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作者简介:

李秋言(1990—),男,黑龙江大庆人,在读博士研究生,从事提高采收率理论与技术方面的研究。E-mail:liqiuyan1990@foxmail.com。

中图分类号:TE357

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2020)03-0085-06

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.2020.03.011

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目录contents

    摘要

    为研究聚合物的滞留率对特低渗透非均质油藏调堵效果的影响,利用人造非均质储层模型开展注聚合物-天然能量开采模拟实验。借助自主设计的边底水油藏天然能量开采模拟实验装置,实现了室内开采实验对目标油藏矿场开发特征的精准模拟,明确了聚合物滞留率对控水、保压、稳油和提高采收率效果的影响。实验结果表明,提高聚合物在高渗透层的滞留有助于控制水窜、抑制油藏压力降低速度,对延长油井稳产期效果明显。此外,采收率与聚合物滞留率为非单调变化规律,即存在一个采收率达到峰值的最佳聚合物滞留率;以最佳聚合物滞留率为界,聚合物滞留率过小或者过大,采收率均明显降低。对于目标油藏,适宜的聚合物滞留率为70%~82%,其适宜的注入量为高渗透层孔隙体积的0.3~0.6倍。由此可知,特低渗透非均质油藏调堵工艺需要控制聚合物适宜的注入量和适度的滞留率。

    Abstract

    In order to study the effect of polymer retention on conformance control and production performance in an ultralow permeability heterogeneous reservoir,the artificial heterogeneous core models are used to perform a series of polymer conformance control experiments followed by production under the natural energy. Based on the novel designed experimen- tal apparatus for reservoirs with an edge and bottom water and produced by the natural energy,the similarity simulation for the production characteristics of a practical oilfield is achieved in laboratory. The effect of polymer retention rate on water channeling control,reservoir pressure maintaining,oil production stabilization and enhanced oil recovery were analyzed. The results show that the increase of the polymer retention in the high-permeability layer is helpful to control water chan- neling,inhibit the decline rate of reservoir pressure,and extend the relatively high production period of production wells. Additionally,the oil recovery and the rate of polymer retention are non-monotonic,namely,there is an optimal retention rate(RC )to reach the highest oil recovery. Taking the optimal retention rate of polymer as the benchmark,higher or lower polymer retention rate leads to an obvious decline in oil recovery. For the target reservoir,the laboratory results show that the optimal polymer retention rate are 70% to 82%,and the optimal polymer injection volume are 0.3 PV to 0.6 PV(PV rep- resents the pore volume of the high-permeability layer). An effective conformance control technology for an ultra-low per- meability heterogeneous reservoir needs to provide both optimal polymer injection volume and polymer retention rate

  • 特低渗透油气资源储量十分可观,得益于开采技术的提高,特低渗透油藏开发越来越受到重视[1-5]。与常规中高渗透油藏不同,特低渗透储层普遍存在高渗透层或裂缝,而且基质渗透率较低,导致油藏非均质性较强[6-8]。对于强边底水油藏,严重的非均质性导致水窜,造成油藏采收率极低[9-10]。对于非均质性较强的油藏,提高油藏采收率首先要考虑提高油藏的波及系数[11-16]。调堵作为一种有效提高波及系数的技术是石油行业研究的热点[17-23],其中以聚合物调堵技术应用最为广泛,在大庆、胜利、中原、河南、克拉玛依、吉林等油田均已取得良好的增油效果[24-28]

  • 长庆西峰油田某试验区,由于边底水发育、基质致密且井距较大,采用常规注采井网很难在注采井间建立有效的驱动压差[29],目前大部分油井依靠天然能量开采[30]。为了抑制流体窜流带来的地层压力消耗过快,诸多学者提出可在油藏开发前先向储层中注入一定量的聚合物,依靠聚合物的滞留可有效抑制开发过程中的水窜现象,该技术已逐步进入矿场试验阶段[31-33]。为研究聚合物注入和滞留对依靠天然能量开发的边底水油藏调堵效果及相关开采特征,笔者首先设计了一套可模拟实际油藏能量变化规律的实验装置,利用人造非均质储层模型开展注聚合物-天然能量开采模拟实验,考察聚合物的滞留率随注入量的变化,进而研究聚合物在油藏中的滞留率对生产阶段油井含水率、油藏压力衰减率、油井产液量变化和油藏采收率的影响,最后优选针对目标油藏的最佳聚合物注入量和滞留率区间。该研究结果对矿场调堵施工中聚合物注入量和滞留率的选择提供了实验依据。

  • 1 实验器材与方法

  • 1.1 实验器材

  • 实验仪器(图1)主要包括:ISCO 泵、岩心夹持器、恒温箱、活塞、中间容器、压力传感器、六通阀、手摇泵、真空泵、采出液计量装置等。此外,笔者自主设计的边底水油藏天然能量开采模拟实验装置(已申请发明专利,申请号:201811517745.X;专利公布号:CN109854235A)则是保证室内开采实验可对目标油藏开采特征精准模拟的关键所在。能量存储模拟器、能量衰减模拟器和回压稳定系统为该实验装置的重要组成部分。此外,该装置还包含油水隔离器、压力缓冲器等部件。

