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作者简介:

唐巨鹏(1976—),男,辽宁锦州人,教授,博导,从事煤层气、页岩气开采相关理论及试验方面的研究。联系电话:13941814560,E-mail:jupengt@126.com。

中图分类号:TE319

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2019)04-0043-07

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.2019.04.006

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目录contents

    摘要

    高岭石作为黏土矿物的主要吸附载体,其对甲烷吸附的贡献不可忽略。考虑高岭石独特的1∶1型双层晶体结构,建立高岭石双层吸附空间模型。采用巨正则系综下的蒙特卡洛方法研究甲烷分子与高岭石超晶胞的定位吸附模拟和高岭石对甲烷的等温吸附模拟,分析高岭石的晶体结构、温度和含水率对甲烷吸附行为的影响。研究结果表明:高岭石硅氧四面体层(硅氧烷化面)对甲烷的吸附作用强于铝氧八面体层(铝氧羟基化面),甲烷优先吸附于硅氧烷化面;吸附的甲烷分子呈聚集态分布于硅氧四面体六元环空穴上方位置,且以正三角锥构型吸附最为稳定; 在280~400 K温度下,高岭石吸附甲烷符合Langmuir等温吸附类型,且属于物理吸附;甲烷吸附量和吸附热均随温度升高而呈线性降低,证实可以利用低温条件下的吸附量预测高温条件下的吸附量;高岭石吸水饱和前,水分子的存在不会改变高岭石对甲烷的吸附趋势和类型,仅降低甲烷吸附量,当含水率由 0 增至 20.94%,甲烷吸附量下降 35.06%。

    Abstract

    Kaolinite,as the main adsorbent carrier of clay minerals,cannot be ignored for its contribution to methane ad- sorption. The double-layer adsorption space model of kaolinite was established in the consideration of the unique 1∶1 dou- ble-layer crystal structure of kaolinite. Using the Grand Canonical Monte Carlo method,localized adsorption simulation of single methane molecule in kaolinite supercell and adsorption isothem simulation of methane in kaolinite were carried out to analyze the effects of kaolinite crystal structure,temperature,and moisture content on the adsorption behavior. The re- sults show that the adsorption of methane on kaolinite silico tetrahedron(silicoxylated surface)is stronger than that of Al ox- ygen eight surface layer(aluminum oxygen hydroxylated surface). Methane adsorbs on the alkoxylation surface with priority. The adsorbed methane is clustered in the position above the six membered ring hole of silicon tetrahedron and the adsorp- tion with the triangular pyramid configuration is the most stable. The adsorption of methane on kaolinite at 280-400 K is consistent with Langmuir isothermal adsorption type and belongs to physical adsorption. The adsorption capacity and ad- sorption heat of methane decrease linearly with the increase of temperature. It is confirmed that the adsorption capacity at high temperature can be predicted according to low temperature. Before kaolinite is saturated with water,the presence of water does not change the adsorption trend and the type of methane adsorption,and it only reduce the amount of methane adsorption. When the water content increases from 0 to 20.94%,the adsorption capacity of methane is reduced by 35.06%.

  • 页岩气勘探开发是清洁能源领域的研究热点,相比常规气藏,页岩气主要以吸附态赋存于页岩层中的有机质和黏土矿物中,吸附态页岩气达到总气体体积的 20%~85%[1]。页岩气以甲烷为主要成分,同时含有少量乙烷、丙烷等气体混合物,目前页岩气吸附特性研究主要针对甲烷的吸附性质[2]。有机质和黏土矿物作为页岩的吸附载体,决定其吸附甲烷性能的强弱。黏土矿物吸附能力小于有机质[3],但作为页岩的重要组成部分,其含量超过 50%,对甲烷吸附的贡献不可忽视。

