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作者简介:

陈勇(1975—),男,山东东营人,高级工程师,硕士,从事采油工艺技术研究与应用工作。E-mail:807349283@qq.com。

通讯作者:

翟明洋(1993—),男,湖北襄阳人,在读博士研究生。E-mail:zhaimingyang_2011@163.com。

中图分类号:TE357.1

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2020)05-0033-11

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.2020.05.004

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目录contents

    摘要

    砂砾岩储层岩心的脆性特征与油气田水力压裂改造效果密切相关,探究砂砾岩储层的脆性特征对水力裂缝复杂性的影响能够为目标层段筛选及施工工法设计提供参考。考虑岩石破坏全过程即峰前和峰后阶段的脆性特征,提出基于岩心破坏全过程能量耗散的储层砂砾岩脆性评价模型;利用砂砾岩的单轴和三轴全应力-应变曲线以及现有脆性评价模型,验证新建立模型的准确性。在此基础上分析不同围压下岩心力学参数与脆性指数的相关性,并利用储层岩心室内测试结果和水力裂缝微地震监测结果研究储层脆性指数对水力裂缝复杂性的影响。结果表明:新建立的脆性评价模型可以综合评价岩心破坏全过程表现出的脆性特征,对不同岩性不同围压下岩石的脆性变化较传统脆性评价模型更为敏感;不同围压下岩心强度参数和弹性模量与脆性指数呈负相关关系;脆性较强的层段更容易压裂改造形成复杂裂缝,获得更大的压裂改造体积,因此根据岩心脆性特征开展水力裂缝复杂性预测分析具有一定的可行性。

    Abstract

    The brittleness of glutenite core is closely related to the hydraulic fracturing in oil and gas fields. It is of great sig- nificance to analyze the influence of the brittleness characteristics of glutenite reservoir on the complexity of hydraulic frac- tures to provide reference for the selection of target layers and the design of hydraculic fracturing process. Considering the brittleness characteristics of the whole process of rock failure(i.e.,the pre-peak and post-peak stages),a reservoir rock brittleness evaluation model based on the energy dissipation of the whole process of core failure is proposed. The accuracy of the model is verified by using the uniaxial and triaxial total stress-strain curves of glutenite and the existing brittleness evaluation model. The correlation between the core mechanical parameters and brittleness index under the different confin- ing pressures is analyzed,and the effects of the brittleness index on hydraulic fracture complexity is studied by using the re- sults of the laboratory test and microseismic monitoring of hydraulic fractures. The results show that the brittleness evalua- tion model can comprehensively evaluate the brittleness characteristics of the whole process of core failure,which is more sensitive to the brittleness changes of rocks with different lithology and different confining pressure than the traditional brit-tleness evaluation models. The parameters of core strength and elastic modulus under the different confining pressures have negative correlation with the brittleness index. The layers with the strong brittleness are more likely to form complex frac- tures through hydraulic fracturing,and obtain bigger stimulated reservoir volume(SRV). It is feasible to predict and ana- lyze the complexity of hydraulic fracture according to the brittleness characteristics of core.

  • 近年来,致密砂砾岩油气藏的勘探开发受到了越来越多的关注。由于砾石的存在和天然裂缝系统欠发育,导致致密砂砾岩储层与其他沉积储层 (如页岩、煤岩等)的地质特征不同。致密砂砾岩储层是在物源附近快速沉积形成的,具有岩性变化大、孔隙率低、渗透率低、非均质性强等特点[1-2]

  • 脆性是致密砂砾岩油藏水力压裂设计和施工的重要指标,能够反映储层形成复杂裂缝的能力[3-8]。目前对脆性的定义尚未形成统一标准,一般认为岩石脆性受矿物组成、力学性能、天然裂缝和地应力条件的控制[9-10]。岩石脆性研究主要从 3 个方面开展:①岩石矿物成分。利用岩石中脆性矿物含量的比重定义脆性指数,仅考虑了脆性矿物含量,未有效考虑应力状态和成岩作用对脆性的控制作用;另外脆性矿物和延性矿物的界定存在分歧。 ②岩石物理力学特征。RICKMAN 等采用弹性模量和泊松比定义脆性指数[11],HUCKA 等采用岩石抗压强度和抗拉强度评价脆性指数[12],HONDA 等采用硬度来表征脆性[13],但未考虑岩石应力状态对脆性的影响。③岩石全应力-应变曲线。利用岩石破坏过程中应力-应变来反映岩石的脆性[14-16]。KIVI 等指出用一个或几个力学参数对脆性特征进行评估不能有效反映岩石破坏的全部应力-应变响应,且过于简化了岩石破裂的渐进过程[17]。合理的脆性指数必须反映岩石在破坏前后的连续损伤过程,兼顾峰前和峰后阶段[18-19]

  • 由于全应力-应变曲线可以充分反映岩石破坏全过程的变形破坏和能量耗散及演化特征,因此近年来基于岩石破坏全过程的能量耗散特征评价脆性得到广泛发展。XIA等提出了基于峰后应力跌落速率及能量比的脆性指数BI1,但该指数未考虑峰前能量耗散和峰后剩余弹性应变能对脆性特征的影响[20]。ZHANG等针对煤岩提出了基于峰前、峰后能量平衡的脆性指数BI2,但其对致密砂砾岩的适用性有待验证[18]。AI等提出了一种脆性指数BI3,但该指数未考虑峰后剩余弹性应变能对脆性特征的影响且物理意义不够明确[19]。KIVI 等提出了针对页岩的脆性指数BI4,但页岩中天然裂缝和层理对岩石力学特征具有显著的控制作用,因此该指数对致密砂砾岩的适用性也有待验证[1720]。MUNOZ 等基于能量平衡提出了脆性指数BI5,未考虑峰后应力跌落程度对脆性的影响[21]。TARASOV 等基于能量平衡提出了脆性指数BI6,未考虑峰前耗散能对脆性特征的影响[22]。因此,针对其他岩性所提出的脆性指数对致密砂砾岩脆性评价的适用性和准确性有待考量。

