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作者简介:

孟阳(1970—),男,山东嘉祥人,教授级高级工程师,硕士,从事油田开发方面的研究。联系电话:(0546)8711849,E-mail:mengyang.slyt@sinopec.com。

中图分类号:TE13

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2019)05-0058-08

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.2019.05.007

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目录contents

    摘要

    东营凹陷永安镇油田永 1砂砾岩体演化过程的不明确使油藏类型难以确定,制约了下步勘探部署工作的开展。通过三维地震解释、测井和录井分析、岩心观察、薄片观察及物性分析等方法,对永1砂砾岩体的演化过程及其对油气成藏的影响进行研究。结果表明:永1砂砾岩体沉积符合“沟扇对应”原理,由西北部陈家庄凸起提供物源,碎屑沿凸起与永1地区之间的北西—南东向古沟道搬运;永1砂砾岩体孤立凸起的形态由辉绿岩的后期侵入作用导致,侵入时间最早发生在沙四段上亚段纯上次亚段沉积时期,此时辉绿岩体仅侵入花岗片麻岩基底,未发生岩体刺穿,此过程可持续到沙三段沉积早期;沙三段沉积中期之后,辉绿岩体持续侵入,永1砂砾岩体持续隆起,逐渐发生岩体刺穿,此过程可持续至沙三段沉积晚期;岩浆活动导致砂砾岩周缘产生高角度断层及裂缝,改善储层储集空间及渗流条件的同时,有效地沟通了沙四段和沙三段的烃源岩,形成了油气有利聚集区。

    Abstract

    The unclear evolution process of Yong1 glutenite body in Yonganzhen Oilfield,Dongying Sag adds difficulties to determine the reservoir type,which restricts the development of further exploration. The evolution process of Yong1 gluten- ite body and its influence on hydrocarbon accumulation are studied through 3D seismic interpretation,well logging and mud logging analysis,core observation,thin section observation,and physical property analysis. The results show that Yong1 glutenite body deposition conforms to the principle of“channel-fan correspondence”,and its provenance is provid- ed by Chenjiazhuang uplift in the northwest,the debris transported along the NW-SE paleochannel between the uplift and Yong1 area. The isolated uplift of the Yong1 sand-conglomerate body are caused by the late intrusion of diabase. The earli- est intrusion occurred in the period of the Upper Submember of the 4th Member of Shahejie Formation(the Upper Es 4 Mem- ber)while diabase only intruded into the granitic gneiss basement and did not punctured the rock mass,and this process lasted until the early sedimentation of the 3rd Member of Shahejie Formation(the Es 3 Member). After the middle sedimenta- ry period of the Es 3 Member,diabase continued to intrude,Yong1 glutenite body continued to uplift,and rock was punc- tured gradually. This process lasted until the late sedimentary period of the Es 3 Member. Magmatic activity leads to the for-mation of high-angle faults and fractures in the periphery of the glutenite body,which improves the reservoir space and per- colation conditions,and effectively communicates the hydrocarbon source rocks in the Es 3 and Es 4 Member,forming a favor- able accumulation area for hydrocarbon.

  • 东营凹陷北部陡坡带发育巨厚的砂砾岩体,砂砾岩油藏已累积上报探明石油地质储量3.5×108 t,通过系统解剖形成了陡坡带资源序列[1]。1965年完钻的永1井在沙四段钻遇厚层砂砾岩,试油获得23t/d的工业油流,从而揭开了永1砂砾岩体勘探开发的序幕。目前,永1砂砾岩油藏已上报探明含油面积3.9km2,探明石油地质储量为1 134×104 t,具有良好的资源前景。永1砂砾岩体整体呈孤立凸起的背斜形态,沉积基底地势较高,这与砂砾岩“沟扇对应”原理相悖,导致该砂砾岩体早期被误认为滚动背斜构造油藏。后经勘探开发证实为砂砾岩岩性油藏,成藏特征也自成体系,与毗邻成熟探区的盐家砂砾岩体油藏截然不同[2]。为此,立足于永1砂砾岩体勘探与开发的矛盾,对砂砾岩体的演化过程及油气成藏意义进行研究,旨在为开展区域油气勘探工作打下基础。

