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作者简介:

刘玲(1984—),女,云南玉溪人,高级工程师,博士,从事储层表征与描述研究。联系电话:13466720893,E-mail:liuling6203203@163.com。

中图分类号:TE122.2+3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2019)06-0028-08

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.2019.06.004

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目录contents

    摘要

    鄂尔多斯盆地临兴区块太原组致密砂岩自生黏土矿物含量较高,是影响储层物性的重要因素之一,但对黏土矿物特征及成因尚未系统研究,影响了优质储层刻画。通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、X射线衍射、物性分析,明确黏土矿物的含量及形态特征,剖析其成因及与储层物性之间的相关性。结果表明,临兴区块太原组致密砂岩黏土矿物相对含量由高到低依次为伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石及伊/蒙混层,均呈充填式分布于粒间溶蚀孔隙或晶间微孔隙中, 为热水蚀变成因。紫金山岩体影响黏土矿物的含量及分布,岩体附近伊利石、绿泥石及伊/蒙混层含量较高,而高岭石含量较低。伊利石、绿泥石及伊/蒙混层与储层物性呈负相关关系,高岭石与储层物性呈正相关。受黏土矿物影响,太原组物性相对较好的致密砂岩储层分布于研究区的东北及西南部,为下一步油气勘探开发的有利目标区。

    Abstract

    The clay mineral content is high in tight sandstone of Taiyuan Formation in Block Linxing of Ordos Basin,and it is one of the important factors influencing reservoir properties. However,its characteristics and formation mechanism have not been systematically studied,affecting the description of high-quality reservoirs. According to core observation,thin sec- tion identification,X-ray diffraction and physical property analysis,the content and morphological characteristics of the clay minerals is clarified. Moreover,its formation mechanism and the relationships between the clay minerals and the reser- voir physical properties are discussed. The results indicate that the relative contents of clay minerals in tight sandstone of Taiyuan Formation in Block Linxing from high to low are:illite,kaolinite,chlorite,and illite-montmorillonite mixed-layer. Most of them fill in the intergranular dissolution pores or intercrystalline micropores. Hot water erosion is the reason for the clay mineral formation. Zijinshan pluton affects the relative content and plane distribution of clay minerals. The relative contents of illite,kaolinite,chlorite,and illite-montmorillonite mixed-layer are high near Zijinshan pluton,while the rela- tive content of kaolinite is low. There exists a negative correlation between reservoir physical properties and the three types of clay minerals,including illite,chlorite,and illite-montmorillonite mixed-layer,while there is a positive correlation be- tween kaolinite and reservoir physical properties. Influenced by clay minerals,the high-quality reservoirs distribute in the northeast and southwest of the study area,and they are the favorable targets for the later exploration and development.

  • 黏土矿物是具无序过渡结构的微粒质点(<2 µm)含水层状硅酸盐矿物[1],为碎屑储集岩中最重要的填隙物,按成因可分为受沉积作用影响的它生黏土矿物和受成岩作用影响的自生黏土矿物[2]。黏土矿物含量、产状及时空分布等影响储层物性[3-4],孔隙衬里式自生黏土矿物对孔隙起保护作用,充填式自生黏土矿物则对砂岩孔渗不利[5-6]。鄂尔多斯盆地东部临兴区块上古生界太原组试气日产量最高可达10×104 m3[7],为致密砂岩气主要产层之一,太原组黏土矿物含量较高,体积分数平均为14.69%。前人研究表明,黏土矿物胶结作用是造成临兴区块上古生界砂岩储层致密化的主要原因之一[8],但对研究区黏土矿物缺乏系统研究,存在热水蚀变及成岩影响2种成因争议[39],且各类黏土矿物的特征、分布及对储层物性的影响不明确,一定程度上制约了后期进一步的油气勘探开发工作。鉴于此,笔者采用矿物学和地球化学方法,分析临兴区块太原组黏土矿物特征,剖析其成因机制,明确其对储层物性的影响,以期为在低孔低渗透致密砂岩中寻找优质储层提供参考,也为后期油藏开发措施的实施提供依据。