  • 储层脆性特征与水力压裂改造效果密切相关,如何定量评价岩石的脆性特征并与实际相结合是致密砂砾岩储层改造的关键问题。目前针对页岩、砂岩和煤岩的脆性评价方法较多,但对砂砾岩脆性的研究却较少,而其他类型岩石脆性评价方法可能不适用于砂砾岩。为此,笔者在分析砂砾岩破坏过程各阶段的能量耗散演化和损伤状态的基础上,利用能量耗散量和耗散速率来反映脆性特征,建立一种可靠的砂砾岩脆性评价模型,为脆性评价提供了新的视角。对砂砾岩岩心进行单轴和三轴压缩实验,并结合室内岩心实验结果与其他脆性指数进行对比分析,以验证新建立脆性指数的有效性。研究储层脆性对水力裂缝复杂性的影响,对水力压裂目标层段筛选和工艺参数优化具有重要意义。

  • 1 岩石破坏全过程的能量耗散特征

  • 岩石破坏的整个过程始终伴随着与外界的能量转换和交换。砂砾岩在载荷作用下的损伤和变形主要是由能量耗散、转化和释放[23] 驱动的。岩石在载荷作用下的全应力-应变曲线是内部能量状态转变的外在表现。能量的积累和耗散过程是影响砂砾岩整体变形和破坏行为的重要因素。在变形破坏过程中,假设岩心与外界环境之间不发生热传递,将岩心视为一个闭环系统,且假设卸载弹性模量等于初始弹性模量[23-26],则岩石单元体积的能量平衡可以表示为[23]

  • dWU=dWei+dWdi
    (1)
  • dWei=σi22E
    (2)
  • dWdi=0εi σidεi-σi22E
    (3)
  • dWx=εpεr σidεi
    (4)
  • 如图1 所示,岩心破坏全过程的能量演化可以描述为3个阶段。

  • 图1 岩心破坏全过程的能量演化示意

  • Fig.1 Schematic diagram of energy evolution during whole process of rock failure

  • 能量吸收与积累阶段  在该阶段(图1 中 OA 段),岩心从外部吸收能量并储存于内部。其全应力-应变曲线可以分为2个部分:①由于孔隙压密和原生微裂隙闭合,导致从外部吸收的一部分机械能转化为耗散能,进而导致岩石的非线性变形。②岩心继续从外界吸收能量,几乎所有的能量均转化成弹性应变能并储存于岩心内部。在该阶段,岩心主要经历轴向应力下的弹性变形,弹性应变能不断积累;虽然耗散能很少,但占总能量的比例很大。

  • 能量耗散阶段  在该阶段(图1 中 AB 段)裂纹的产生、积累和扩展会造成能量的耗散。其全应力-应变曲线可以分为2个部分:①当轴向应力水平达到裂纹起裂应力时,开始出现裂纹,导致不可逆的损伤和塑性变形。同时随着裂纹的扩展,弹性应变能不断积累,耗散能开始增加。②当应力水平达到裂纹损伤应力时,岩心的损伤和塑性变形随裂纹扩展而加剧。随着载荷的增加,耗散能的增加速率变大,而弹性应变能的增加速率变小。

  • 能量转换与释放阶段  在该阶段(图1 中 BC 段),能量演化表现为峰前阶段所积累的弹性应变能突然释放,伴随着耗散能的突然增加,导致宏观裂纹的积累贯通和岩石的完全破坏。然而,释放的弹性应变能往往不足以维持宏观裂纹的扩展并导致进一步的损伤;因此,岩石进一步损伤和完全破坏需要额外的能量。从外部吸收的一部分机械能被利用并转化为导致岩心破裂的能量。在峰后阶段,释放的弹性应变能和从外部吸收的用于维持破裂的额外能最终被转化变成耗散能;理想脆性岩石在峰后阶段几乎不需要额外的能量,因为释放的弹性应变能足以使岩石完全破裂,即破坏过程表现出一种自我维持的特征。脆性岩石通常比延性岩石需要更少的额外能来维持宏观裂缝的扩展和进一步破坏,因此脆性岩石峰后阶段的耗散能所占比例小于延性岩石。

  • 岩石的能量释放和耗散在岩石结构的突然破坏中起着至关重要的作用,而突然破坏又反映出岩石的脆性特征。ZHANG等研究表明,脆性岩石易发生突然性破坏,出现拉剪断裂;因此,脆性岩石的破坏特征是能量的突然释放和耗散的迅速增加[18]。 LABUZ 等研究表明岩石破坏前后的能量耗散是决定应变能积累和释放的关键因素[27-28];因此,应变能的耗散率和释放率被认为与岩石脆性密切相关。 CHEN等指出耗散能的发展可以反映岩石的损伤和断裂演化的程度[29]。因此,定义能量损伤系数的表达式为:

  • De=dWdidWdr
    (5)
  • 图2 为岩石破坏全过程的损伤演化过程,可以分为3个阶段:①弹性应变能积累,孔隙和原生裂纹被压密,几乎没有损伤。②弹性应变能积累的程度超过微裂隙的表面能,微裂纹产生并开始扩展,从而引发损伤,且损伤演化和能量耗散较为缓慢;随着裂纹大量积累和贯通,岩心发生结构性破坏,损伤开始加速,耗散能迅速积累。③弹性应变能迅速释放,伴随着耗散能的快速积累,进一步加剧损伤演化直至岩心完全破坏。