  • 1 地质概况

  • 永安镇油田位于东营凹陷北部陡坡带东段,北为陈家庄凸起,东临青坨子凸起,西接民丰洼陷,南抵中央隆起带,勘探面积约为35km2[3]。研究区自上而下发育第四系平原组、明化镇组、馆陶组、东营组、沙河街组及基岩,其中沙河街组分为沙四段、沙三段、沙二段和沙一段,沙四段上亚段纯上次亚段、沙三段下亚段底部及孔店组不发育。永1砂砾岩体是在前古近系基岩之上发育的孤立凸起,地层划分上归属于沙四段,埋深为1 900~2 500m(图1)。坨庄-胜利村-永安镇断裂带是东营凹陷内的2级断裂带,其东段控制了永安镇油田的基本构造格局,形成区域上由高到低的青4、永北、永南三大台阶。近北西—南东向的永17断层、永41断层和永42-3断层将油田主体进一步切割为4个台阶[4-5]。前人对永1砂砾岩体的物源体系、沉积特征做了大量研究[36-9],存在东北物源区、陈家庄凸起物源区及青坨子凸起物源区3种观点,沉积相类型也未统一,存在近岸水下扇、扇三角洲及冲积扇等3个主流认识。根据最新研究成果,永1砂砾岩体物源来自于西北方向的陈家庄凸起,沉积相类型为近岸水下扇,粗碎屑沿永北鼻状构造东侧的古沟道由西北向东南方向搬运,形成巨厚的砂砾岩体[10]

  • 2 砂砾岩体基本特征

  • 2.1 古地貌恢复

  • 构造运动控制了盆地古地貌特征,进一步控制物源区与沉积区的相对地理位置。通过沉积时期古地貌的重塑,可以直观分析盆内可能存在的碎屑搬运方向[11]。因此,利用地震资料恢复了永1地区沙四段沉积时期的古地貌,有利于研究砂砾岩体的沉积过程。

  • 图1 东营凹陷永1砂砾岩体构造位置

  • Fig.1 Structural location of Yong1glutenite body in Dongying Sag

  • 利用Petrel2009软件对永1砂砾岩体残留古地貌及周缘地区地貌进行刻画,由古地貌恢复结果 (图2)可看出,永1砂砾岩体为北部斜坡带上的一个孤立凸起,其西北方向为陈家庄凸起,两者之间发育一条主沟道及多条次级沟道;而青坨子凸起与永1砂砾岩体之间距离相对较远,不发育明显的沟道。重力流沉积须符合“沟扇对应”原理,早在20世纪60—70年代国外学者已提出了几个经典的沟扇对应沉积模型[12-14]。在砂砾岩体勘探过程中,胜利油田也形成了沟扇对应的认识[15-18]。结合东营凹陷构造演化史与古地貌分析,认为陈家庄凸起斜坡的古沟道是最有利的碎屑搬运通道,而永1地区正好位于这些古沟道的正前方,来自陈家庄凸起的粗碎屑物质沿古沟道向前推进,冲出古沟口在永1地区堆积散开成扇。这种发育古沟道的古地貌形态证明西北部的陈家庄凸起就是永1砂砾岩体的物源区。

  • 2.2 地震反射特征

  • 永1砂砾岩体发育在控盆断层的下降盘,是重力流沉积作用的产物,因此其地震反射特征与围岩明显不同,具有特殊的内部反射结构及外部几何形态特征。

  • 2.2.1 内部反射结构

  • 永1砂砾岩体符合一般近岸水下扇的特征,扇根杂乱反射、强振幅、低频、低连续;扇中亚平行或乱岗状反射、强振幅、高频、中低连续;扇端平行或亚平行反射、中强振幅、低频、高连续。由扇根到扇端地震反射特征的连续性变化反映岩性逐渐变细、水动力趋于稳定的沉积特点(图3)。

  • 图2 东营凹陷永1砂砾岩体残留古地貌恢复

  • Fig.2 Recovery of residual palaeo-landform of Yong1glutenite body in Dongying Sag