  • 图1 油藏天然能量开采模拟实验装置组成示意

  • Fig.1 Diagram of experimental apparatus for reservoir produced by natural energy

  • 实验装置所具有的优势主要包括:①在调堵液注入过程中,可实现油藏能量储存的模拟。②由于能量衰减模拟器参数可人为调节,在开采过程中,可精确控制能量释放速率,使其与目标油藏相似。 ③通过对回压稳定系统附加阻尼的设计,并针对目标油藏条件,可使实验误差减小至 2% 以内。④可实现对油藏能量和开采特征的实时监测。

  • 实验用油为长庆西峰油田西 233 井试油油样,在油藏温度为65℃下的原油黏度为1.5 mPa·s。

  • 实验用水为长庆西峰油田长 7 层模拟地层水, K+ +Na+,Ca2+,Mg2+,Cl-,SO4 2- 和 HCO3- 的质量浓度分别为 20 500,2 528,270,29 703,734,337 mg/L,总矿化度为54 072 mg/L。

  • 调堵液选用部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)水溶液,其中HPAM相对分子质量为2.6×107。在油藏温度下,质量浓度为 3 000 mg/L 的 HPAM 溶液黏度为 287 mPa·s。

  • 实验选用人造三层非均质岩心物理模型,设计尺寸为 4.5 cm×4.5 cm×30 cm。岩心中央相对高渗透层(模拟水窜通道)厚度为1 cm,渗透率为50 mD;岩心两侧相对低渗透层(模拟基质)厚度均为 1.75 cm,渗透率为 5 mD。非均质岩心渗透率级差为 10。岩心基本物性参数见表1。

  • 表1 岩心基本物性参数

  • Table1 Basic petrophysical parameters of cores

  • 1.2 实验方法

  • 在模拟油藏温度为65℃,原始油藏压力为11.3 MPa,聚合物注入质量浓度为 3 000 mg/L的条件下,开展特低渗透非均质油藏注聚合物-天然能量开采模拟实验。共设计 6 组实验,分别对饱和油的模型注入 0,0.1,0.3,0.6,1.2 和 1.5 PV(PV 以高渗透层孔隙体积计算)的聚合物,焖井12 h,进行回采,比较不同聚合物注入量条件下的油井含水率、油藏压力衰减率、油井产液量以及油藏采收率。

  • 具体实验步骤主要包括:①测量物理模型尺寸,对模型抽真空,利用侧向饱和法饱和水、饱和油,老化 24 h,并计算模型孔隙度及原始含油饱和度。②把饱和油的物理模型从侧向饱和油装置中转移至岩心夹持器。③实验开始前先向能量储存模拟器注入水,使其初始压力(p1)为11.3 MPa(模拟油藏原始地层压力),回压设为10 MPa(模拟生产压差)。④从出口端向物理模型中注入一定量的聚合物溶液,焖井12 h。⑤开始回采,记录能量储存模拟器初始压力、模型入口压力(p2)和油、水产量,测试采出液黏度并计算出聚合物滞留量。⑥当采出液含水率达到98%时,停止实验。⑦改变聚合物注入量,重复实验步骤①—⑥。

  • 2 实验结果分析

  • 2.1 聚合物滞留率与注入量的关系

  • 定义聚合物滞留率为滞留在岩心中的聚合物质量与注入的聚合物总质量之比。由釆出液黏度计算可得到聚合物滞留量,进而计算得到聚合物滞留率随注入量的变化(图2)可以看出,聚合物滞留率随其注入量的增加表现为单调递增趋势。特别是在注入量从 0 提高至 0.3 PV 的阶段,聚合物滞留率从 0 迅速升至 76%;而当注入量从 0.3 PV 提高至 1.2 PV 时,聚合物滞留率只从 76% 提高到 87%。当注入高渗透层的注入量为 1.5 PV 时,实验观察发现,开采阶段油藏压力基本保持不变、出口端无液体产出,此时可认为聚合物滞留率为 100%,油藏采收率为 0。研究分析认为,过多的聚合物在封堵高渗透通道的同时也有部分渗入到特低渗透基质中,特别是在近出口端面上往往会产生较为严重的污染,从而导致在该实验生产压差条件下油井无产能,油藏经济效益变差。

  • 图2 聚合物滞留率随注入量的变化

  • Fig.2 Relationship between polymer retention rate and injection volume

  • 2.2 聚合物滞留率对油藏开采特征的影响

  • 2.2.1 平均含水率

  • 在开发过程中,对含水率曲线积分可得到油藏整体开发阶段的平均含水率,从其随聚合物滞留率的变化(图3)可以看出,对于含边底水的特低渗透非均质油藏,若未注聚合物调堵而直接开采,整个开发阶段平均含水率高达 93.86%;注入聚合物后,随聚合物在岩心中滞留率的增加,对水窜通道的封堵能力加强,开发阶段平均含水率呈下降趋势;当聚合物滞留率达到76%时,开发阶段平均含水率下降至 87.09%,较直接开采下降 6.77 个百分点,说明聚合物在高渗透层的滞留可有效抑制边底水窜流,对控制油井含水率上升的效果明显。

