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作者简介:

王威(1980—),男,江苏徐州人,高级工程师,博士,主要从事储层评价与油气成藏研究工作。E-mail:wangw.ktnf@sinopec.com。

中图分类号:TE122.1

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2020)03-0039-09

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.2020.03.005

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目录contents

    摘要

    通南巴地区飞仙关组三段鲕滩大面积含气,但对气藏如何高效成藏与富集规律认识不清是制约勘探开发的瓶颈。综合利用地质、地球物理等资料,结合构造精细解释及典型高产稳产井解剖,探讨通南巴地区飞仙关组三段高效气藏形成机制,分析其天然气成藏过程,并指出下一步勘探方向。通南巴地区河坝场气田飞仙关组三段高效气藏的形成主要受3个因素的控制:高能鲕滩优质储层是高效气藏形成的基础;通源断裂实现源储有效沟通是高效气藏形成的关键;现今有利构造背景促进高效气藏形成。处于通南巴背斜翼部的通江地区发育飞三段优质鲕滩储层和成排成带的通源断裂,烃源岩和保存条件优越,是近期有望实现高效勘探开发的有利区。

    Abstract

    The oolitic beach in the third member of Feixianguan Formation in Tongnanba area contains a large gas bearing area,but the poor understanding of the rules of efficient accumulation and enrichment restricts its efficient exploration and development. Based on the comprehensive use of the geological and geophysical data,combined with the fine structural in- terpretation and analysis of the typical high-yield and stable-production wells,the formation mechanism of the high-effi- ciency gas reservoirs in the third member of Feixianguan Formation in Tongnanba area was discussed,and their natural gas accumulation process were analyzed,finally the direction for future exploration was clarified. The formation of the high-effi- ciency gas reservoirs in the third member of Feixianguan Formation in Hebachang Gasfield is mainly controlled by three factors.The high-quality reservoir with the high-energy oolitic beach is the base of the formation of high-efficiency gas res- ervoirs.The effective source-storage communication through the cracks to source rocks is the key to the high-efficient gas reservoir formation. Today’s favorable structural background promotes the high-efficiency gas reservoir formation. Tongji- ang area is located at wing of Tongnanba anticline,in which the high-quality oolitic beach in the third member of Feixian- guan Formation develops and the faults to source rocks develop in belt and in row,the source rocks and preservation condi- tions are superior. It is a favorable area that is expected to achieve efficient exploration and development in the near future.

  • 近年来,四川盆地东北部地区在二叠系长兴组、三叠系飞仙关组发现了普光和元坝等大中型气田[1-3]。这些气田的储层发育较多的固体沥青,其天然气来源主要为古原油的二次裂解气[4-6]。该类天然气的聚集具有“古原油近源富集、原油二次裂解成气、晚期构造调整与天然气保存”的基本特点[27]。通南巴地区的油气勘探始于 20 世纪 50 年代,早期在构造高部位部署的多口钻井未取得实质性突破。2005年,中国石化在通南巴背斜河坝场构造的高部位部署的河坝1井在飞仙关组三段(飞三段)测试获日产气量为29.6×104 m3 /d的高产工业气流[8],河坝2 井酸压测试获日产气量为204×104 m3 /d的高产工业气流,从而发现了河坝场飞三段气藏。截至2017年底,河坝 1、河坝 2井累积产气量已超过 6×108 m3,而且投入开发之后,该气藏表现出高产、稳产、不含水、可动用程度高的特点,符合前人报道的高效气藏的基本特点[9-10]。通南巴地区发现的河坝场气田在飞三段储层基本未见固体沥青,其天然气的富集明显不同于普光和元坝等大中型气田的原油二次裂解成气模式。高效气源条件、高效输导条件以及优质成藏地质要素组合是四川盆地及其他地区高效气藏的形成条件[11-12],但对通南巴地区飞三段高效气藏的天然气形成条件尚未开展系统研究,严重制约了研究区及邻区该类天然气的高效勘探与开发。为此,笔者基于基础地质和相关分析测试资料,深入探讨河坝场气田飞三段高效气藏的形成机制,以期为实现通南巴地区及邻区飞仙关组天然气的高效勘探开发提供依据。