  • 黏土矿物主要有蒙脱石、伊利石和高岭石等,已有许多学者从实验角度研究了甲烷在不同温度、压力、孔隙结构、矿物组成和含水率等条件下的吸附特性,并得到相应的吸附规律[4-7]。在宏观研究不断推进的基础上,从微观角度研究多孔介质吸附性能的理论也日益成熟,计算机的快速发展使分子模拟技术成为一种可以在分子或原子水平上对复杂体系进行研究的有效手段,为探讨页岩气吸附机理创造了条件。TITILOYE等应用分子模拟方法,研究了甲烷在蒙脱石层间域的赋存形式和运移机理[8-9]。李文华等采用巨正则蒙特卡洛方法计算不同埋深下蒙脱石对甲烷和二氧化碳的竞争吸附特性,结果表明二氧化碳与蒙脱石之间的吸附性能强于甲烷,利用二氧化碳驱替置换甲烷具有合理性[10]。 GEATCHES 等通过第一性原理对伊利石结构进行了模拟计算,在伊利石单胞基础上分别对四面体和八面体片层上进行掺杂[11]。王晋等运用分子力学方法构建了理想伊利石1-M超晶胞结构模型,并从分子角度进行甲烷吸附模拟研究[12]。韩永华从微观角度研究了高岭石和蒙脱石的晶体结构、表面性质以及水分子与其解离面的吸附行为[13]。针对高岭石微观结构和吸附性能的研究成果远少于蒙脱石和伊利石,而高岭石作为页岩黏土矿物组成的主要成分,研究其与页岩气的吸附行为对页岩气藏的评估与开采具有重要意义。与蒙脱石和伊利石等矿物晶体结构不同,高岭石单元晶胞具有 2 种性质不同的表面:硅氧烷化面(由硅氧四面体结构组成) 和铝氧羟基化面(由铝氧八面体结构组成),导致高岭石 2 种性质的表面吸附性能存在差异,如硅氧四面体具有一定疏水性,而铝氧八面体具有很强的亲水性[14]。因此,先前的单层吸附空间结构不能体现出高岭石双层结构的吸附性差异,笔者在前人研究的基础上,从微观角度创建高岭石双层吸附空间模型,分析硅氧四面体和铝氧八面体对甲烷的吸附性差异,总结甲烷在高岭石晶体中最优吸附构型和稳定吸附位,并探讨温度和含水率对高岭石对甲烷吸附量的影响规律,以期为页岩气勘探开发提供理论参考。

  • 1 模型构建和计算方法

  • 1.1 高岭石单位吸附模型构建

  • 高岭石的晶体结构式为Al4[Si4O10](OH)8 [15],为特殊的 1∶1 型双层晶体结构,即单位晶层由 1 个硅氧四面体层和 1 个铝氧八面体层联结而成,硅氧四面体的所有顶氧均指向同一方向,并与铝氧八面体的Al3+ 相联结。利用Materials Studio软件程序包Vi⁃ sualizer 模块构建高岭石晶体结构,空间对称性为 1 P1;晶胞参数为:a =5.15 Å,b =8.93 Å,c =7.38 Å,α= 91.930°,β=105.042°,γ=89.791°,该数据已被前人的实验和理论研究确认,并多次引用[16]。沿高岭石分子(001)方向切面,晶层厚度取 1,由于高岭石特殊的双层结构决定其具有较强的各向异性特征,如硅氧四面体层和铝氧八面体层的吸附性能具有明显差异。因此,笔者在高岭石分子(001)切面两侧同时设置10 Å的真空层(吸附空间),探究硅氧四面体与铝氧八面体吸附性差异,单位吸附晶胞如图1 所示。

  • 图1 高岭石单位吸附晶胞

  • Fig.1 Unit adsorption cell of kaolinite

  • 1.2 蒙特卡洛方法原理

  • 蒙特卡洛方法或称为计算机随机模拟方法,是一种基于“随机数”的计算方法,原则上不受任何条件限制,在固体表面吸附科学中被广泛应用[17-19]。本文等温吸附模拟均采用化学势、吸附体积和温度恒定的巨正则系综下的蒙特卡洛方法进行。在具体实施吸附模拟时,每一步蒙特卡洛循环都执行以下 3 种尝试:①插入一个吸附分子到吸附空间中。 ②从吸附空间中删除一个吸附分子。③在吸附空间中将分子从一个位置移至另一个位置。在蒙特卡洛方法计算过程中,采用等权重选择分子算法,即插入、删除和移动这3种扰动的可能性均为1/3 [20]