  • 图2 岩石破坏全过程的损伤演化示意

  • Fig.2 Schematic diagram of damage evolution during whole process of rock failure

  • 2 基于能量耗散特征的砂砾岩脆性评价模型

  • 2.1 脆性评价模型的建立

  • 岩心的整个损伤破坏过程都伴随着能量的演化。岩体脆性从本质上来说,是岩体应力达到峰值前储存大量的弹性应变能,在达到峰值后,短时间释放大量能量。由此可见从初始加载到岩心破坏,耗散能随损伤累积而增大。ZHANG 等认为峰前和峰后阶段的耗散能水平是决定煤脆性的重要因素[18]。对于理想的脆性岩石,峰前阶段的耗散能很小,峰后阶段达到岩石破坏所需的额外能也很小。峰前阶段的损伤演化过程可以用岩石体积所吸收的总弹性应变能占总机械能的比例来表征。在峰前阶段,从外界吸收的能量可以储存在脆性岩石中,而不是延性岩石中;即在峰前阶段,脆性岩石比延性岩石耗散的能量少。在峰后阶段,脆性岩石比延性岩石释放更多的弹性应变能和更少的耗散能; 因此,峰后阶段释放的弹性应变能与耗散能之比反映了岩石的脆性。峰后阶段的耗散能等于破裂能,从能量损伤演化的角度看,损伤变量的增长率反映了耗散能的演化速率。脆性岩石的耗散能演化速率一般大于延性岩石。考虑峰前和峰后阶段,基于能量平衡和损伤演化,重点考察峰前和峰后耗散能的占比和演化速率,提出新的针对砂砾岩的脆性评价模型:

  • BInew 1=Bpre ×Bpost
    (6)
  • BInew 2=Bpre×Bd
    (7)
  • 其中:

  • Bpre =dWet dWet +dWd
    (8)
  • Bpost =dWedWr
    (9)
  • Bd=1-Depσp-σrσp
    (10)
  • 基于岩心破裂过程中伴随的能量耗散和损伤演化特征,新建立的脆性指数可以定量评估岩心整个损伤破裂过程所反映出的脆性特征。从理想延性岩心到理想脆性岩心的脆性指数取值为0~1,且连续单调递增。

  • 2.2 脆性评价模型的验证

  • 对胜利油田致密砂砾岩油藏埋深为 2 350.0~2 386.3 m不同层系的砂砾岩岩心进行实验研究,分析其变形破坏特征,得到单轴和三轴压缩条件下的基本力学参数。根据全应力-应变曲线,分析材料的能量平衡和损伤演化特征。采用图3所示的电液伺服高温高压动态三轴压缩实验系统(GCTS RTR-1500)对砂砾岩岩心进行了一系列单轴和三轴压缩实验。RTR-1500三轴压缩实验系统的组件及相关参数为:单轴加载系统(最大单轴加载压力达 1 500 kN)、径向变形传感器数字声学分析系统、围压系统 (围压为 140 MPa)、孔隙压力系统(孔隙压力高达 140 MPa)以及计算机系统。实验过程符合国际岩石力学学会标准。

  • 矿物组成、成岩条件和地质环境决定了砂砾岩的力学性质。砂砾岩的地质条件和岩性随埋深变化较大,因此其力学性质和宏观破坏模式也是多种多样的。由单轴和三轴压缩条件下的8块砂砾岩岩心的全应力-应变曲线(图4)及相关力学参数(表1) 可以看出,单轴压缩实验测试不同钻孔深度的砂砾岩岩心,其力学性质存在明显差异。岩心 2 的单轴抗压强度在 4 个岩心中最高,岩心 3 和岩心 1 次之,而岩心 4的单轴抗压强度最低。4个岩心的弹性模量为 21.82~31.63 GPa。对于不同围压条件下的砂砾岩岩心,其全应力-应变曲线的力学参数具有明显的规律性。随着围压的增大,砂砾岩岩心的抗压强度、残余强度和弹性模量增大,峰值应变和残余应变也增大,岩心的弹性模量从 25.61 GPa 提高至 37.95 GPa。

  • 图3 三轴压缩实验系统及岩心

  • Fig.3 Triaxial compression experimental system and core

  • 图4 单轴和三轴压缩条件下砂砾岩岩心全应力-应变曲线及破裂形态

  • Fig.4 Total stress-strain curves and fracture morphology of glutenite cores under uniaxial and triaxial compression conditions

  • 表1 砂砾岩岩心力学参数

  • Table1 Mechanical parameters of glutenite cores

  • 由于不同钻孔深度的砂砾岩岩心的结构和力学性质不同,其破坏形态和断裂形态也可能存在差异。由单轴和三轴压缩实验各岩心的破裂形态(图4)可以看出,在单轴压缩条件下,砂砾岩岩心存在多条宏观裂缝,而在三轴压缩条件下,只有1条宏观裂缝。此外,单轴压缩条件下的砂砾岩岩心的断裂形态比三轴压缩条件下的岩心更为复杂。岩心3的单轴压缩破裂角(剪切破裂面与主应力之间的夹角)是 4 个岩心中最大的。在砂砾岩岩心上观察到粗糙的断裂面,这是由于砂砾岩强烈的非均质性和砾石对裂缝扩展的干扰造成的。

