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作者简介:

赵秀娟(1976—),女,黑龙江肇东人,高级工程师,硕士,从事老油田开发调整及层系井网重构技术的攻关工作。联系电话:18846629000,E-mail:zhaoxiuj@petrochina.com.cn。

中图分类号:TE341

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2019)04-0082-06

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.2019.04.012

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目录contents

    摘要

    大庆油田进入特高含水期后,层系井网暴露的矛盾日益凸显,急需通过调整来缓解矛盾、改善开发效果,进一步提升开发水平。从理论研究入手,利用物理模拟实验、数值模拟等方法,认清特高含水期层间及平面矛盾产生的机理,在理论研究的基础上,确定层系井网重构的技术经济界限,确定层系井网重构的原则及方式,并在 X试验区开展现场试验,采收率由试验前的51.30%提高到56.79%。大庆油田层系井网重构技术的研究与实践表明:渗透率差异是层间和井间干扰的内因;井距均匀程度是井间干扰的外因,是最容易人为改善的因素;在内因和井距共同作用下,含水饱和度差异干扰层间和井间流动规律。通过细划层段、细分开发对象和适当加密可以缓解这些矛盾,改善开发效果。

    Abstract

    Problems on strata & well pattern appeared at extra high water cut stage in Daqing Oilfield,and contradiction should be relieved and development effect should be improved through adjustment. Physical modeling and numerical simu- lation were applied to understand the mechanisms of interbedded and plane contradiction at the extra high water cut satge. Based on the theoretical research,the technical and economic limits,principles,and pattern of strata & well pattern recon- struction were determined,the field trials was carried out in X pilot area,and the recovery efficiency increased from 51.30% to 56.79%. Research and practice on the strata & well pattern reconstruction in Daqing Oilfield indicate that the difference of permeability is the internal cause of interlayer and well interference,the uniformity of well space is the exter- nal cause of the well interference,which is the easiest to be artificially improved. The difference of water saturation affects flow among layers and wells under the action of the internal and external causes. Development effect can be improved by di- viding strata and development object in more detail and by thickening well pattern appropriately.

  • 大庆油田是典型的多层非均质砂岩油田,层间及平面非均质性较强。在油田开发过程中,受层间及平面矛盾影响,需要不断通过调整来缓解矛盾、改善开发效果。为此,自投产以来,大庆油田先后经历了一次加密、二次加密和三次加密等大规模井网调整,油田水驱开发效果得到持续改善,实现了油田长期高产、稳产。

  • 由于历次加密对象均为中、低渗透和表外储层,老井未封堵,出现了一套层系多套井网的格局。油田进入特高含水期后,层系井网矛盾越来越突出[1-2]。这些矛盾主要体现在2个方面:①纵向上射孔跨度大,层数多,层间干扰严重。②平面上三类油层井距大,注采关系复杂,平面矛盾突出[3-15]。由于各类油层的含水率已基本一致,约为 94%,按照原来以细分开发对象为主的井网加密方式再进行调整已不具备物质基础。为了解决特高含水期更为复杂的层间及平面矛盾,必须对特高含水期层间及平面矛盾产生的机理进行深入研究,进而明确缓解层间及平面矛盾的技术方向,在此基础上,针对大庆油田目前存在的具体问题、潜力分布特点,制定相应的调整对策,形成层系井网重构技术并进行现场试验[16-17]

  • 1 层间及井间干扰机理

  • 应用物理模拟实验、数值模拟和理论计算等方法研究层间及井间干扰机理,从而为缓解层间及井间矛盾建立理论基础。

  • 1.1 层间干扰机理

  • 通过室内物理模拟实验,研究特高含水期层间干扰机理。选取渗透率分别为50,100和300 mD的 3 块天然岩心,在原始含油饱和度条件下进行并联驱油实验,分别测定 3 块岩心出口端不同时间步的产液量、产油量及含水率,分析含水率和产液量等指标的变化规律。实验结果表明,随着驱替过程推进,低渗透层产液量逐渐下降,说明低渗透层流体流动明显受到高渗透层抑制。分析认为,高渗透层含水率上升后,渗流阻力减小,产液量增加,在其干扰下低渗透层产液量减小。

  • 在物理模拟实验基础上,建立高、中、低渗透层组合的概念模型进行数值模拟分析。模拟结果(图1)显示,高渗透层对低渗透层的产液量有明显影响。在高渗透层干扰下,低渗透层的产液量一直维持在较低水平。

  • 应用渗流力学理论,计算不同渗透率模拟层不同含水率下的渗流阻力。结果表明:渗透率越高,渗流阻力越小;同一渗透率模拟层渗流阻力随含水率升高而降低。在理论计算基础上,设计概念模型,模拟含水率对层间干扰的影响。结果(图2)表明,当渗透率相同的2个油层进行层系组合时,其中一层保持较低含水率不变(50%),逐渐增加另一层的初始含水率,初始含水率较高层对初始含水率较低层的产液量有抑制作用。