  • 1 地质概况

  • 1.1 构造与地层特征

  • 通南巴地区构造上位于四川盆地东北缘,大致呈北东向展布,其北侧为秦岭造山带南缘的米仓山冲断构造带,东北侧为大巴山前缘弧形推覆构造带,南邻川中平缓构造带,北西与米仓山前缘凹陷带相接,东南与通江凹陷带相连(图1a)。构造形态上受米仓山、大巴山及冲断构造变形的影响[13-14],为大型背斜构造,被北西—北北西向断层进一步分割为仁和场、河坝场、黑池梁 3 个次级构造,高点西北侧为池溪向斜,东南侧为通江向斜(图1b)。

  • 通南巴地区整个飞仙关组厚度为 800 m 左右,自下而上可分为飞一段—飞四段(T1f 1 —T1f 4)(图2a),其中飞一段、飞二段主要发育灰岩和泥灰岩,飞三段发育鲕粒灰岩,飞四段主要发育泥灰岩和膏岩。整个川东北地区的长兴组生物礁和飞仙关组颗粒滩的分布主要受沉积相的控制。在飞仙关组沉积早期,通南巴地区总体继承了长兴组沉积时期的格局,为陆棚相深水沉积[15-16]。飞仙关组沉积中晚期受摩天岭古陆隆升的影响,四川盆地北部构造发生掀斜,自西北向东南方向表现为大规模水退,广旺-开江-梁平陆棚从萎缩至填平补齐,而通南巴地区亦由早期深水陆棚相沉积演变成中晚期台地相沉积。伴随着填平补齐作用的发生,飞三段沉积时期通南巴地区大面积发育鲕滩储层(图2b)[17-20],且纵向上叠置连片发育,横向上具有前积迁移的特征(图3)。

  • 1.2 生储盖组合

  • 普光和元坝气田的发现已证实长兴组(P3ch)、飞仙关组(T1f)的天然气主要源于二叠系吴家坪组 (P2w)和大隆组(P2d)烃源岩,并可能有志留系甚至寒武系烃源岩的贡献[27]。通南巴地区飞三段鲕滩储层处于二叠系吴家坪组和大隆组深水陆棚相优质烃源岩生烃中心上方,烃源条件优越,且上覆飞四段膏盐岩可作为直接盖层,嘉陵江组(T1j)和雷口坡组 (T2l)厚层膏盐岩可作为区域性优质盖层,因此通南巴地区飞三段具有优越的生储盖组合条件(图2a)。

  • 1.3 高效气藏的基本特征

  • 河坝场气田飞三段气藏主要受开阔台地浅滩储层展布控制,具体特征如下:①飞三段气藏均具有储层厚度薄,非均质性强,独立的滩体成藏,各鲕滩气藏存在独立的气水界面的特征,属于裂缝-孔隙型岩性气藏。②气藏埋深大,平均埋深大于 5 000 m。③气藏属于异常超高压气藏(压力系数大于 2.0),为低温异常系统。④飞三段气藏驱动类型主要为弹性水驱,气井初始弹性能量大,产能高,试采初期,气井产能下降快,见水后,产气量和水气比快速上升,油压下降速度也逐步增大,水体能量强。 ⑤飞三段气藏甲烷含量高,二氧化碳含量低,不含硫化氢。⑥地层水来源于原始沉积古海水。

  • 图1 通南巴地区构造位置与构造分区

  • Fig.1 Tectonic location and division in Tongnanba area

  • 图2 四川盆地北部通南巴地区地层、生储盖组合及飞三段沉积相

  • Fig.2 Strata and source-reservoir-caprock assemblage in Tongnanba area,northern Sichuan Basin and sedimentary facies of the third member of Feixianguan Formation

  • 图3 通南巴地区飞三段鲕滩迁移特征(AA’)

  • Fig.3 Migration characteristics of oolitic beach in the third member of Feixianguan Formation in Tongnanba area(AA’)

  • 2 高效气藏形成机制

  • 与普光和元坝气田的长兴组和飞仙关组相比,通南巴地区飞三段储层厚度相对较薄而且不发育固体沥青,表明该区飞三段未发生古原油聚集,因此天然气的聚集应为晚期断裂沟通烃源岩并输导的结果。储层的发育、晚期断裂的输导以及天然气的汇聚过程是该区高效气藏形成的关键。