  • 准确评价不同砂砾岩地层的脆性对砂砾岩油层的勘探开发具有重要意义。科学合理的脆性评价方法不仅可以定量判别一组岩心的相对脆性程度,而且可以清晰地反映围压对岩石脆性的抑制作用。一般来说,可以通过其全应力-应变曲线的形状、变形、强度特性(如弹性模量)以及峰后应力降和速率来定性地评价砂砾岩的脆性等级。对于单轴压缩条件下的砂砾岩岩心,其峰后的应力降和弹性模量随着围压的增大而增大;因此,难以直接确定围压作用下的脆性变化趋势。此外,在单轴压缩条件下,由于岩心1和岩心3的全应力-应变曲线形状相似,难以区分 4 个岩心的相对脆性程度。根据图4所示的全应力-应变曲线得到的力学参数,计算单轴和三轴压缩条件下砂砾岩岩心的脆性指数 BInew1BInew2。为了比较脆性的相对程度,采用不同的方法对其进行评价。正相关指数(脆性指数与岩石脆性呈正相关关系,如BI1BI4BI5 )和负相关指数 (脆性指数与岩石脆性呈负相关关系,如 BI2BI3BI6)分别进行归一化处理。

  • 砂砾岩岩心在单轴压缩条件下的归一化脆性指数如图5所示。岩心在单轴压缩条件下的脆性指数变化较小,表明 4 种岩心的脆性特征相似。这与前文从全应力-应变曲线初步分析的岩心脆性特征结果是一致的。脆性指数的取值反映了砂砾岩脆性的相对程度。BInew1BInew2从岩心1至岩心4依次增大,与 BI2BI4BI5BI6的变化趋势一致,反映岩心 1 到岩心 4 的脆性逐渐增强。而根据 BI1BI3计算出的岩心 1和岩心 2的脆性指数与其他脆性指数的计算结果则相反,说明这 2 个脆性指数不能准确区分砂砾岩岩心的脆性等级。BI2值为 0.278~1.352,明显反映出岩心的脆性变化。虽然 BInew1BInew2值非常接近,但其相对大小反映砂砾岩脆性的相对程度,且BInew1BInew2反映的砂砾岩脆性的相对程度与BI2BI4BI5的相对程度相近。

  • 图5 单轴压缩条件下砂砾岩岩心的归一化脆性指数

  • Fig.5 Normalized brittleness indexes of glutenite cores under uniaxial compression condition

  • 三轴压缩条件下的砂砾岩岩心的归一化脆性指数如图6所示。在围压为0~20 MPa,脆性指数总体呈下降趋势,反映出随着围压的增大,砂砾岩的脆性呈下降趋势。在围压为 0和 20 MPa时,岩心的脆性指数分别达到最大值和最小值。BI1不能反映围压作用下砂砾岩脆性的变化趋势,因为在围压为 10 MPa时的BI1值小于围压为15 MPa时的BI1值,这与其他脆性指数得出的总体下降趋势存在矛盾。新的脆性指数 BInew1BInew2与其他脆性指数的变化趋势一致。从图6 可以看出,在不同的三轴压缩条件下,BInew1BInew2计算的砂砾岩岩心的脆性相对程度与 BI4BI5计算的脆性相对程度相近。因此,采用新的脆性指数 BInew1BInew2对砂砾岩脆性进行定量评价,其结果与其他脆性指数的评价结果基本一致。

  • 图6 三轴压缩条件下砂砾岩岩心的归一化脆性指数

  • Fig.6 Normalized brittleness indexes of glutenite cores under triaxial compression condition

  • 据上所述,BInew1 BInew2的变化趋势与 BI4 BI5 较为接近,表明新建立的 2 个脆性指数都是评价砂砾岩脆性的可靠指标。峰前阶段弹性应变能储存较多,而脆性较大的砂砾岩产生较少的耗散能。对于峰后阶段,BInew1是从能量耗散的角度定义的,而 BInew2是从能量损伤演化的角度定义的。损伤的产生和演化被认为是由能量耗散驱动的,因此,基于能量耗散定义了损伤变量,以反映砂砾岩破坏全过程的损伤演化特征。BInew2利用损伤演化速率来反映砂砾岩的脆性,建立了损伤演化与脆性之间的关系,具有创新意义。从砂砾岩岩心的脆性评价来看,BInew2值略大于 BInew1值,但 2 个脆性指数的归一化值非常接近,说明 2 个脆性指数的评价效果是一致的。为了研究能量损伤演化速率与砂砾岩脆性的关系,在单轴压缩条件下对更多的砂砾岩岩心进行实验测试,并利用新的脆性指数对其进行脆性评价。由单轴和三轴压缩条件下砂砾岩 BInew1B d的相关性(图7)可以看出,BInew1B d呈正相关关系,说明损伤演化速率与砂砾岩岩心的脆性程度密切相关,损伤演化速率越大,脆性越强。全应力-应变曲线是不同应力条件下砂砾岩力学性质和破坏特征的综合反映。理论和实验分析表明,峰后阶段的损伤演化速率反映了砂砾岩的脆性破坏特征,可用于区分不同砂砾岩岩心的相对脆性程度。

  • 图7 单轴和三轴压缩条件下砂砾岩BInew1B d的相关性

  • Fig.7 Correlation between BInew1 and B d of glutenite under uniaxial and triaxial compression conditions

  • 3 岩心力学参数与脆性指数的相关性分析

  • 由三轴压缩条件下的强度参数与砂砾岩岩心的脆性指数之间的关系(图8)可以看出,在三轴压缩应力作用下,BInew1BInew2与其强度参数均呈负相关关系,且砂砾岩岩心的强度与脆性表现出较强的对数关系。围压可以限制裂纹的扩展,增加裂纹萌生、贯通的阈值,提高砂砾岩的承载能力,进而提高其强度。