  • 图3 开发阶段平均含水率随聚合物滞留率的变化

  • Fig.3 Relationship between average water cut and polymer retention rate at development phase

  • 2.2.2 油藏压力衰减率

  • 依靠天然能量开发的油藏,油藏压力衰减率决定了其开采时间和经济效益。定义油藏压力衰减率为单位开采时间内油藏压力降低量与原始油藏压力之比。实验中开采时间取值为 30 min,由油藏压力衰减率与聚合物滞留率关系(图4)可以看出,当聚合物滞留率为 56% 时,油藏压力衰减率为 8.46%。因聚合物滞留率过低而不能有效增加高渗透层渗流阻力,边底水沿高渗透层水窜,导致油藏压力利用率极低并且消耗过快。当聚合物滞留率达到 76% 时,油藏压力衰减率明显降低,在开采 30 min时油藏压力衰减率仅为3.06%。这说明,对于天然能量开发的特低渗透非均质油藏,提高聚合物滞留率,可有效维持油藏能量水平,同时提高油藏能量利用率。

  • 图4 油藏压力衰减率随聚合物滞留率的变化

  • Fig.4 Relationship between decline rate of reservoir pressure and polymer retention rate

  • 2.2.3 油井产液量

  • 当聚合物滞留率不同时,由油井产液量随开采时间变化(图5)可以看出,未注聚合物调堵直接开采时,边底水沿高渗透层窜流,虽然初期可获得较高产液量,但产液量降低较快。随着聚合物滞留率的增加,高渗透层渗流阻力增大,部分低渗透层开始参与渗流,初期产液量开始下降,但产液量递减速度也得到了有效控制。这说明,增加聚合物滞留率有助于油井的稳产。但油藏的开发还需兼顾油井的相对高产,而过高的聚合物滞留率必然会导致油井产能的下降,甚至油井被全部堵实而无产能 (聚合物滞留率为 100% 时)。根据实验结果分析,该油藏条件下聚合物滞留率不应超过87%。

  • 图5 不同聚合物滞留率时油井产液量随开采时间的变化

  • Fig.5 Relationship between liquid production and time at different polymer retention rates

  • 2.2.4 油藏采收率

  • 由油藏采收率随聚合物滞留率的变化(图6)可以看出,随着聚合物滞留率的增加,油藏采收率呈先升高后降低的趋势。当聚合物滞留率为56%时,油藏采收率仅为 25.5%;当聚合物滞留率升高至 76%时,油藏采收率提高至39.0%;当聚合物滞留率继续增至 80% 时,油藏采收率稍有提高,达到最高达40.6%;而后当聚合物滞留率升至87%时,油藏采收率快速降低至 17.7%。综上所述,当聚合物滞留率在 70%~82% 以外时,无论聚合物滞留率增加或者降低,均会导致油藏采收率降低。其原因是过低的聚合物滞留率不足以有效封堵高渗透层,无法有效提高特低渗透基质的波及系数;而过多的聚合物滞留又会导致储层严重污染,使基质的产液能力明显下降。

  • 图6 油藏采收率随聚合物滞留率的变化

  • Fig.6 Relationship between oil recovery and polymer retention rate

  • 综上研究分析认为,特低渗透非均质油藏的聚合物滞留率对开采效果的影响规律不同于传统的中高渗透油藏,聚合物滞留率过高开采效果反而变差;对于目标油藏,存在能使油藏采收率达到峰值的较适宜的聚合物滞留率,为70%~82%。该聚合物滞留率区间对应的最佳聚合物注入量为0.3~0.6 PV (PV以高渗透层孔隙体积计算)。

  • 3 结论

  • 自主设计的边底水油藏天然能量开采模拟实验装置能够准确模拟目标油藏生产特征。对于依靠天然能量开发的特低渗透非均质油藏,提高聚合物在高渗透层的滞留率有助于控制边底水油藏水窜,同时可有效抑制油藏压力降低速率,但过高的聚合物滞留率则会导致油井产液能力的下降。聚合物滞留率对油藏采收率的影响是非单调的,滞留率过小或者过大,油藏采收率均明显降低;存在一个聚合物滞留率的适宜值,对应的油藏采收率达到峰值。实验条件下,目标油藏适宜的聚合物滞留率为 70%~82%,对应最佳的聚合物注入量为 0.3~0.6 PV(PV以高渗透层孔隙体积计算)。后续的研究主要集中在考察不同注入介质(包括气、液、聚合物微球等)、质量浓度以及调堵液段塞对特低渗透非均质天然能量开采油藏开发效果的影响。相关研究结果将为有效提高该类油藏采收率提供一套可行的技术思路。

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