  • 2.1 高能鲕滩优质储层是高效气藏形成的基础

  • 高能礁、滩相带是川东北地区长兴组—飞仙关组优质储层发育的基础[21]。通南巴地区飞三段为开阔台地沉积环境,发育大面积鲕滩储层,且呈现叠置连片的特征(图2b,图3)。钻井精细解剖和地震响应特征综合分析表明,通南巴地区虽然鲕滩大面积分布,但储层非均质性较强。主要受水动力条件和沉积地貌的影响,滩体发育位置不同造成了储层厚度和物性的差异:滩主体部位(滩核)沉积古地貌相对较高,水动力条件强,往往发育厚层鲕滩且储层物性相对较好,滩体边缘(滩缘)反之。例如,河坝 1、河坝 2 井处于滩核位置(图4),波浪淘洗作用明显,导致泥质含量低(自然伽马曲线整体基值小),薄片显示鲕粒分选好,多见同心鲕、薄皮鲕(图5),鲕滩储层厚度大且物性好,孔隙度平均可达 4.79%;仁和 1 井处于滩缘位置,水体能量较低导致泥质含量增加(自然伽马曲线整体基值偏大),薄片显示鲕粒分选较差,鲕滩储层厚度小且单层厚度薄,物性中等-差,孔隙度平均仅为2.19%。

  • 飞三段鲕滩储层岩性主要为灰色、灰白色鲕粒灰岩[22]。岩石具颗粒结构,矿物成分以方解石为主,同时含少量白云石、泥质、硅质和铁质矿物,粒间主要为方解石胶结。储集空间以铸模孔、粒内溶孔、粒间溶孔和晶间溶孔为主,约占总孔隙的 90%; 其次为裂缝和各种微裂缝,约占总孔隙的 10%(图5)。

  • 根据河坝1、河坝102及河坝2井飞三段岩心样品的孔隙度与渗透率分布(图6),孔隙度最大值为 13.06%,最小值为 0.24%,平均值为 3.9%,其中孔隙度小于 2%,2%~5%,5%~10%以及大于 10%的样品分别占28.6%,41.3%,27.55%和2.55%。渗透率最大值为 249.806 mD,最小值为 0.001 mD,几何平均值为 0.037 mD,其中渗透率小于 0.02,0.02~0.25,0.25~1 以及大于 1 mD 的样品分别占 58.2%, 20.9%,9.2% 和 11.7%。总体来看,渗透率较低,孔隙度主要为 2%~5%,以低孔低渗透为主。孔渗相关性分析结果表明,储层具有一定的非均质性,主要为孔隙型储层,当有裂缝匹配时,渗透率可提高 2~3个数量级,为裂缝-孔隙型储层[23-25]

  • 图4 仁和1—河坝1井鲕滩储层对比

  • Fig.4 Oolitic beach reservoir distribution of Well Rh1-Hb1

  • 图5 河坝场气田飞三段储集空间类型

  • Fig.5 Reservoir space types of the third member of Feixianguan Formation in Hebachang Gasfield

  • 图6 河坝场气田飞三段储层孔隙度和渗透率频率分布

  • Fig.6 Reservoir porosity and permeability frequency distribution of the third member of Feixianguan Formation in Hebachang Gasfield

