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作者简介:

张奎华(1972—),男,山东滨州人,教授级高级工程师,博士,从事油气勘探部署工作。E-mail:zhangkuihua.slyt@sinopec.com。

通讯作者:

王越(1988—),男,山东德州人,助理研究员,博士。E-mail:620788364@qq.com。

中图分类号:TE121.3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2020)04-0001-12

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.2020.04.001

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目录contents

    摘要

    博格达地区芦草沟组为准噶尔盆地南缘重要的烃源岩发育层段,前期沉积特征研究往往针对博格达山北侧泥页岩发育区或南侧柴窝堡凹陷砂砾岩发育区,缺乏对博格达地区整体性的研究。通过对博格达山周缘典型露头的芦草沟组进行详细观察和精细测量,结合柴窝堡凹陷钻井、测井、岩心资料,详细分析该区的地层特征、沉积相类型及分布特征,明确沉积演化过程。研究结果表明:博格达地区芦草沟组自下而上可划分为一段、二段、三段与四段,主要发育近岸水下扇、浊积扇与湖泊相沉积。在芦草沟组一段、二段沉积时期,近岸水下扇在柴窝堡凹陷广泛分布,浊积扇与半深湖亚相主要分布在博格达山以北;在芦草沟组三段、四段沉积时期,相对湖平面上升,近岸水下扇与浊积扇规模减小,半深湖、深湖亚相在研究区分布广泛,发育大规模的优质烃源岩。

    Abstract

    The Lucaogou Formation in Bogda area is an important hydrocarbon source rock in the southern margin of Jung- gar Basin. The early study of sedimentary characteristics often focused on the mud shale on the north side of Bogda moun- tain or the glutenite on the south side of Chaiwopu Sag. However,the studies on the integrity of Bogda area are insufficient. Based on the detail observation and measurement of Lucaogou Formation at the typical outcrop around Bogda mountain, combined with the well logging and core data in Chaiwopu Sag,the stratigraphic characteristics,types and distribution fea- tures of sedimentary facies in this area were analyzed in detail,and the sedimentary evolution process was defined. The re- sults show that Lucaogou Formation in Bogda area can be divided into the first member,the second member,the third mem- ber and the fourth member from bottom to top,in which the main sedimentary facies of the nearshore subaqueous fan,turbi- dite fan,semi-deep lake and deep lake are developed. During the sedimentation of the first and the second member of Luca- ogou Formation,the nearshore subaqueous fan was widely distributed in Chaiwopu Sag,the turbidite fan and the semi-deep lake were mainly distributed to the north of present Bogda mountain. During the sedimentation of the third and the fourth member of Lucaogou Formation,the scale of the nearshore subaqueous fan and the turbidite fan decreased as the relative lake level rose,and the semi-deep lake and deep lake facies were widely distributed in the studying area,resulting in the development of large-scale high quality source rocks.

  • 博格达山周缘中二叠统芦草沟组发育厚层泥页岩、油页岩[1-2],有机碳含量与生烃潜量较高[3],为该区重要的烃源岩层段[4-5]。前人认为中二叠世为断陷盆地的扩张期[6-10],博格达山尚未隆升[11-12],博格达地区在半深湖-深湖环境下发育了优质烃源岩。针对芦草沟组沉积方面的研究涵盖了油气地质条件[13-15]、沉积相类型及分布[16-19]、沉积环境[20-22]、白云岩成因[23-24] 等方面。冯烁等研究认为芦草沟组沉积时期交替出现的炎热气候条件和生物大量繁盛为半深湖-深湖环境油页岩的形成提供了有利条件[14]。王正和等认为芦草沟组主要发育扇三角洲和湖泊体系,前扇三角洲至深湖亚相泥页岩具有较好的页岩油气勘探潜力[15]。李红研究认为柴窝堡凹陷芦草沟组发育扇三角洲-滨浅湖-半深湖沉积体系[16]。彭雪峰等研究认为博格达山北缘芦草沟组发育滨湖、浅湖和半深湖3种亚相,进一步划分为砂质滩坝、泥质滩坝、碳酸盐滩坝和生物礁4种微相[18]。杨志浩等通过对韭菜园子沟剖面研究,建立了芦草沟组富砂型湖泊深水沉积模式[19]。陈健等认为准南地区芦草沟组整体处于半咸水-咸水、贫氧-厌氧环境,受陆源碎屑和火山灰间歇性影响,为有机质的输入和保存提供了有利条件[20]。总体来看,前期主要针对柴窝堡凹陷或者博格达山北缘地区的沉积特征进行研究,区域整体性研究相对较少。芦草沟组地层厚度大,横向上与纵向上岩性变化复杂,等时地层单元内开展区域性的研究有利于落实烃源岩纵向发育位置及平面分布范围。