  • 1.3 模拟方案及必要参数设定

  • 为了研究甲烷分子在高岭石分子上的最优吸附构型、稳定吸附位及高岭石分子上、下表面吸附性,对甲烷分子进行了定位吸附模拟。计算任务选择退火模拟计算方法,能量力场选择 Universal Force Field(UFF)力场,其为分子模拟中适用范围最广泛的计算方法,对元素周期表中的所有元素均适用,且在高岭石等孔隙介质的吸附特性研究中取得了较好的模拟结果[13]。分子间静电相互作用力关系选择Ewald & Group计算方法,分子间范德华相互作用力关系选择Atom based计算方法;其中,非键相互作用能采用Lennard-Jones势函数模型[21]

  • 通过退火模拟,得到甲烷低能吸附构型和吸附活性位点分布图,可以从分子角度分析甲烷分子在高岭石分子上的稳定吸附构型和分布规律。

  • 为了探究温度和含水率对高岭石与甲烷之间吸附性能的影响效果,利用 Sorption 模块进行等温吸附模拟。吸附平衡迭代步数设定为 1×107 步。能量计算方法选择Metropolis方法,根据能量变化确定粒子的插入与删除,以实现甲烷分子在高岭石晶胞上的吸附行为。网格间距设定为 0.25 Å,能量力场及非键相互作用关系计算方法的设定与定位吸附模拟的相同。

  • 根据李登华等对中国页岩气成藏条件分析[22] 及李文华等对页岩中黏土矿物吸附特性分子模拟的温度[10],将温度分别设定为 280,310,340,370 和 400 K;参考冯东等[23] 的研究结果,同时考虑本次模拟的晶胞大小,将含水率分别设定为 0,6.98%, 13.96% 和 20.94%;综合前人研究结果[1624],将最大压力设定为 20 MPa。模拟结果以甲烷等温吸附曲线的形式呈现,采用 Langmuir数学模型对甲烷等温吸附曲线进行拟合,可以得到在固定温度和含水率条件下甲烷的最大吸附量及所对应的压力。

  • 2 模拟结果与分析

  • 2.1 甲烷吸附特性与高岭石晶胞结构之间的关系

  • 由于高岭石特殊的 1∶1 型层状硅酸盐结构,决定其硅氧四面体层和铝氧八面体层的吸附性能具有差异。因此,笔者构建了如图1 所示的单位吸附晶胞,考虑高岭石晶体的周期性和对称性,将单位晶胞的参数ab均扩大2倍,构建一个2a ×2b ×1c的高岭石超晶胞作为吸附剂。对甲烷分子执行 Ad⁃ sorption Locator定位吸附模拟,结果如图2所示。

  • 图2 高岭石吸附甲烷的稳定构型和最优吸附位

  • Fig.2 Stable adsorption configuration and optimal adsorption site of methane adsorption on kaolinite

  • 分析模拟结果认为:①高岭石硅氧四面体结构对甲烷的吸附性能强于铝氧八面体,甲烷分子优先吸附于硅氧四面体表面的空间中。甲烷的最优吸附构型为:呈正三角锥型指向硅氧烷化面,即一个氢原子指向硅氧烷化面,其余 3 个氢原子在同一平面内(图2a)。模拟结果与前人通过量子力学计算方法得到的甲烷在不同吸附剂(如Pt(111)和MOF5等)中的稳定吸附构型[25-27] 一致,表明本文模拟结果具有一定的合理性。②甲烷在高岭石晶胞上的最优吸附位在硅氧四面体六元环空穴上方(图2b)。甲烷分子在高岭石分子上的吸附活性位点分布如图3所示,其中红点表示甲烷分子吸附活性位点,即甲烷可以被接受的吸附位置,红点越密集的区域表示甲烷分子出现的概率越大,发生吸附行为的可能性越大。甲烷出现在硅氧烷化面上的几率明显大于出现在铝氧羟基化面的几率,表明硅氧四面体吸附甲烷的性能强于铝氧八面体。为清晰地观察硅氧烷化面中甲烷活性位点的分布规律,将铝氧八面体原子进行隐藏,从仰视角度观察(图3b)可以明显地看出,甲烷分子集中分布于硅氧四面体六元环空穴上方,而其他吸附位置几乎不被接受,即表明硅氧四面体六元环空穴位吸附稳定性最强,且明显强于其他吸附位置(此结论仅适用于吸附质为甲烷的情况)。