  • 图3 东营凹陷永1砂砾岩体地震剖面解释

  • Fig.3 Seismic section interpretation of Yong1glutenite body in Dongying Sag

  • 2.2.2 外部几何形态

  • 永1砂砾岩体整体为丘形体,顶部包络线形成明显“鼓包”。该砂砾岩体虽发育在陈家庄凸起的断剥面,但距离凸起较远导致碎屑物质沿古沟道搬运的距离稍远,因此并未形成十分典型的陡坡楔形体。基底反射同相轴发生“上拉”,而不是反映沉积区的“下凹”形态,因此,永1砂砾岩体基底凸起与砂砾岩“鼓包”的关系需要进一步研究(图3)。

  • 2.2.3 局部不整合

  • T6标准地震反射层(沙三段下部)在永1砂砾岩体顶部出现缺失,T6 (沙三段底部)和T7(沙四段上亚段纯上次亚段底部)出现合并,而在周围地区这些反射同相轴正常存在。从永1地区的实钻井资料来看,沙四段上亚段纯上次亚段砂砾岩—沙三段下亚段油页岩之间出现地层缺失,分析认为因后期该区抬升而导致,出现了小范围的不整合(图4)。

  • 图4 东营凹陷永1砂砾岩体顶部不整合地震特征

  • Fig.4 Seismic characteristics of unconformity on top of Yong1glutenite body in Dongying Sag

  • 3 砂砾岩体演化过程

  • 3.1 侵入岩特征

  • 永1砂砾岩体在三维地震剖面上表现为明显的岩体刺穿现象(图5),基底整体上隆,刺穿上覆砂砾岩地层,导致邻区连续清晰的Tg反射同相轴(古近系底面)出现中断。

  • 图5 东营凹陷永1砂砾岩体基底刺穿现象

  • Fig.5 Phenomenon of basement penetration of Yong1glutenite body in Dongying Sag

  • 综合利用地震、测井和录井资料对基底岩体刺穿现象进行研究,发现永1地区周缘均为花岗片麻岩基底,但永1地区的永古1井在基底钻遇44m的辉绿岩(未钻穿),辉绿岩与花岗片麻岩基底相比具有明显的低 GR、低 R D的岩电特征(图6a)。此外,永63井在基底钻遇23m的糜棱岩(未钻穿),反映存在强烈的挤压变质作用(图6b)。结合地震资料,对侵入岩的展布范围进行分析,发现侵入岩主要分布在砂砾岩体基底之下,在基底出露面积约为1km2。地震剖面上可以发现侵入岩由下向上呈尖凸状,在基底之下侵入岩的展布范围、体积会更大。分析认为,辉绿岩体的侵入作用是永1砂砾岩体后期隆升成孤立凸起的原因。

  • 3.2 侵入岩形成时间的确定

  • 辉绿岩是一种基性浅成侵入岩[19],是一种侵入地壳1 500~3 000m形成的火成岩,即形成辉绿岩侵入至少需要1 500m的上覆地层厚度。由于研究区永古1井钻遇的辉绿岩地层特征最清晰,因此以该井为例来确定研究区辉绿岩的形成时间。永古1井在2 860m处钻遇辉绿岩,推断在永古1井埋深为1 360m处对应的地质历史时间即为辉绿岩可能形成的最早时间。永古1井沙四段总厚度为487m,沙三段总厚度为969m,两者共计1 456m。此外,东营凹陷经历过多期抬升剥蚀,沙三段的剥蚀厚度为200m左右[20],因此,沙四段与沙三段的总厚度已经达到辉绿岩形成所需的地层厚度。据此推断永古1井揭示的辉绿岩基底形成的最早时间为沙三段沉积晚期。

  • 永1砂砾岩体之上缺失沙四段上亚段纯上次亚段和沙三段底部,而这段地层在区域上都有分布,这表明沙四段上亚段纯上次亚段和沙三段底部在永1地区没有沉积或者抬升露出水面而遭受剥蚀。但是,此时沉积地层总厚度远没有达到辉绿岩形成的深度条件。由地震剖面可以看出,侵入体呈尖凸状,且目前钻井只揭示了顶部,因此,沙四段上亚段纯上次亚段沉积时期,辉绿岩已经侵入基岩但未发生岩体刺穿,但是侵入体之上的花岗片麻岩与沉积地层的厚度已经达到1 500m。此时,永1地区隆起程度较弱,沙四段砂砾岩体发育有限的剥蚀或沉积缺失,而周缘地区地层发育较完整。沙三段沉积早期,整个东营凹陷进入最大湖盆演化期[21],永1砂砾岩体沉入水下,顶部接受了一套油页岩沉积。但从砂砾岩体周缘地层产状及断层发育特征来看,沙三段沉积时期侵入活动仍没有停止,但剧烈程度逐渐降低,一直持续到沙三段沉积晚期。