  • 2.2 通源断裂实现源储有效沟通是高效气藏形成的关键

  • 烃源岩和储层的空间配置关系不同,导致川东北地区长兴组和飞仙关组存在 2 类天然气富集模式。一类是位于台地边缘的近源聚集模式,以普光和元坝气田为典型代表,其长兴组和飞仙关组储层在垂向上和侧向上邻近二叠系烃源岩(垂直距离小于 200 m),生储空间配置关系好,因此在断裂欠发育的元坝气田也聚集了大规模的古油藏,并随后在埋藏过程中完全裂解为气藏。另一类是通源断裂纵向输导,晚期天然气运移聚集成藏的模式,以河坝场飞三段鲕滩气藏为典型代表。河坝场气田飞三段的勘探表明,台内鲕滩气藏气水关系非常复杂,储层能否有效成藏是核心问题。通过对河坝场飞三段气藏天然气组分进行分析,确定其天然气来源于二叠系烃源岩[26-28],主要为烃源岩裂解气(图7),显著区别于普光和元坝气田的原油裂解气,这与岩心资料显示储层段未见固体沥青(古油藏不发育)相吻合。通南巴地区发育多套二叠系优质烃源岩(主要包括吴家坪组和大隆组),烃源岩生排烃时期长,成熟度高,生烃能力强,为油气田的形成提供了坚实的气源基础。但是飞三段鲕粒滩储层与二叠系烃源岩的空间配置关系差,纵向的源储距离大于 500 m,烃源岩和储层之间为飞一段和飞二段的泥晶灰岩和泥灰岩,因此,迫切需要晚期断裂沟通烃源岩和储层,实现烃源岩裂解气的快速输导并聚集成藏。

  • 图7 四川盆地天然气ln(C2/C3)与ln(C1/C2)交会图版

  • Fig.7 Confluence plate of ln(C2/C3)and ln(C1/C2)of natural gas from Sichuan Basin

  • 从典型钻井试气情况来看,河坝 102 井测试日产气量为 2.63×104 m3 /d,河坝 1 井测试日产气量为 29.6×104 m3 /d,表明天然气高产、高效富集具有一定的复杂性。2 口钻井的储层厚度与物性差别不大,而且下伏二叠系烃源岩均发育,差别在于河坝 1 井距离母家梁通源断裂仅 2.3 km,通源断裂沟通二叠系烃源岩,天然气沿断裂进入鲕滩储层中富集成藏 (图8),气源充足,整体含气性较好且天然气产量高;河坝 102 井距离母家梁通源断裂 10.6 km,此外河坝 102井—河坝 107井所在鲕滩距离南部的北西向断裂带约4 km(图1b),天然气只能沿断裂带向上运移至鲕滩,然后发生侧向运移并聚集,气源相对不足,因此含气性相对差。由此可见,邻近通源断裂的鲕滩具有较好的气源条件,是天然气高效富集的关键。

  • 图8 河坝场气田天然气成藏模式

  • Fig.8 Natural gas accumulation mode of Hebachang Gasfield

  • 2.3 现今有利构造背景促进高效气藏形成

  • 通南巴地区晚期构造活动强烈,特别是燕山运动和喜马拉雅运动对研究区天然气的聚集影响巨大。一方面使早期油气重新调整、分配、散失;另一方面,晚期生成的(或相对滞留在烃源岩、油气运移滞留带内)的油气或者早期古油藏裂解形成的天然气进行重新运移、调整和散失。最终部分油气聚集于现今的构造、岩性、复合圈闭中,构成现今油气藏的分布格局。

  • 前已述及,晚期通源断裂的发育是天然气高效输导并聚集的关键。特别是晚白垩世以来,受北东方向的大巴山构造应力体系的影响,造成北西向断裂对通南巴构造主体的改造和叠加,致使通南巴构造带在喜马拉雅晚期演变为受北西向断裂分割的多高点构造带,进一步沟通了深部的天然气,并使得早期聚集的天然气进一步向构造相对高部位聚集。河坝场地区自燕山期到喜马拉雅期总体处于构造相对高部位,是天然气持续运移和聚集的有利指向区,也是形成高效气藏的重要条件。因此,鲕滩储层发育的现今构造高部位是高效气藏的有利聚集区。

  • 3 天然气成藏过程

  • 飞三段沉积时期,河坝场气田(准)同生期粒内溶孔、铸模孔鲕粒灰岩储层发育,与上覆飞四段泥岩及膏盐岩构成良好的储、盖组合。通过烃源岩热演化史和流体包裹体对河坝场气藏的充注时间和充注期次的确定[29-30],结合河坝场气田构造演化,将河坝场气田的成藏过程分为4个阶段(图9)。