  • 图3 甲烷分子在高岭石分子上的吸附活性位点分布

  • Fig.3 Adsorptive active sites of methane on kaolinite

  • 2.2 甲烷吸附特性与温度之间的关系

  • 形成环境的差异导致世界各地页岩气藏的贮存温度和压力也不完全相同,例如中国四川盆地页岩气藏埋深为 1.6~4.2 km,对应温度为 328~406 K[1022]。因此,很有必要研究温度对高岭石吸附甲烷的影响规律。采用 Langmuir 模型对甲烷的等温吸附结果进行拟合。

  • 等温吸附研究中最常用的模型是 Langmuir 模型:

  • V=VLpp+pL
    (1)
  • 分析不同温度下甲烷等温吸附曲线(图4)发现,甲烷分子在高岭石分子上的吸附严格遵循Lang⁃ muir 等温吸附规律,温度越高,甲烷的最大吸附量越少,Langmuir压力越大,高岭石越不易达到饱和吸附状态。温度只影响吸附量,不改变吸附趋势,5条等温吸附曲线均符合 Langmuir等温吸附类型,最大吸附量与王擎等的计算结果[24] 相近,说明本文的模型构建和参数设定具有合理性。在压力为 10 MPa 之前,吸附量属于快速增长阶段,受压力影响较大,随压力的增加而快速增大;压力为 10~20 MPa,吸附量缓慢匀速增长,且趋于饱和,属于稳定吸附状态,此时温度对甲烷吸附量的影响要大于压力的影响效果。在吸附初始阶段,高岭石分子表面优先吸附位可以快速捕捉游离态甲烷分子形成稳定吸附系统,当优先吸附位被完全占据,则进入缓慢吸附状态,吸附量随压力的增大而缓慢增加,且增长趋势逐渐降低,此时吸附系统不稳定,受外界影响后易脱附,如增高温度后,吸附量会明显降低。最大吸附量随温度升高而减小,表明温度越高,高岭石所能容纳的甲烷含量越少;Langmuir 压力随温度升高而增大,温度升高增加甲烷分子动能,使其不易被高岭石表面吸附位捕获,导致吸附达到饱和时所需要的压力越大,即温度越高越不易达到饱和吸附状态。因此,对页岩气实施加热减压也是一种有效的开采方式。

  • 图4 不同温度下的甲烷等温吸附曲线

  • Fig.4 Adsorption isotherm curves of methane at different temperatures

  • 当压力为10~20 MPa时,吸附量随温度升高呈线性降低趋势,下降梯度约为 1.56(mmol/cm3)/30 K。温度由 280 K 升至 400 K,吸附量下降 34.66%~44.97%。

  • 定量分析温度对甲烷吸附量的影响,考虑在吸附初始阶段,压力对甲烷吸附量的影响较大,温度对甲烷吸附量的影响不稳定,所以分析稳定吸附阶段,即固定压力为 10,12,14,16,18 和 20 MPa 条件下吸附量随温度的变化规律。结果(图5)表明,吸附量与温度呈现良好的线性降低关系,温度每升高 30 K,吸附量下降 1.37~1.73 mmol/cm3。赵玉集等利用实验手段同样得到最大吸附量与温度之间具有良好的线性关系[28]

  • 图5 吸附量随温度变化情况

  • Fig.5 Variation of adsorption capacity with temperature

  • 吸附热是指吸附过程中产生的热效应。在吸附过程中,气体分子移向固体表面,分子运动速度大幅降低,因此释放出热量,吸附热的大小直接预示着吸附过程中分子间的相互作用关系。分析吸附热随温度的变化(图6)发现,吸附热随温度的升高而降低,表现出良好的线性关系,下降梯度为1.17 (kJ/mol)/30 K。在温度为 280 K 时吸附热最大,为 24 kJ/mol。根据熊健等[29] 研究结果:吸附热大于 42 kJ/mol属于化学吸附,吸附热小于 42 kJ/mol属于物理吸附,因此判断高岭石对甲烷的吸附类型属于物理吸附,在吸附过程中无化学反应,仅依靠非键相互作用力。吸附热降低表明甲烷分子在高岭石分子上的吸附强度减弱,使高岭石晶胞更难以捕获游离态甲烷分子;温度升高致使甲烷分子具有更大的动能,导致在次级吸附位上的甲烷分子易逃脱高岭石分子表面的束缚,最终导致甲烷吸附量下降。