  • 1 地质概况

  • 鄂尔多斯盆地东缘上古生界太原组砂岩储层中已发现储量超过千亿立方米的大气田,是天然气开发的重要层位[10]。临兴区块位于盆地东缘晋西挠褶带(图1a),构造平缓,为一西倾单斜,可进一步划分为断褶带(Ⅰ)、开阔褶皱带(Ⅱ)、岩体侵入带 (Ⅲ)和缓坡带(Ⅳ)(图1b),区块北边紧邻神木区块。临兴区块出露紫金山岩体,岩体向东与山西地块吕梁山脉相邻,北西—南东长为7km,北东—西南宽为4km,出露面积约为23.2km2,呈岩筒、岩床状侵入并刺穿中三叠统二马营组砂泥岩地层,上覆第四系[11],是一个呈NW—SE向展布的典型环状侵入碱性杂岩体,具多阶段、多期次、多岩性特征[12]。高精度锆石U-Pb年龄测定结果表明其形成于距今138.7~125Ma,为早白垩世岩浆活动的产物[13]。紫金山岩体的上拱底辟作用使得岩体顶部和翼部形成了许多呈环形及辐射状分布的断裂,且以高角度构造裂缝为主,42.84%的裂缝未被充填,是油气垂向运移的重要通道[814]。天然气成分显示,太原组CO2含量为1.94%,山西组CO2含量为1.8%,盒8段大部分样品CO2含量为0,天然气自下而上发生了垂向分馏作用,说明断裂是有效的,可作为流体运移的有效通道。

  • 图1 临兴区块地理位置(据傅宁等[15]修改)及构造划分

  • Fig.1 Location(revised according to FU Ning et al[15])and structural units of Block Linxing

  • 临兴区块太原组为陆表海煤系地层,发育砂岩、泥岩、炭质泥岩及煤层,砂岩成分成熟度和结构成熟度低,胶结物含量高,主要为硅质和钙质等,二者体积分数均为3%~8%,石英含量平均为71.29%,长石和岩屑含量较低,平均分别为2.35%和26.37%,岩性主要为岩屑砂岩,部分为长石岩屑砂岩,偶见长石砂岩及次长石砂岩,处于中成岩B期偏晚成岩作用阶段。储集空间以残余粒间孔、粒间溶孔和粒内溶孔为主,孔隙结构复杂,孔喉较小,属微孔-微喉型,孔隙渗透性和孔喉连通性差。储层孔隙度为0~14.2%,平均为6.1%;渗透率为0~25mD,平均为0.32mD,为典型的低孔低渗透致密砂岩储层。

  • 2 黏土矿物特征及成因分析

  • 2.1 黏土矿物特征

  • 临兴区块太原组致密砂岩黏土矿物晶形良好,黏土矿物中Sr/Ba值小于1,表现为贫Sr富Ba特征,不是海相环境中形成的矿物,而是自生矿物[9]。X射线衍射分析显示,临兴区块太原组主要黏土矿物包括伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石和伊/蒙混层,体积分数为2.1%~44%,平均为14.69%;其中,伊利石相对含量最高,为5%~97%,平均为54.25%;高岭石相对含量次之,为0~92%,平均为30.2%;绿泥石和伊/蒙混层相对含量较少,平均分别为9.75%和5.8%。