  • 博格达地区位于盆地断陷一侧,且紧邻造山带,地震资料品质较差,难以开展精细层序地层划分工作。笔者通过对完整出露芦草沟组的剖面进行精细测量和系统取样测试,依据岩石组合、矿物组成、元素比值及有机地化等特征对芦草沟组进行组段划分,结合测井、录井资料建立地层格架,进一步详细分析芦草沟组典型沉积相的岩性组合、沉积相分布及沉积体系时空演化特征,以期为研究区页岩油气及致密油气藏的勘探与预测提供依据。

  • 1 区域地质背景

  • 研究区位于准噶尔盆地的东南部,包括博格达山及其周缘地区(图1)。早、中二叠世博格达山尚未隆升,研究区连续发育下二叠统石人子沟组、塔什库拉组与中二叠统乌拉泊组、井井子沟组、芦草沟组、红雁池组。晚二叠世博格达山初次隆升,在其南北两侧凹陷区自下而上发育泉子街组、梧桐沟组与锅底坑组。现今博格达山为一向北凸出的弧形复背斜,出露中—上石炭统海相火山岩、碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩,其南、北两翼出露二叠系—第四系。中二叠统芦草沟组在博格达山周缘多条剖面出露良好,易于观察。

  • 图1 博格达地区区域位置及剖面位置

  • Fig.1 Location and geological profile of Bogda area

  • 博格达山南北两侧均发育芦草沟组,在柴窝堡凹陷厚度为500~750 m,主要为灰色与灰绿色砾岩、砂砾岩、中粗砂岩、泥岩,纵向岩性变化特征不明显。博格达山北缘芦草沟组厚度为540~1 100 m,主要为灰色粉细砂岩、云质粉砂岩以及深灰色云质泥岩、泥岩、泥页岩,自下而上岩性特征变化明显。在乌鲁木齐市以东15 km处井井子沟剖面芦草沟组出露完整,岩性特征变化明显,对该剖面进行精细测量和系统取样测试。芦草沟组下部以粉细砂岩为主,夹薄层泥岩;上部以深灰色泥岩、泥页岩为主,夹薄层云质粉砂岩、粉砂岩与泥晶白云岩。Sr/Ba与 V/(V+Ni)值反映芦草沟组下部沉积时期处于半咸水、贫氧沉积环境,上部为咸水、极贫氧沉积环境。岩石热解分析表明芦草沟组下部有机碳含量与生烃潜量相对较低,上部有机碳含量与生烃潜量较高,达到了优质烃源岩的标准。综合岩石类型、矿物组成、元素比值及有机地化等特征,将井井子沟剖面芦草沟组自下而上划分为一段、二段、三段与四段(图2),以该剖面为芦草沟组标准剖面对其他地区的地层划分进行约束,并建立芦草沟组地层格架。

