较好。致密岩心越短,渗吸的阻力越小,越有利于渗吸的发生。对应于实际致密储层,裂缝越发育,动态渗吸采油效果越好。

  • 温度和压力升高均有利于渗吸的进行。压力主要通过改变岩心渗透率来影响动态渗吸采出程度。压力的影响存在一个最佳范围,对于本次研究所用的岩心,其值为5~7 MPa。在现场可通过提高地层压力来提高动态渗吸采油效果。动态渗吸采出程度随裂缝条数的增加而线性增加。对于实际致密油藏,裂缝发育越好,可提供的渗吸通道越多,渗吸的过流面积也越小,阻力降低,可有效提高动态渗吸采出程度。研究所得到的动态渗吸采出程度归一化方程拟合程度高,适用于动态渗吸的研究,可为致密储层的开发提供理论依据。

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