  • 扫描电镜显示,伊利石主要呈丝片状、丝缕状充填于粒间溶蚀孔隙或晶间微孔隙中,少部分丝片状伊利石集合体呈薄膜结构附着于碎屑颗粒表面,衬垫于碎屑颗粒之间,还可见毛发状伊利石集合体充填于孔隙中(图2a—2d);高岭石自形程度较好,晶体较大,主要呈鳞片状、书页状、片状充填粒间孔隙,部分高岭石棱角部位可见发丝状伊利石,表明高岭石有向伊利石溶蚀转化的趋势(图2e—2i);绿泥石主要呈针叶状、叶片状、挤压片状充填粒间孔隙,绿泥石膜不发育(图2j,2k);伊/蒙混层主要呈絮状、丝片状、弯曲片状充填粒间孔隙(图2l)。

  • 2.2 成因分析

  • 黏土矿物特征分析表明,鄂尔多斯盆地东部太原组储层黏土矿物中的伊利石和高岭石具蚀变成因特征[9],而沉积盆地碎屑岩发生的蚀变作用与盆地热水流体作用有关[16]。对比成岩矿物流体包裹体记录的成岩期流体温度与地层处于最大埋深时的温度可判断研究区是否存在热水流体活动[17-18],研究区太原组流体包裹体均一温度为50~190℃,而埋藏史-热史模拟结果表明最大埋深时的温度为160℃(图3),低于古流体温度,说明太原组沉积时期存在热水流体活动。同时,黏土矿物中的稀土元素分布及地球化学参数表明(图4,表1),太原组黏土矿物轻稀土(LREE)平均含量为111.19×10-6,重稀土(HREE)平均含量为8.25×10-6 ,LREE/HREE值平均为13.96,具轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损、稀土元素配分模式右倾特征,且 δEu为0.40~1.17,平均为0.72, δEu整体负异常,但部分样品正异常。肖荣阁等对热水沉积物研究表明,热水交代作用具轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损,稀土元素配分模式表现为Eu正异常的特征[19],由此可见,临兴区块太原组沉积时期具热水参与作用,且参与程度不均匀。

  • 图2 临兴区块太原组致密砂岩黏土矿物扫描电镜照片

  • Fig.2 Scanning electron microscope(SEM)of the clay minerals in tight sandstone of Taiyuan Formation in Block Linxing

  • 图3 临兴区块太原组流体包裹体均一温度及埋藏史-热史模拟结果

  • Fig.3 Modelling results of uniform temperature of fluid inclusion and burial history-thermal history of Taiyuan Formation in Block Linxing

  • 图4 临兴区块太原组稀土元素分布

  • Fig.4 Distribution map of rare earth elements in Taiyuan Formation of Block Linxing

  • 表1 临兴区块太原组致密砂岩中黏土矿物稀土元素地球化学参数

  • Table1 Geochemical parameters of rare earth elements in Taiyuan Formation of Block Linxing

  • 根据岩石薄片鉴定,临兴区块上古生界砂岩储层普遍含较多的火山物质,如L6井在太原组1 846.96m处发现了凝灰岩经变质结晶作用形成的变闪长玢岩;L3井在太原组发现了蚀变晶屑凝灰岩,后期石英岩脉穿插或充填裂隙中;L1井在本溪组2 082.98m和太原组2 100~2 105m处可见厚度分别约为60和5m、呈网状侵入的片麻岩,以石英为主,少量角闪石及辉石,多呈星点状分布,可见黄铁矿,石英晶体多为隐晶,少量中、细晶,具片麻结构[15],砂岩储层中的火山物质说明临兴区块古生界发生了频繁而强烈的火山活动,由此可见,该区的热流体主要是由岩浆作用造成的。

  • 2.3 紫金山岩体对黏土矿物含量及分布的影响

  • 紫金山岩体对黏土矿物的影响主要是通过热液流体影响其蚀变作用,进而影响黏土矿物的类型及分布。研究表明,紫金山岩体发育范围与黏土矿物相对含量及分布具有一定的匹配关系(图5)。伊利石相对含量高值区主要分布于中部岩体侵入带,其值大于50%,围绕岩体侵入带,伊利石相对含量逐渐降低,在东部断褶带及西部缓坡带伊利石相对含量最低,这主要是因为研究区伊利石主要是由蒙脱石蚀变形成的,随着埋深增大,储层温度和压力不断增高,当达到一定温压条件时,富含钾离子的孔隙水与蒙脱石发生反应形成了伊利石,由于伊利石一般在储层演化程度较高时才出现,因此,在岩体附近由于岩体的区域热增温作用,使得伊利石相对含量出现高值(图5a)。