  • 早三叠世,滩体形成阶段。河坝场地区发育飞三段鲕滩沉积,滩体经历了大气淡水溶蚀作用改造后,亮晶鲕粒灰岩储层较为发育,但整体白云岩化作用较弱。

  • 晚三叠世—早侏罗世,滩体未形成气藏阶段。在晚三叠世(距今约190 Ma),河坝场地区受到北西向、北东向微弱的挤压作用,形成河坝场背斜雏形,尽管此时志留系烃源岩达到生油高峰,但由于无断裂沟通,飞三段储层内未见油气充注。

  • 晚侏罗世—早白垩世,油气藏形成阶段。受米仓山隆起南北向推覆挤压,河坝场背斜基本形成,发育一组北东东—南西西向断裂。此时志留系烃源岩进入生气高峰,二叠系烃源岩进入生油气高峰,断裂的形成一方面使得早期形成的粒内溶孔、铸模孔鲕粒灰岩储层物性进一步改善,更重要的是对于沟通烃源岩和储层起到了至关重要的作用,这一阶段是油气藏主要形成阶段。

  • 晚白垩世—新生代,气藏调整改造阶段。燕山运动晚期,受周缘山系进一步挤压,四川盆地北部形成北东向构造,为河坝场地区构造形成的主要阶段。进入喜马拉雅期后,通南巴背斜由于受大巴山强烈挤压推覆影响,大量北西向断裂叠加于北东向背斜之上,一方面将整个背斜分割成较多的块体,另一方面沟通了深部气源并快速运移至飞三段鲕滩储层。河坝场地区受断裂影响相对较弱,但背斜整体构造规模和幅度有所增加,是天然气的持续运移和聚集区。

  • 图9 河坝场气田飞三段天然气成藏演化

  • Fig.9 Natural gas accumulation and evolution of the third member of Feixianguan Formation of Hebachang Gasfield

  • 4 有利勘探方向

  • 通过对河坝场地区飞三段气藏进行精细解剖,基本明确了优质储层、通源断裂、现今有利构造是飞三段台内滩高效成藏的关键要素。近期研究发现处于通南巴背斜翼部的通江地区飞三段具备良好的油气成藏条件,为有利的勘探潜力区。

  • 通江地区具有与河坝场地区相似的飞三段鲕滩储层有利发育背景。川北地区发育飞三段自北西向南东叠置迁移的开阔台地鲕滩储层,通江地区与河坝场地区相类似发育鲕滩优质储层,因此通江地区具有形成大中型气田的物质基础。

  • 通江地区发育成排成带的通源断裂,断裂向上均以嘉陵江组膏盐岩为滑脱层,向下主要以志留系泥页岩为滑脱层,有效沟通二叠系和志留系烃源岩,有利于油气沿断裂及裂缝向上运移至飞三段储层中(图10),气源充足。此外,通江地区发育嘉陵江组膏盐岩区域性盖层和飞四段泥岩、膏盐岩直接盖层,两者均具有层位稳定、连续性好的特点,且通源断裂基本上未断穿膏盐岩,因此具有较好的保存条件。

  • 通江地区虽为背斜翼部,但“凹中隆”的构造特征明显(图1b,图10),是天然气调整并最终聚集的有利指向区。河坝场地区勘探实践证明现今有利构造背景是天然气高效成藏的关键,通江地区现今构造位置为通南巴背斜翼部,但图10中可以看出通江地区北东向具有两侧低、中间高的构造特征,为典型的“凹中隆”,是后期油气调整和重新分配的有利场所。

  • 图10 通江地区飞三段高效天然气成藏模式

  • Fig.10 High-efficiency natural gas accumulation mode of the third member of Feixianguan Formation in Tongjiang area

  • 5 结论

  • 通过对河坝场地区飞三段气藏特征进行深入分析,结合该区地质特点和勘探实践,提出了“高能鲕滩优质储层是高效气藏形成的基础,通源断裂实现源储有效沟通是高效气藏形成的关键,现今有利构造背景促进高效气藏形成”的认识。在此认识的指导下,重点围绕优质储层、通源断裂开展区带评价优选,提出通江地区飞三段发育优质鲕滩储层,具有优越的烃源岩和保存条件,且通源断裂成排成带发育,具有形成高效气藏的有利要素,是近期有望实现高效勘探开发、扩大勘探成果的有利区。

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