  • 三轴压缩条件下砂砾岩脆性指数与应变能之间的相关性如图9 所示,脆性指数与应变能均呈负对数关系。在峰前阶段,围压提高了弹性应变能的储存能力,导致dW et值增加。然而由于裂纹的扩展, dW d值也随着围压的增大而增大,一般dW d/dW U值随着 dW et/dW U值的减小而增大,导致砂砾岩脆性指数减小。dW d值和dW x值均随着围压的增大而减小,因为围压增大了裂纹萌生的阈值,使峰后阶段的砂砾岩岩心的承载能力提高,脆性减弱。峰后阶段围压增大,dW e值增大,但dW e/dW r值减小。

  • 图8 砂砾岩脆性指数与强度参数之间的相关性

  • Fig.8 Correlations between brittleness indexes and strength parameters of glutenite

  • 图9 砂砾岩脆性指数与应变能之间的相关性

  • Fig.9 Correlations between strain energies and brittleness indexes of glutenite

  • 4 储层脆性与裂缝复杂性的相关性分析

  • 水力裂缝网络形成的复杂程度是能否实现致密油藏经济有效开采的首要因素。虽然有不同的学术观点认为脆性并不是致密砂砾岩形成缝网的主要因素[30-32],但是脆性指数作为储层的天然性质之一,对缝网的形成必然起到关键的影响作用。选择胜利油田盐 560 斜 1 井埋深约 3 000 m 井段作为工程背景,开展不同施工排量和储层脆性特征条件下的裂缝复杂性测试。盐 560斜 1井岩心的脆性指数分析结果及测试得到的裂缝扩展形态分别如表2 和图10所示。从图10可以看出,无论施工排量为8 或 12 m3 /min,随着砂砾岩储层脆性的增强,水力裂缝的复杂性增强。

  • 由计算得到的裂缝复杂性指数(图11)可以看出,施工排量对裂缝复杂性具有重要影响。提高施工排量,可大幅提高裂缝复杂性;储层脆性也可以提高裂缝复杂性,但幅度有限,即在同一施工排量条件下,随着脆性指数的增大,裂缝复杂性逐渐趋于平稳。因此,在实际压裂设计中,只要地层强度脆性满足基本需求,可以通过提高施工排量来提高裂缝复杂性。但是仅基于工程因素评价裂缝复杂性并不完全准确,还应兼顾地质因素。只有结合地质因素和施工条件,设法沟通更多的天然裂缝,提高缝内净压力,才能实现改造体积最大化。

  • 表2 胜利油田盐560斜1井岩心的脆性指数分析结果

  • Table2 Brittleness index of core from Well Yan560-X1 in Shengli Oilfield

  • 盐 560 斜 1 井压裂层段为特低孔渗砂砾岩储层。通过微地震数据处理解释得到该井第 1和第 2 段致密砂砾岩储层水力裂缝的监测结果如图12 和图13所示。其人工裂缝展布广泛,裂缝东翼与西翼基本对称,表明东翼与西翼的储层物性差异不大。对微地震监测结果进行储层压裂改造体积计算(表3),将储层脆性指数分析结果(表2)与水力裂缝微地震监测结果进行对比,发现第 2 段储层的脆性指数总体高于第 1 段储层的脆性指数,第 2 段储层更易于被压裂改造形成复杂裂缝,因此可以获得更大的压裂改造体积。脆性是影响储层可压性的重要因素,将脆性较强的储层作为射孔压裂层段更易于形成复杂裂缝,提高产能。因此,基于岩心脆性特征评价开展水力裂缝复杂性预测分析具有一定的可行性。

  • 图10 不同施工排量和储层脆性特征条件下的水力裂缝扩展形态

  • Fig.10 Hydraulic fracture geometries under different injection rates and rock brittleness

  • 图11 不同施工排量和储层脆性特征条件下的裂缝复杂性分析

  • Fig.11 Fracture complexity under different brittleness and injection rates

  • 表3 水力裂缝解释结果

  • Table3 Interpretation results of hydraulic fractures

  • 5 结论

  • 提出基于全应力-应变曲线和能量损伤演化的脆性指数BI new1BI new2,该脆性指数综合考虑了全应力-应变曲线峰前和峰后阶段能量耗散和演化过程。通过与现有脆性评价模型的评价效果进行对比可知,新建立的脆性评价模型具有较好的准确性和适用性。岩心强度参数和弹性模量均随围压的增大而增大,但脆性指数却随围压的增大而减小,不同围压下岩心强度参数和弹性模量与脆性指数呈负相关关系。储层脆性可提高裂缝复杂性,但提高幅度有限;随着施工排量的增加,裂缝复杂性大幅提高,即在同一施工排量条件下,随着脆性指数的增大,裂缝复杂性指数随之增大并逐渐趋稳。因此在实际压裂设计中,需首先根据储层强度和脆性优选射孔压裂层段,只要地层强度-脆性满足基本需求,便可通过优化施工工艺参数达到提高裂缝复杂性的目的。通过对比盐 560 斜 1 井第 1 和第 2 段致密砂砾岩储层的脆性指数和水力裂缝微地震监测结果发现,脆性较强的层段更易于压裂改造形成复杂裂缝,获得更大的压裂改造体积。储层脆性是影响储层可压性的重要因素,在实际压裂工程施工中,将脆性较强的地层作为射孔压裂层段更易于形成复杂裂缝,提高产能。基于岩心脆性特征评价开展水力裂缝复杂性预测分析具有一定的可行性。

  • 图12 盐560斜1井第1段致密砂砾岩储层水力裂缝微地震监测结果

  • Fig.12 Microseismic monitoring results of hydraulic fractures of the first section of Well Yan560-X1 in tight glutenite reservoir

  • 图13 盐560斜1井第2段致密砂砾岩储层水力裂缝微地震监测结果

  • Fig.13 Microseismic monitoring results of hydraulic fractures of the second section of Well Yan560-X1 in tight glutenite reservoir