  • 图5 临兴区块太原组致密砂岩黏土矿物相对含量平面分布

  • Fig.5 Relative content contour maps of clay minerals of Taiyuan Formation in Block Linxing

  • 高岭石相对含量高值区主要分布于东部断褶带及西部缓坡区,在中部紫金山岩体附近高岭石相对含量较低。这是因为高岭石主要是长石和硅铝酸盐在近地表条件下由大气淡水溶蚀形成,东部断褶带埋深较浅,淡水补给量较大,淡水中溶解的CO2 气体为长石溶蚀提供了大量酸源。此外,太原组煤系地层早期泥炭化作用和煤化作用产生了大量CO2 气体,使得孔隙水呈酸性,可沿大量发育的逆断层发生垂向运移,也为长石溶蚀提供了充足的酸源; 西部缓坡带虽然埋深大,淡水补给少,但烃源岩演化程度高,烃源岩成熟过程中生成大量有机酸,可为高岭石形成提供条件。在岩体附近断裂发育,可为高岭石形成提供大量酸源,但高岭石相对含量较低,这是因为岩体附近Mg2+ 和Fe2+ 含量较高,高岭石转换形成了绿泥石,且岩体附近温度较高,当温度高于130℃且富K+时,高岭石还会伊利石化,形成伊利石(图5b)。

  • 绿泥石和伊/蒙混层的平面分布规律类似,呈东高西低、南高北低的特征,相对含量高值区分布于紫金山岩体附近(图5c,5d)。绿泥石抗磨损能力差,在长距离搬运后,易破碎形成极小片状,难以保存,且离物源越远,含量越低[3],但近物源神木区块的绿泥石相对含量为6.08%,低于远物源的临兴区块,分析认为绿泥石是一种铁和镁相对富集的层状硅酸盐矿物,主要产生于铁富集的碱性成岩环境,铁的富集是绿泥石形成的必要条件之一,紫金山岩体附近石炭系-二叠系中可见大量火成岩,岩浆的主要成分是硅酸盐,其中SiO2含量为30%~80%,另外含有大量的金属氧化物,包括Al2O3,Fe2O3,FeO, MgO,CaO,Na2O,约占20%~60%。侏罗纪末期燕山运动导致区域发生大面积岩浆侵入,含有铁、镁和硅酸的岩浆热液沿裂隙上涌,与孔隙水的Al(OH)3 发生反应,形成大量的绿泥石矿物,另外富铁、镁物质的水解作用在早期还能提供一种碱性还原环境,为绿泥石的产生提供了有利的条件。伊/蒙混层是蒙脱石蚀变成伊利石的过渡产物,因此,其分布规律与伊利石类似。