  • 2 沉积相类型

  • 在芦草沟组沉积时期,博格达地区主要发育近岸水下扇、浊积扇与湖泊3种沉积相。

  • 2.1 近岸水下扇

  • 露头与岩心综合分析结果表明,近岸水下扇主要在柴窝堡凹陷发育,以扇中和扇缘亚相为主。

  • 近岸水下扇扇中主要以厚层灰色中砾岩、含中砾细砾岩与砂砾岩沉积为主,夹薄层深灰色粉砂质泥岩、泥岩(图3,图4a),根据岩性组合特征与沉积构造进一步划分为沟道和沟道间2个微相。沟道由多期次的砂砾岩体在垂向上叠置构成,单层厚度为 2~4 m,累积厚度最大约为12 m,主要发育块状层理和粒序层理,测井相模式表现为箱形(图3),反映了强水动力条件。砾岩以火山岩砾石和变质岩砾石为主,粒径主要为1~4 cm(图4b),最大可到8 cm(图4c),呈次棱角、次圆状,多呈高角度不稳定状与砂级碎屑颗粒混杂堆积,分选极差。沟道间沉积以深灰色粉砂质泥岩、泥岩为主,厚度一般为0.5~2.0 m,测井曲线较平直。综合分析可知,扇中亚相为近源深水快速沉积的产物,主要以重力流搬运为主。

  • 近岸水下扇扇缘以灰色砂砾岩、含砾粗砂岩、中粗砂岩和深灰色粉砂质泥岩、泥岩的不等厚互层为主,进一步划分出沟道和沟道间 2 个微相。沟道沉积的砂砾岩体厚度一般为 1~3 m,最大约为 5 m,主要发育块状层理和粒序层理,底部可见明显的冲刷面(图4d),测井相模式表现为钟形、箱形。砾石粒径主要为 0.5~2 cm,最大约为 5 cm,呈次棱角状、次圆状,分选极差(图4e,4f),结构成熟度和成分成熟度均较低。沟道间沉积以深灰色粉砂质泥岩、泥岩为主,厚度一般为 2~4 m,以纹层状构造为主,测井相模式表现为线形(图3),反映弱水动力条件。扇缘亚相砂地比较扇中亚相小,岩性变细,反映沉积水动力条件相对减弱。

  • 2.2 浊积扇

  • 博格达山北缘大龙口、小龙口等剖面可见芦草沟组发育薄层砂体与深灰色泥岩互层(图5a),单层砂体厚度为 0.05~3 m,属于深水浊积扇沉积。根据露头岩性组合特征及沉积构造,划分出扇中与扇缘 2个亚相。

  • 2.2.1 扇中亚相

  • 扇中亚相以浊流水道和漫溢沉积为主,浊流水道下部发育块状层理含砾粗砂岩、槽状交错层理中砂岩与正粒序层理中砂岩(图5b),受重力流和牵引流双重搬运作用控制;浊流水道上部发育水平层理粉砂岩与块状层理泥岩。浊流水道自下而上岩性由粗变细,由槽状交错层理过渡为水平层理,反映由早期到晚期水动力条件逐渐变弱。漫溢沉积主要分布在浊流水道的两侧,单期砂体表现为正旋回结构,厚度一般为 0.5~1.5 m,自下而上由正粒序层理中砂岩过渡为平行层理细砂岩(图5c),其水动力条件较浊流水道明显变弱。

  • 2.2.2 扇缘亚相

  • 扇缘亚相厚度较小,以粉细砂岩和泥岩薄互层沉积为主(图5d),粉细砂岩单层厚度为 0.5~5 cm,在露头及镜下可以观察到水平层理、变形构造、同生小断层(图5e)。与大龙口剖面相邻的钻井岩心可以观察到滑塌浊积岩透镜体、不明显鲍马序列、包卷层理、火焰状构造及同沉积布丁构造(图5f)。镜下观察发现粉细砂岩中泥质杂基含量极高,为15%~30%,陆源碎屑颗粒呈次棱角状、棱角状,分选较差,反映了沉积物在浊流搬运作用下快速的沉积作用。大龙口、小龙口地区大量的软沉积物变形构造反映了当时该区域古斜坡易受重力作用发生大规模的滑塌,形成砂泥岩互层沉积。

  • 图2 井井子沟剖面中二叠统芦草沟组地层沉积综合柱状图

  • Fig.2 Stratigraphic column of Middle Permian Lucaogou Formation in Jingjingzigou profile

  • 注:全岩矿物X衍射在胜利油田勘探开发研究院地层古生物实验室完成,仪器型号为D/max-2500PC衍射仪;岩石热解数据由胜利油田勘探开发研究院地球化学实验室完成,仪器型号为岩石热解仪ROCK-EVAL6;微量元素测试由中国石油大学(北京)油气资源与探测国家重点实验室完成,仪器型号为离子体质谱仪ICP-MS。