  • 符号解释

  • B d——考虑耗散能演化速率的脆性指数;

  • BI1——XIA等提出的脆性指数[20]

  • BI2——ZHANG等提出的脆性指数[18]

  • BI3——AI等提出的脆性指数[19]

  • BI4——KIVI等提出的脆性指数[1720]

  • BI5——MUNOZ等提出的脆性指数[21]

  • BI6——TARASOV等提出的脆性指数[22]

  • BInew1BInew2——新建立的砂砾岩脆性指数;

  • B preB post ——峰前和峰后的脆性指数;

  • D e——能量损伤系数,与岩心的损伤程度呈正相关,取值为 0~1,D e = 0 表示岩心内部没有损伤,D e = 1 表示岩心完全破坏;

  • Dep——峰值处的能量损伤系数;

  • dW d——峰前阶段的耗散能,kJ/m3

  • dWdi——岩石单元在某一应力水平下的耗散能,kJ/m3

  • dWdr——岩石完全破坏时的总耗散能,kJ/m3

  • dW e——岩石破坏全过程中消耗的弹性应变能,dW e = dW et – dW er ,kJ/m3

  • dWer ——岩石破坏后剩余的弹性应变能,kJ/m3

  • dW et ——峰前阶段岩心储存的弹性应变能,kJ/m3

  • dWei——岩石单元在某一应力水平下可释放的弹性应变能,kJ/m3

  • dW r ——破裂能,即岩石破坏所需的总应变能,kJ/m3

  • dW U——岩石单元破坏全过程中吸收的总能量,kJ/m3

  • dW x——岩石破坏所需的额外能,kJ/m3

  • E ——弹性模量,GPa;

  • ε——应变;

  • εcc——裂纹闭合应变;

  • εcd——屈服应变;

  • εci ——起裂应变;

  • εi ——全应力-应变曲线中某一点的应变;

  • εp——峰值应变;

  • εr ——残余应变;

  • ν——泊松比;

  • σ——应力,MPa;

  • σcc——裂纹闭合应力,MPa;

  • σcd——屈服应力,MPa;

  • σci ——起裂应力,MPa;

  • σi ——全应力-应变曲线中某一点的应力,MPa;

  • σr ——残余应力,MPa;

  • σp——峰值应力,MPa。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 王敏,王永诗,刘学锋,等.砂砾岩储层岩石粒径定量估算新方法[J].地球物理学进展,2019,34(1):208-213.WANG Min,WANG Yongshi,LIU Xuefeng,et al.New method for quantitative estimation of grain size in sand conglomerate reser⁃ voir[J].Progress in Geophysics,2019,34(1):208-213.

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    • [3] LI Lianchong,MENG Qingmin,WANG Shanyong,et al.A numeri⁃ cal investigation of the hydraulic fracturing behavior of conglomer⁃ ate in glutenite formation[J].Acta Geotechnica,2013,8(1):597-618.

    • [4] LI Zhichao,LI Lianchong,HUANG Bo,et al.Numerical investiga⁃ tion on the propagation behavior of hydraulic fractures in shale reservoir based on the DIP technique[J].Journal of Petroleum Sci⁃ ence and Engineering,2017,154:302-314.

    • [5] LI Lianchong,XIA Yingjie,HUANG Bo,et al.The behaviour of fracture growth in sedimentary rocks:a numerical study based on hydraulic fracturing processes[J].Energies,2016,9(3):169.

    • [6] LI Yuwei,LONG Min,ZUO Lihua,et al.Brittleness evaluation of coal based on statistical damage and energy evolution theory[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2019,172:753-763.

    • [7] ZHANG D C,RANJITH P G,PERERA M S A.The brittleness in⁃ dices used in rock mechanics and their application in shale hy⁃ draulic fracturing:A review[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2016,143:158-170.

    • [8] CIPOLLA C L,WARPINSKI N R,MAYERHOFER M J,et al.The relationship between fracture complexity,reservoir properties,and fracture treatment design[J].SPE Production & Operations,2010,25(1):438-452.

    • [9] ZHOU Xiaogui,LIU Haiming,GUO Yintong,et al.An evaluation method of brittleness characteristics of shale based on the unload⁃ ing experiment[J].Energies,2019,12(9):1 779.

    • [10] GHOLAMI R,RASOULI V,SARMADIVALEH M,et al.Brittle⁃ ness of gas shale reservoirs:a case study from the north Perth ba⁃ sin,Australia[J].Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,2016,33:1 244-1 259.

    • [11] RICKMAN R,MULLEN M J,PETRE J E,et al.A practical use of shale petrophysics for stimulation design optimization:all shale plays are not clones of the Barnett Shale[C].Colorado:SPE Annu⁃ al Technical Conference and Exhibition,2008.

    • [12] HUCKA V,DAS B.Brittleness determination of rocks by different methods[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1974,11(10):389-392.

    • [13] HONDA H,SANADA Y.Hardness of coal[J].Fuel,1956,35(1):451-462.

    • [14] 夏英杰,李连崇,唐春安,等.储层砂岩破坏特征与脆性指数相关性影响的试验及数值研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2017,36(1):10-28.XIA Yingjie,LI Lianchong,TANG Chun’an,et al.Experiment and numerical research on failure characteristic and brittleness index for reservoir sandstone[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Me⁃ chanics and Engineering,2017,36(1):10-28.

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    • [16] 陈国庆,赵聪,魏涛,等.基于全应力-应变曲线及起裂应力的岩石脆性特征评价方法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2018,37(1):51-59.CHEN Guoqing,ZHAO Cong,WEI Tao,et al.Evaluation method of brittle characteristics of rock based on full stress-strain curve and crack initiation stress[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2018,37(1):51-59.