  • 图1 组合开发条件不同渗透率模拟层产液量占比

  • Fig.1 Fluid rate ratio of simulated layers with different permeability under condition of combination development

  • 图2 低含水层日产液量随时间的变化

  • Fig.2 Daily liquid rate variation with time in low water cut layer

  • 分析以上研究结果,发现层间渗透率和含水率差异是引起层间干扰的重要原因。渗透率是地层岩石物理属性的体现,含水率是流体在地层流动过程中表现出来的特征。层间干扰是在岩石与流体共同作用下产生的,是内在属性的外在表现。在油田开发初期,由于各层含水率差异不大,渗透率差异是层间干扰的主要因素;在油田开发后期,渗透率差异引起了含水率差异,进而加剧了层间干扰程度。

  • 1.2 井间干扰机理

  • 井间干扰的一个重要影响因素是井距。建立数值模拟概念模型,研究井距均匀程度对开发效果的影响。在一个五点法井组中,当中心井(采油井) 沿主流线向注水井靠近时,随着偏移程度增大,开发效果变差。分析认为,井距不均匀使井组间渗流阻力不均匀。渗流阻力较小的一侧产液量较大,含水率上升较快,使渗流阻力进一步降低,加剧了渗流阻力的不均衡程度。

  • 为描述井距均匀程度,提出井距变异系数概念,参考渗透率变异系数的算法[18],其表达式为:

  • Lv=σL-
    (1)
  • 其中:

  • σ=L1-L-2+L2-L-2++Ln-L-2n
    (2)
  • 井组内以注水井为中心确定井距,根据井组内所有井距计算井距变异系数,应用数值模拟研究井距变异系数对采收率的影响。结果表明,井距变异系数越大,采收率越低(图3)。

  • 图3 采收率与井距变异系数的关系

  • Fig.3 Relationship between recovery efficiency and variation coefficient of well space

  • 综上所述,渗透率差异是层间和井间干扰的内因;井距均匀程度是井间干扰的外因,是最容易人为改善的因素;在内因和外因共同作用下,含水饱和度差异干扰层间和井间流动规律。

  • 2 层系井网重构技术经济界限

  • 确定层系井网重构技术经济界限是井网调整的前提,为此,以XSQ区块为例,研究层系井网重构技术经济界限的确定方法。

  • 2.1 井距界限

  • XSQ 区块井距与采收率的数值模拟结果可以看出,井距越大,采收率越低。当井距大于200 m 时,采收率下降速度加快(图4a)。统计分析结果表明,井距对砂岩动用比例和水驱控制程度有直接影响。井距越小,砂岩动用比例和水驱控制程度越大 (图4)。因此,XSQ 区块三类油层的井距应控制在 200 m左右。

  • 图4 XSQ区块井距与砂岩动用比例、采收率和水驱控制程度的关系

  • Fig.4 Relationship between well space and producing ratio of sandstone,recovery efficiency and waterflooding control degree in XSQ block

  • 2.2 可调厚度界限

  • 根据盈亏平衡原理,当可调厚度达到某一数值时,产量也处于某一临界值,投资与收入达到平衡,此时的可调厚度为可调厚度界限。应用盈亏平衡方法,确定XSQ区块层系组合可调厚度界限。其中收入计算采用分段法,其计算式[19] 为:

  • Rs=qoγCrPot=1N1 1+S0t1+i0-t+t=N1+1N1+N2 1+i0-t+t=N1+N2+1N1+N2+N3 1-D0t-N1-N21+i0-t10000
    (3)
  • 由(3)式计算可得,当油价分别为60和70美元/ bbl时,可调厚度界限分别为5.9和5.0 m。取油价为 60美元/bbl时的5.9 m作为XSQ区块可调厚度界限。

  • 2.3 渗透率变异系数界限

  • 描述层间非均质程度的一个重要指标是渗透率变异系数。依据XSQ区块储层发育特点,建立不同渗透率变异系数的概念模型,并进行数值模拟。结果表明,渗透率变异系数每增加 0.1,采收率相应下降 0.7%。因此,渗透率变异系数越小,越有利于提高开发效果。

  • 油层的均衡动用有利于最终采收率的提高,需要较小的渗透率变异系数,但层系组合也需要满足可调厚度界限要求。因此,建立XSQ区块不同层系分段时渗透率变异系数与可调厚度关系,并确定渗透率变异系数界限为0.63(表1)。

  • 表1 XSQ区块可调厚度与渗透率变异系数的关系

  • Table1 Relationship between adjustable thickness and perme⁃ ability variation coefficient in XSQ block

  • 2.4 层系组合跨度界限

  • 通常根据层段顶部油层的允许压力确定层段整体的注水压力上限。理论研究表明,允许压力与地层深度相关,地层深度小的油层允许压力也小[20]。当组合跨度缩小时,油层下部层段破裂压力的平均值增大,因此允许压力上限提高,从而注水压力上限也升高,有助于提高注水压力,改善注水效果。经计算,组合跨度每缩短100 m,注水压力可提高1.3 MPa,说明组合跨度越小越好。在满足层系组合厚度为 5.9 m 和渗透率变异系数界限为 0.63的前提下,确定 XSQ 区块层系组合跨度界限为 94.6 m (表2)。