  • 图6 东营凹陷永1砂砾岩体侵入岩及变质岩基底

  • Fig.6 Intrusive and metamorphic rock basement of Yong1glutenite body in Dongying Sag

  • 3.3 砂砾岩体演化模式

  • 整体来看,沙四段下亚段沉积时期,东营凹陷陈南断层活动强烈、盆地裂陷开始加剧,剥蚀区与沉积区高差加大,物源供给充足,从陈家庄凸起搬运而来的碎屑物质沿北西—南东向沟道直接进入深湖,在古地势较为平缓的永1地区卸载堆积,形成近岸水下扇沉积体系,多期扇体遵循填洼补平原则,迁移摆动、垂向叠加、退积叠覆(图7a,7b)。随着东营凹陷断裂活动进一步加强,沙四段沉积晚期,永1砂砾岩体之下基底中发生岩浆岩侵入,岩浆的热隆升作用使砂砾岩体整体抬升变形,其顶部露出水面导致沉积间断,此时侵入岩体未发生刺穿,直至沙三段下亚段沉积中期,才重新沉入水下接受连续的泥岩沉积,砂砾岩体顶部缺失沙四段上亚段纯上次亚段—沙三段早期地层。沙三段沉积晚期,岩浆侵入活动逐渐停止,伴生的高角度断层的发育也减弱,侵入体发生岩体刺穿(图7c,7d)。沙二段—东营组沉积时期,永1地区构造较为稳定,虽然后期经历了区域抬升的东营运动[22],但永1砂砾岩体已定型,基本没有发生变化,并一直保持至今(图7e,7f)。

  • 4 油气成藏意义

  • 岩浆侵入对永1砂砾岩体特殊的构造形态和油气成藏产生了重大影响。岩浆侵入导致基底上拱形成背斜,成为区域上的构造高点,为油气聚集成藏提供了良好的储层条件和圈闭条件。砂砾岩体之上沙四段和沙三段厚层泥岩可以充当圈闭盖层,起到保存油气的作用。另外,砂砾岩体在隆升过程中形成大量的高角度断层及裂缝(图8),且越靠近背斜核部裂缝密度越高,储层物性越好(表1),这些断层和裂缝沟通了砂砾岩体西侧的民丰洼陷,起到了沟通油源的作用,也为油气在砂砾岩体内部聚集成藏提供了良好的储集条件。因此,沙四段沉积末期发生的岩浆岩侵入使永1砂砾岩体具有极佳的成藏条件,其演化过程对后期油气成藏都起到了至关重要的作用。

  • 5 结论

  • 永1砂砾岩体沉积符合“沟扇对应”理论,物源为西北方向的陈家庄凸起,搬运通道为陈家庄凸起斜坡上的北西—南东向延伸的古沟道。沙四段沉积晚期至沙三段沉积早期,永1砂砾岩体基底发生辉绿岩体侵入但未发生岩体刺穿,砂砾岩体整体受到挤压,顶部出露水面造成局部地层缺失,此时古隆起的雏形形成;辉绿岩侵入持续至沙三段沉积晚期,侵入体逐渐发生岩体刺穿,古隆起定型。辉绿岩侵入形成古隆起过程中,砂砾岩体内部及周缘发育大量高角度断层及裂缝,断层起到沟通和输导油气的作用,裂缝的发育既可以形成有效的储集空间,又可以改善储层渗流条件,对后期油气成藏起到了重要的作用。

  • 图7 东营凹陷永1砂砾岩体沉积构造演化示意(东西向剖面)

  • Fig.7 Schematic of sedimentary and structural evolution of Yong1glutenite body in Dongying Sag(East-West cross-section)

  • 图8 东营凹陷永1砂砾岩体岩心裂缝特征

  • Fig.8 Fracture characteristics of core samples that collected from Yong1glutenite body in Dongying Sag

  • 表1 东营凹陷永1地区距古隆起高点距离不同的井的物性统计

  • Table1 Physical properties of wells at different distances in high part of palae-uplift in Block Yong1,Dongying Sag

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