    • [17] KIVI I R,AMERI M,MOLLADAVOODI H.Shale brittleness eval⁃ uation based on energy balance analysis of stress-strain curves [J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2018,167:1-19.

    • [18] ZHANG J,AI C,LI Y W,et al.Energy-based brittleness index and acoustic emission characteristics of anisotropic coal under tri⁃ axial stress condition[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2018,51:3 343-3 360.

    • [19] AI C,ZHANG J,LI Y W,et al.Estimation criteria for rock brittle⁃ ness based on energy analysis during the rupturing process[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2016,49:4 681-4 698.

    • [20] XIA Y J,LI L C,TANG C A,et al.A new method to evaluate rock mass brittleness based on stress-strain curves of class I[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2017,50:1 123-1 139.

    • [21] MUNOZ H,TAHERI A,CHANDA E K.Rock drilling perfor⁃ mance evaluation by an energy dissipation based rock brittleness index[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2016,49:3 343-3 355.

    • [22] TARASOV B,POTVINB Y.Universal criteria for rock brittleness estimation under triaxial compression[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science,2013,59:57-69.

    • [23] XIE H P,LI L Y,PENG R D,et al.Energy analysis and criteria for structural failure of rocks[J].Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geo⁃ technical Engineering,2009,1:11-20.

    • [24] MUNOZ H,TAHERI A,CHANDA E K.Fracture energy-based brittleness index development and brittleness quanti fication by pre-peak strength parameters in rock uniaxial compression[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2016,49:4 587-4 606.

    • [25] 尤明庆,苏承东.大理岩试样循环加载强化作用的试验研究 [J].固体力学学报,2008,29(1):66-72.YOU Mingqing,SU Chengdong.Experimental study on strengthen⁃ ing of marble specimen in cyclic loading of uniaxial or pseudo-tri⁃ axial compression[J].Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics,2008,29(1):66-72.

    • [26] PENG R D,JU Y,WANG J G,et al.Energy dissipation and re⁃ lease during coal failure under conventional triaxial compression [J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2015,48:509-526.

    • [27] LABUZ J F,BIOLZI L.Class I vs Class II stability:a demonstra⁃ tion of size effect[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,1991,28:199-205.

    • [28] MITRI H S,TANG B,SIMON R.FE modelling of mining-induced energy release and storage rates[J].Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,1999,99:103-110.

    • [29] CHEN Z Q,HE C,MA G Y,et al.Energy damage evolution mecha⁃ nism of rock and its application to brittleness evaluation[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2019,52:1 265-1 274.

    • [30] 唐鹏飞.松北致密气藏砂砾岩储层脆性特征实验研究[J].油气地质与采收率,2019,26(6):46-52.TANG Pengfei.Experimental study on brittleness of glutenite for⁃ mation in tight gas reservoir of Songbei area[J].Petroleum Geolo⁃ gy and Recovery Efficiency,2019,26(6):46-52.

    • [31] 张全胜,李明,张子麟,等.胜利油田致密油储层体积压裂技术及应用[J].中国石油勘探,2019,24(2):233-240.ZHANG Quansheng,LI Ming,ZHANG Zilin,et al.Application of volume fracturing technology in tight oil reservoirs of Shengli oilfi eld[J].China Petroleum Exploration,2019,24(2):233-240.

    • [32] 冯笑含,赵万春,王婷婷.非均质致密储层微观力学特征分析及脆性评价方法研究[J].特种油气藏,2019,26(6):113-117.FENG Xiaohan,ZHAO Wanchun,WANG Tingting.Micromechan⁃ ical analysis and brittleness evaluation of heterogeneous tight res⁃ ervoir[J].Special Oil & Gas Reservoirs,2019,26(6):113-117.

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 王敏,王永诗,刘学锋,等.砂砾岩储层岩石粒径定量估算新方法[J].地球物理学进展,2019,34(1):208-213.WANG Min,WANG Yongshi,LIU Xuefeng,et al.New method for quantitative estimation of grain size in sand conglomerate reser⁃ voir[J].Progress in Geophysics,2019,34(1):208-213.

    • [2] 刘鹏.砂砾岩水压致裂机理的实验与数值模拟研究[D].北京:中国矿业大学,2017.LIU Peng.Experiment and numerical simulation studies on hydro⁃ fracturing mechanism of glutenite[D].Beijing:China University of Mining & Technology,2017.

    • [3] LI Lianchong,MENG Qingmin,WANG Shanyong,et al.A numeri⁃ cal investigation of the hydraulic fracturing behavior of conglomer⁃ ate in glutenite formation[J].Acta Geotechnica,2013,8(1):597-618.

    • [4] LI Zhichao,LI Lianchong,HUANG Bo,et al.Numerical investiga⁃ tion on the propagation behavior of hydraulic fractures in shale reservoir based on the DIP technique[J].Journal of Petroleum Sci⁃ ence and Engineering,2017,154:302-314.

    • [5] LI Lianchong,XIA Yingjie,HUANG Bo,et al.The behaviour of fracture growth in sedimentary rocks:a numerical study based on hydraulic fracturing processes[J].Energies,2016,9(3):169.

    • [6] LI Yuwei,LONG Min,ZUO Lihua,et al.Brittleness evaluation of coal based on statistical damage and energy evolution theory[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2019,172:753-763.

    • [7] ZHANG D C,RANJITH P G,PERERA M S A.The brittleness in⁃ dices used in rock mechanics and their application in shale hy⁃ draulic fracturing:A review[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2016,143:158-170.

    • [8] CIPOLLA C L,WARPINSKI N R,MAYERHOFER M J,et al.The relationship between fracture complexity,reservoir properties,and fracture treatment design[J].SPE Production & Operations,2010,25(1):438-452.