  • 表2 XSQ区块层系组合跨度与组合厚度的关系

  • Table2 Relationship between combined thickness and combined spacing in XSQ block

  • 2.5 射孔原则及界限

  • 为了降低高渗透层对低渗透层的干扰,XSQ 区块采取分步射孔。分步射孔原则及界限为:①首次射孔对象主要以低水淹和未水淹层为主,适当射开中水淹层,避免射开含水率大于 80% 的高水淹层。为保证新井产能,对个别射孔厚度小的井可适当提高中水淹层射孔比例,但低水淹和未水淹层射孔厚度比例不低于总射孔厚度的 60%。②当含水率大于 95% 时,实施二期射孔,即对低产井和高含水井集中分布的区块进行整体补孔,并采取补、堵结合的方式以保证补孔效果。采油井补孔的同时对注水井进行对应补孔,完善注采关系。补孔对象以剩余油相对富集的中水淹层为主,为完善注采关系,适当射开部分高水淹层。

  • 3 层系井网重构技术

  • 基于上述研究成果,2013 年 10 月在 XSQ 区块选择面积为 2.4 km2 的 X 试验区进行层系井网重构试验。针对 X 试验区层系井网存在的井段长、层系划分不清和薄差层井距大等问题,形成了以“细划层段、细分对象、缩小井距”为目标的层系井网重构技术,开发萨尔图、葡萄花和高台子油层水驱潜力,具体内容包括:①细分为萨尔图好、萨尔图差和葡 Ⅰ4以下 3套层系。②两套一次加密井加密成井距为200 m的五点法面积井网开采萨尔图好油层。③ 三次加密井加密成井距为145 m五点法面积井网开采萨尔图差油层。④二次加密井加密成井距为195 m的五点法面积井网开采葡Ⅰ4以下油层。

  • 与常规加密调整相比,X 试验区层系井网重构技术有三大突破:①调整对象从薄差层拓展为中低渗透层;②从细分对象转变为细划层系与细分对象并重;③厘清层系井网关系,为三次采油提供了条件。

  • 4 现场试验开发效果

  • X 试验区在 XSQ 区块加密调整到位,常规方法无调整潜力的情况下,应用层系井网重构技术,又布新油水井180口。

  • 层系井网重构后,X试验区控含水、控递减效果显著,水驱可采储量大幅度提高。截至 2018 年 11 月,试验历时5 a,已累积增产原油量为18×104 t。调整取得的成果主要体现在4个方面。

  • 层间矛盾缓解  X 试验区层系井网重构后,萨尔图差层系组合跨度由204 m降至95 m,葡Ⅰ4以下层系组合跨度由 214 m降至 52.3 m。二次加密井渗透率变异系数由 0.73 降至 0.56,三次加密井渗透率变异系数由 0.71 降至 0.54。层系组合跨度缩短,渗透率变异系数降低。

  • 平面矛盾缓解  X 试验区层系井网重构后,井距减小,井网更加均匀。萨尔图好层系多向连通比例由 26.0% 升至 32.5%,萨尔图差层系多向连通比例由21.3%升至33.6%,葡Ⅰ4以下层系多向连通比例由 32.3% 升至 43.8%。注采流线发生变化,剩余油分布更加均匀,剩余油得到动用,剩余油饱和度明显降低。

  • 开发指标改善 吸水厚度比例提高了 13%,低效井比例降低了 26%,初期平均单井日产油量提高了0.5 t/d,区块综合含水率下降了2.7%,采收率由试验前的51.30%提高到56.79%(图5)。

  • 图5 X试验区采收率预测曲线

  • Fig.5 Prediction curve of recovery efficiency in X pilot area

  • 经济效益较好  X试验区开展层系井网优化调整后,当油价为 50,60,70 和 80 美元/bbl 时,内部收益率分别为 5.7%,12.9%,18.5%和 18.5%,经济效益较好。

  • 5 结论

  • 特高含水期层系调整从细分对象转变为细划层系与细分对象并重,并采取分步射孔,缓解了层间矛盾。井网调整兼顾合理井距和井网均匀程度,有效提高了井网控制程度,改善了流线分布,使剩余油分布更加均匀,剩余油饱和度明显降低。

  • 层系井网重构技术可面向大庆油田纯油区同类区块推广,是大庆油田水驱控含水、控递减的有效技术手段,具有广阔的推广前景和巨大的经济效益。

  • 符号解释

  • L v——井距变异系数;σ——标准偏差,m;L-——井组平均井距,m;L n——第 n 个井距,m;n ——井组内油井数,个; R s ——销售收入,104 元;q o——新井初始日产油量,t/d;γ—— 年生产时率,f;C r ——原油商品率,f;P o——原油价格,元/t; t ——评价期,a;N 1——上产期,a;S 0——产量上升率,f; i0——折现率,f;N 2——稳产期,a;N 3——递减期,a;D 0—— 自然递减率,f。

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