  • 图6 吸附热随温度变化规律

  • Fig.6 Variation of adsorption heat with temperature

  • 2.3 甲烷吸附特性与含水率之间的关系

  • 页岩储层大多形成于水相环境中,尽管甲烷的生成及聚集成藏会导致大量的地层水被排出,但其仍具有一定的含水饱和度,如中国长宁-威远及富顺-永川页岩气示范区的原始含水饱和度为 40%~46% 和 33%~39%[30]。由于黏土矿物的强亲水性,水分子优先吸附于黏土孔隙表面并对甲烷吸附能力产生严重的影响[31-32]。因此,研究不同含水率条件下高岭石吸附甲烷规律具有一定的实际意义。根据模拟结果,绘制不同含水率条件下的甲烷等温吸附曲线(图7)和甲烷最大吸附量与含水率关系曲线(图8),发现水分子的存在仅降低甲烷吸附量,吸附趋势不变,仍符合 Langmuir 等温吸附类型,即仍属于物理吸附,含水率每增加 1%,甲烷吸附量下降 0.25 mmol/cm3

  • 图7 不同含水率条件下的甲烷等温吸附曲线

  • Fig.7 Adsorption isotherm curve of methane under different water content

  • 图8 甲烷最大吸附量随含水率的变化规律

  • Fig.8 Variation of maximum methane adsorption capacity with water content

  • 随含水率增加,甲烷吸附量明显降低,水分子的存在降低了高岭石吸附甲烷的能力。这是因为在吸附模拟过程中先对高岭石超晶胞掺杂水分子,水分子在吸附空间内自由吸附,占据了高岭石表面低能吸附位,导致高岭石超晶胞对甲烷的吸附有效面积降低,所提供的吸附位减少;此外,在温度、压力和吸附空间体积不变的条件下,吸附空间可以容纳的总气体分子数恒定,由于在吸附空间中注入水分子导致甲烷分子数量减少,导致在吸附过程中被高岭石分子捕获的可能性降低。定量分析甲烷吸附量随含水率的变化梯度,选取 4 组含水率(0, 6.98%,13.96%,20.94%)条件下的最大吸附量进行拟合,结果(图8)表明:在温度和压力不变的条件下,甲烷等温吸附量随含水率增大呈线性下降;含水率从0增至20.94%,甲烷吸附量下降35.06%。

  • 3 结论

  • 针对高岭石独特的 1∶1 型双层晶体结构,首次提出双面吸附空间模型,从微观角度对甲烷分子进行不同温度和含水率条件下的吸附模拟研究,得到了高岭石与甲烷之间吸附规律的新认识。高岭石硅氧四面体结构与甲烷分子之间的作用力强于铝氧八面体,甲烷分子优先吸附于硅氧烷化面上,且呈聚集态集中分布于硅氧四面体六元环空穴上方,即硅氧四面体六元环空穴上方为甲烷最稳定吸附位,稳定程度远大于其他吸附位置。高岭石对甲烷的吸附类型属于物理吸附,高温不利于其吸附行为。在吸附平衡阶段,甲烷吸附量和吸附热与温度呈良好的线性降低关系,在实际工程中可根据低温环境吸附量预测高温条件下的吸附量。在高岭石含水量未达到饱和状态时,水分子的存在不会改变甲烷吸附趋势和类型,但对吸附量的影响效果显著,当含水率由 0 增至 20.94%,甲烷吸附量下降 35.06%。

  • 符号解释

  • V ——某一压力下的气体吸附量,mmol/cm3V L ——Lang⁃ muir 体积,表示最大理论吸附量,mmol/cm3p ——某一时刻的气体压力,MPa;p L——Langmuir 压力,表示甲烷吸附量达到最大理论值一半时所对应的气体压力,MPa。

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