    • [9] ZHOU Xiaogui,LIU Haiming,GUO Yintong,et al.An evaluation method of brittleness characteristics of shale based on the unload⁃ ing experiment[J].Energies,2019,12(9):1 779.

    • [10] GHOLAMI R,RASOULI V,SARMADIVALEH M,et al.Brittle⁃ ness of gas shale reservoirs:a case study from the north Perth ba⁃ sin,Australia[J].Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,2016,33:1 244-1 259.

    • [11] RICKMAN R,MULLEN M J,PETRE J E,et al.A practical use of shale petrophysics for stimulation design optimization:all shale plays are not clones of the Barnett Shale[C].Colorado:SPE Annu⁃ al Technical Conference and Exhibition,2008.

    • [12] HUCKA V,DAS B.Brittleness determination of rocks by different methods[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1974,11(10):389-392.

    • [13] HONDA H,SANADA Y.Hardness of coal[J].Fuel,1956,35(1):451-462.

    • [14] 夏英杰,李连崇,唐春安,等.储层砂岩破坏特征与脆性指数相关性影响的试验及数值研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2017,36(1):10-28.XIA Yingjie,LI Lianchong,TANG Chun’an,et al.Experiment and numerical research on failure characteristic and brittleness index for reservoir sandstone[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Me⁃ chanics and Engineering,2017,36(1):10-28.

    • [15] ALTINDAG R.Reply to the discussion by Yagiz on“assessment of some brittleness indexes in rock-drilling efficiency”by Altindag,rock mechanics and rock engineering[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2010,43(3):375-376.

    • [16] 陈国庆,赵聪,魏涛,等.基于全应力-应变曲线及起裂应力的岩石脆性特征评价方法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2018,37(1):51-59.CHEN Guoqing,ZHAO Cong,WEI Tao,et al.Evaluation method of brittle characteristics of rock based on full stress-strain curve and crack initiation stress[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2018,37(1):51-59.

    • [17] KIVI I R,AMERI M,MOLLADAVOODI H.Shale brittleness eval⁃ uation based on energy balance analysis of stress-strain curves [J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2018,167:1-19.

    • [18] ZHANG J,AI C,LI Y W,et al.Energy-based brittleness index and acoustic emission characteristics of anisotropic coal under tri⁃ axial stress condition[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2018,51:3 343-3 360.

    • [19] AI C,ZHANG J,LI Y W,et al.Estimation criteria for rock brittle⁃ ness based on energy analysis during the rupturing process[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2016,49:4 681-4 698.

    • [20] XIA Y J,LI L C,TANG C A,et al.A new method to evaluate rock mass brittleness based on stress-strain curves of class I[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2017,50:1 123-1 139.

    • [21] MUNOZ H,TAHERI A,CHANDA E K.Rock drilling perfor⁃ mance evaluation by an energy dissipation based rock brittleness index[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2016,49:3 343-3 355.

    • [22] TARASOV B,POTVINB Y.Universal criteria for rock brittleness estimation under triaxial compression[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science,2013,59:57-69.

    • [23] XIE H P,LI L Y,PENG R D,et al.Energy analysis and criteria for structural failure of rocks[J].Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geo⁃ technical Engineering,2009,1:11-20.

    • [24] MUNOZ H,TAHERI A,CHANDA E K.Fracture energy-based brittleness index development and brittleness quanti fication by pre-peak strength parameters in rock uniaxial compression[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2016,49:4 587-4 606.

    • [25] 尤明庆,苏承东.大理岩试样循环加载强化作用的试验研究 [J].固体力学学报,2008,29(1):66-72.YOU Mingqing,SU Chengdong.Experimental study on strengthen⁃ ing of marble specimen in cyclic loading of uniaxial or pseudo-tri⁃ axial compression[J].Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics,2008,29(1):66-72.

    • [26] PENG R D,JU Y,WANG J G,et al.Energy dissipation and re⁃ lease during coal failure under conventional triaxial compression [J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2015,48:509-526.

    • [27] LABUZ J F,BIOLZI L.Class I vs Class II stability:a demonstra⁃ tion of size effect[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,1991,28:199-205.

    • [28] MITRI H S,TANG B,SIMON R.FE modelling of mining-induced energy release and storage rates[J].Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,1999,99:103-110.

    • [29] CHEN Z Q,HE C,MA G Y,et al.Energy damage evolution mecha⁃ nism of rock and its application to brittleness evaluation[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2019,52:1 265-1 274.

    • [30] 唐鹏飞.松北致密气藏砂砾岩储层脆性特征实验研究[J].油气地质与采收率,2019,26(6):46-52.TANG Pengfei.Experimental study on brittleness of glutenite for⁃ mation in tight gas reservoir of Songbei area[J].Petroleum Geolo⁃ gy and Recovery Efficiency,2019,26(6):46-52.

    • [31] 张全胜,李明,张子麟,等.胜利油田致密油储层体积压裂技术及应用[J].中国石油勘探,2019,24(2):233-240.ZHANG Quansheng,LI Ming,ZHANG Zilin,et al.Application of volume fracturing technology in tight oil reservoirs of Shengli oilfi eld[J].China Petroleum Exploration,2019,24(2):233-240.

    • [32] 冯笑含,赵万春,王婷婷.非均质致密储层微观力学特征分析及脆性评价方法研究[J].特种油气藏,2019,26(6):113-117.FENG Xiaohan,ZHAO Wanchun,WANG Tingting.Micromechan⁃ ical analysis and brittleness evaluation of heterogeneous tight res⁃ ervoir[J].Special Oil & Gas Reservoirs,2019,26(6):113-117.