  • 2.3 湖泊

  • 湖泊相在博格达山北缘分布广泛,以半深湖、深湖亚相为主。

  • 2.3.1 半深湖亚相

  • 博格达山北缘芦草沟组二段和三段发育深灰色泥岩、云质泥岩、云质粉砂岩、粉砂岩与白云岩的薄互层(图6a,6b),属于半深湖沉积。泥岩、云质泥岩以块状层理为主,有机碳含量为 3%~13.8%,平均为 4.4%,生烃潜量为 6~70 mg/g,平均为 23 mg/g,为优质烃源岩(图2)。白云岩厚度为 0.1~0.3 m,由多期次透镜状泥晶白云岩叠置构成(图6c,6d),白云石含量为 70%~85%,陆源碎屑含量为 5%~15%。扫描电镜下白云石的形态主要为微球状和他形 2 类,微球状白云石直径约为1~3 μm,他形白云石直径约为 3~5 μm(图6e)。张晓宝等分别根据元素分析和碳氧同位素分析,认为博格达地区芦草沟组微球状和他形白云石与产甲烷菌等微生物有关的原生白云石,主要形成于深水咸化还原环境[23-24]。云质粉砂岩、粉砂岩厚度为0.2~1.0 m,以水平层理为主(图6f),镜下可见粉砂级长英质矿物与黏土矿物呈纹层状分布,纹层间距为0.2~0.5 mm(图6g)。此外,在粉砂岩中可见保存相对完整的古鳕鱼化石(图6h),整体反映了相对安静的沉积环境。半深湖内优质烃源岩与泥晶白云岩、云质粉砂岩、粉砂岩构成的岩石组合,具备形成致密油的良好条件。

  • 图3 达1井中二叠统芦草沟组取心段沉积特征

  • Fig.3 Sedimentary characteristics of the coring section of Middle Permian Lucaogou Formation in Well Da1

  • 图4 博格达地区中二叠统芦草沟组近岸水下扇典型沉积特征

  • Fig.4 Typical sedimentary characteristics of nearshore subaqueous fan of Middle Permian Lucaogou Formation in Bogda area

  • 图5 博格达地区露头与钻井中二叠统芦草沟组浊积扇典型沉积特征

  • Fig.5 Typical sedimentary characteristics of turbidite fan of Middle Permian Lucaogou Formation in outcrop and drilling core in Bogda area

  • 图6 井井子沟剖面中二叠统芦草沟组三段半深湖相沉积特征

  • Fig.6 Typical sedimentary characteristics of semi-deep lake of Middle Permian Lucaogou Formation in Jingjingzigou section

  • 注:全岩矿物X衍射与扫描电镜分析均在胜利油田勘探开发研究院地层古生物实验室完成,仪器型号分别为D/max-2500PC 衍射仪与Quanta200扫描电镜。

  • 2.3.2 深湖亚相

  • 博格达山北缘芦草沟组发育厚层深灰色泥页岩、油页岩夹薄层白云岩(图7a,7b),偶见薄层灰岩,整体形成于深湖环境。泥页岩单层厚度为 2~8 m(图7c),具页状构造,纹层间距为 0.1~0.3 mm(图7d)。泥页岩主要由长英质矿物、黏土矿物组成,有机质在黏土纹层中富集(图7e),有机碳含量为 2.8%~14.8%,平均为 5.3%,生烃潜量为 3~70 mg/g,平均为31 mg/g,为优质烃源岩。白云岩厚度为0.2~0.5 m,多呈透镜状,主要为泥晶白云岩,白云石含量为 80%~95%(图7f),陆源碎屑含量为 5%~10%,主要为单晶石英颗粒(图7g)。扫描电镜下白云石的形态主要为微球状(图7h),直径约为5~10 μm,粒径比半深湖环境下形成的白云石颗粒大,反映其沉积水体深度更大、沉积环境更为稳定。芦草沟组四段深湖相泥页岩累积厚度最大约为 200 m,空间上分布广泛,有机碳含量、生烃潜量高,具备形成页岩油气的良好条件。