  • 3 黏土矿物对储层物性的影响

  • 黏土矿物相对含量及形态是致密砂岩储层物性的重要影响因素[20]。研究区伊利石的形态特征使储层孔喉变得十分曲折,弯曲度大大增加,将储层中的粗喉道分割成微、细喉道,将大孔隙分割成了微、小孔隙,使储层渗流路径变得曲折复杂,大大降低了渗流能力,同时还会增加储层的束缚水饱和度,此外,伊利石在注水过程中极易膨胀,断裂堵塞孔隙和喉道,是重要的速敏物质[21-22],研究区太原组致密砂岩储层速敏最大伤害率为43%,为中等偏弱速敏。临兴区块太原组致密砂岩黏土矿物相对含量与储层物性的交会图(图6)显示,伊利石相对含量与储层物性呈负相关,其相对含量越高,储层物性越差;高岭石虽然充填孔隙,占据了孔隙的部分或大部分空间,但其晶形较好,仍保留良好的晶间孔,且高岭石主要形成于开放或半开放的成岩体系中,因此在其形成过程中还会伴生一些溶蚀孔隙,是主要储集空间之一,其与储层物性呈正相关;绿泥石对储层物性既有正面影响也有负面影响,当绿泥石以环边形式存在时,可抑制石英的胶结作用,保护储层孔隙[17-18]。临兴区块绿泥石主要以充填孔隙状存在,并使喉道变得曲折复杂,大大降低了储层孔隙度和渗透率,因此,绿泥石与储层物性呈负相关关系;伊/蒙混层遇水易膨胀,并且在高速流体中可产生微粒迁移,因此其相对含量与储层物性呈负相关关系(图6)。根据黏土矿物与储层物性的相关性可知,优质储层多分布于高岭石相对含量高值区,在伊利石、绿泥石及伊/蒙混层相对含量高值区,储层物性较差。

  • 平面上,研究区太原组致密砂岩储层孔隙度和渗透率高值区主要分布于北部Y2井和南部T9井附近,中部及南部紫金山岩体附近孔隙度和渗透率较低。通过与黏土矿物相对含量等值线分布对比发现,黏土矿物与储层物性之间具有较好的相关性,伊利石、绿泥石及伊/蒙混层相对含量高的地区,储层孔隙度及渗透率表现为低值,如研究区中部及南部紫金山岩体附近;高岭石相对含量高的地区,储层孔隙度和渗透率则表现为高值,如研究区东北部及西南部(图7)。钻井测试显示,T8井太原组2 074.8~2 080.4m井段平均孔隙度为7.3%,含水饱和度仅为9%,采用5mm孔板测试,测试时间为12.5h,平均产气量为5 000m3/d,从黏土矿物相对含量等值线分布可见,该井处伊利石、绿泥石及伊/蒙混层的含量较低,而高岭石含量较高。由此可见,黏土矿物影响着储层物性,进而影响了储层产能,研究黏土矿物类型、含量及分布特征对后期油气勘探开发具有重要的指导意义。

  • 4 结论

  • 临兴区块上古生界太原组致密砂岩黏土矿物含量由高到低依次为伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石及伊/蒙混层,其平均相对含量分别为54.25%,30.2%, 9.75%和5.8%,主要呈充填式分布于粒间溶蚀孔隙或晶间微孔隙中。黏土矿物的稀土元素具轻稀土相对富集、重稀土显著亏损,稀土元素配分模式右倾,δEu整体负异常,但部分样品正异常的特征。岩石薄片中发现火山物质,说明研究区黏土矿物为岩浆作用引起的热蚀变。紫金山岩体影响黏土矿物的相对含量及平面分布,受岩体区域热增温影响,岩体附近的蒙脱石易于蚀变形成伊利石,蚀变不完全时形成伊/蒙混层,高岭石易转化成绿泥石,因此,岩体附近伊利石、绿泥石及伊/蒙混层的相对含量较高,而高岭石相对含量较低。

  • 图6 临兴区块太原组致密砂岩黏土矿物相对含量与储层物性交会图

  • Fig.6 Cross plots of clay mineral and reservoir physical properties of Taiyuan Formation in Block Linxing

  • 图7 临兴区块太原组致密砂岩储层物性平面分布

  • Fig.7 Reservoir contour maps of Taiyuan Formation in Block Linxing

  • 黏土矿物含量及分布影响储层物性,其中伊利石、绿泥石及伊/蒙混层与储层物性均呈负相关关系,高岭石与储层物性呈正相关关系。受黏土矿物类型、含量及分布的影响,临兴区块太原组物性相对较好的致密砂岩储层主要分布于研究区的东北及西南部,为后期进一步油气勘探开发的有利目标区。

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