  • 图7 红雁池剖面中二叠统芦草沟组四段深湖相沉积特征

  • Fig.7 Typical sedimentary characteristics of deep lake of fourth member of Middle Permian Lucaogou Formation in Hongyanchi section

  • 注:扫描电镜分析在胜利油田勘探开发研究院地层古生物实验室完成,仪器型号为Quanta200扫描电镜。

  • 3 沉积演化

  • 准噶尔盆地在中二叠世芦草沟组沉积时期发生大规模湖侵,博格达地区位于盆地断陷一侧[2],伊连哈比尔尕山(简称伊山)为该区的主要物源[3]。柴窝堡凹陷主要发育近岸水下扇扇中和扇缘沉积(图8),现今博格达山北缘地区广泛发育半深湖-深湖、浊积扇沉积(图9),砂地比由南向北、由西向东逐渐变小,反映伊山西侧供给能力较强,由西向东供给能力减弱。

  • 在芦草沟组一段沉积时期,物源供给较为充足,柴窝堡凹陷广泛发育近岸水下扇砂砾岩体,向湖盆中心推进最远距离约为 60 km,柴窝堡凹陷以北地区主要发育半深湖与浊积扇沉积,分布范围相对较小(图10a)。在芦草沟组二段沉积时期,相对湖平面有所上升,近岸水下扇扇体分布范围减小,尤其是近岸水下扇扇中的沉积范围明显减小,半深湖与浊积扇沉积的分布范围有所增大(图10b)。在芦草沟组三段沉积时期,相对湖平面持续上升,近岸水下扇扇体进一步萎缩,向湖盆中心推进最远距离约为 40 km(图10c);半深湖分布范围明显增大,形成云质泥岩、泥岩与云质粉砂岩、粉砂岩、泥晶白云岩的频繁互层;靠近盆地腹部的区域出现深湖沉积,分布范围相对较小。在芦草沟组四段沉积时期,相对湖平面快速上升,近岸水下扇扇体大范围缩小,向湖盆推进最远距离约为 20 km(图10d);半深湖分布范围变小,呈带状平行于伊山分布;深湖沉积范围达到最大,发育厚层泥页岩、油页岩夹薄层泥晶白云岩,成为重要的优质烃源岩层段。综合分析可知,芦草沟组为湖平面持续上升的沉积过程,近岸水下扇砂砾岩规模不断缩小,半深湖-深湖沉积范围不断扩大,发育大规模的优质烃源岩。

  • 图8 博格达地区柴参1石井—三工河剖面芦草沟组沉积相对比

  • Fig.8 Lucaogou Formation sedimentary facies of Well Chaican1Shi-Sangonghe section in Bogda area

  • 图9 博格达地区井井子沟剖面—奇1井芦草沟组沉积相对比

  • Fig.9 Lucaogou Formation sedimentary facies of Jingjingzigou-Well Qi1 section in Bogda area

  • 图10 博格达地区中二叠统芦草沟组沉积相分布

  • Fig.10 Sedimentary facies distribution of Middle Permian Lucaogou Formation in Bogda area

  • 4 结论

  • 博格达地区芦草沟组自下而上分为一段、二段、三段与四段,发育近岸水下扇、浊积扇与湖泊相沉积。近岸水下扇主要发育扇中和扇缘亚相,以灰色砾岩、砂砾岩与深灰色泥岩互层为主。浊积扇主要发育扇中和扇缘亚相,分别以灰色中粗砂岩和粉细砂岩沉积为主。湖泊主要发育半深湖、深湖亚相,前者以深灰色云质泥岩、云质粉砂岩、粉砂岩与泥晶白云岩互层为主,后者以厚层泥页岩夹泥晶白云岩为主。

  • 芦草沟组沉积时期整体为湖侵的沉积过程。在芦草沟组一段、二段沉积时期,物源供给能力较强,近岸水下扇在柴窝堡凹陷连片分布,半深湖与浊积扇分布在现今博格达山以北地区。在芦草沟组三段、四段沉积时期,湖侵规模不断扩大,半深湖、深湖沉积在柴窝堡凹陷与现今博格达山周缘广泛分布,发育大规模的优质烃源岩。

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