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作者简介:

林会喜(1969—),男,山东济宁人,教授级高级工程师,博士,从事油气田的勘探部署与管理工作。E-mail:linhuixi237.slyt@sinopec.com。

中图分类号:TE122.3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2021)01-0001-09

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.2021.01.001

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目录contents

    摘要

    为了揭示埕岛潜山油气成藏规律,以指导该区潜山油气勘探有利目标优选,综合运用有机地球化学、同位素和原油物性等资料,系统进行了埕岛潜山精细油源对比、油气藏特征和油气运聚过程研究。结果表明:埕岛潜山明显受埕北20断层和埕北30北断层控制,分割为西、中、东排山,受源储配置、输导方式等油气成藏条件的控制,西、中、东排山油气来源、运聚过程和富集规律各异。西排山以埕北凹陷控盆的埕北断层为油源断层,油气垂向运聚为主,在埕北断层上升盘的断鼻和断块圈闭成藏,表现为含油面积小且独立、顶部风化壳油藏富集的特点;中排山以埕北20断层和一系列北北东向走滑断层为油源输导断层,渤中凹陷生成的油气沿走滑断层走向运聚,再侧向分配至邻侧圈闭中聚集成藏,表现为油气沿大型走滑断裂带分布的特征;东排山的油气来源于黄河口凹陷沙三段下亚段烃源岩,油气通过多套不整合和断裂复合输导体系在多层系富集。不同潜山油气差异性运聚的特点,决定了不同潜山勘探方向亦有所不同。

    Abstract

    To reveal the hydrocarbon accumulation law in Chengdao buried hill and thus optimize favorable targets for oil and gas exploration in the buried hill,we systematically studied the fine oil-source correlation,reservoir characteristics, and hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in Chengdao buried hill,depending on organic geochemistry,isotope,and physical properties of crude oil. Research demonstrates that Chengdao buried hill is governed by Fault Chengbei 20 and North Fault Chengbei 30,which is divided into three zones:west,middle,and east buried hills. Influenced by accumulation conditions such as source-reservoir configuration and migration patterns,the sources,migration,accumulation and enrichment of hydrocarbon in the three zones are different. Fault Chengbei serves as the oil source for west buried hills,which connects with the source rock of Chengbei Sag and traps hydrocarbon(mainly migrating and accumulating vertically)in the faulted nose and faulted blocks on the uplifted side. The oil-bearing area is small and independent,and the top weathering crust is enriched by hydrocarbon. In middle buried hills,Fault Chengbei 20 and a series of NNE strike-slip faults can transport oil from sources. Oil and gas generated in Bozhong Sag migrate and accumulate along the strike-slip fault and then travel laterally to the adjacent traps for accumulation,presenting as an overall distribution along large-scale strike-slip faults. Moreover,in east buried hills,oil and gas originate from source rocks in the Lower Submember of the third Member of Shahejie Formation in Huanghekou Sag. They are enriched in multiple strata through diversified sets of composite transport systems consisting of unconformities and faults. Differential hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in buried hills determine their orientation of exploration.

  • 潜山油气藏作为渤海湾盆地重要的油气藏类型,一直是油气勘探的重点领域[1-4]。1975 年任丘潜山油气藏的发现,掀起了渤海湾盆地潜山勘探的高潮。1995 年之后,随着高、中部位潜山大量被发现,潜山勘探逐渐陷入了低谷。近年来,对潜山油气成藏的认识不断丰富和完善[5-8],勘探对象正逐步从高潜山向低潜山再到深层内幕潜山转移[9-14],潜山油气勘探再次取得重大突破。例如 2005 年辽河西部凹陷兴隆台地区在埋深为 2 500 m 沉积岩以下发现大型太古界变质岩潜山油气藏,2010年霸县凹陷在埋深大于 6 000 m 的超深层碳酸盐岩潜山中取得重大突破,2019年渤中凹陷的渤中19-6气田在太古界潜山测试获得优质高产油气流,上报探明天然气地质储量超过1 000×108 m3。不同层系、不同岩性隐蔽潜山油气藏的不断发现,显示出渤海湾盆地前古近系潜山油气勘探仍具有良好的前景。

  • 埕岛潜山是济阳坳陷油气储量发现最多的潜山,已上报探明石油地质储量超过七千万吨,控制石油地质储量超过五百万吨,预测石油地质储量超过三千万吨;近5 a来,年申报储量在千万吨以上,表明该潜山具有巨大的勘探潜力。关于埕岛潜山油气成藏的研究多从潜山成因机制和构造演化过程出发,分析其油气藏类型和成藏特征[15-20],对油气成藏过程及富集规律研究却相对薄弱[21]。为进一步明确埕岛潜山油气成藏主控因素,建立潜山油气成藏模式,确定有利勘探目标,迫切需要深化油气成藏过程及油气富集规律研究,以指导研究区下步的油气勘探方向[22-24]

  • 1 区域地质概况

  • 埕岛潜山位于济阳坳陷北部北西走向潜山构造带上(图1),主体构造位于济阳坳陷北部与渤海海域西部之间的埕北低凸起带,其西南通过埕北断层与埕北凹陷相接,东北以缓坡与渤中凹陷相连,东部通过埕北 30 南断层与黄河口凹陷相接。受多期构造运动叠加影响,埕岛地区形成了多层系油气分布的特点,发现了太古界、古生界、中生界、古近系(沙河街组和东营组)、新近系(馆陶组和明化镇组)等多套含油气层系,是一个典型的复式油气聚集区。埕岛潜山下古生界寒武系和奥陶系均有残留,是一套以碳酸盐岩为主的浅海相沉积,区域分布稳定,旋回性明显;上古生界发育石炭系和二叠系,与下伏古生界呈平行不整合接触,石炭系为海陆交互相灰岩、砂岩和页岩,二叠系为陆相碎屑沉积夹煤层;中生界为一套陆相碎屑岩沉积,底部为较厚的含煤层泥岩。

  • 图1 埕岛潜山区域构造位置

  • Fig.1 Regional tectonic position of Chengdao buried hill

  • 2 油源对比及油气藏特征

  • 埕岛地区以太古宇为基底,潜山地层主要由下古生界、上古生界和中生界构成。各层系地层的保存与分布受印支、燕山等多期构造活动的影响,分布特征非常复杂,不同构造带甚至同一构造带不同构造部位的地层展布特征均存在差异。埕北断层、埕北 20断层和埕北 30北断层控制研究区西、中、东排山的宏观构造格局[25-26]。埕北 20 断层为北北西走向,倾向南西西向,自南向北断距逐渐增大,向北部延伸至渤中凹陷,中生界沉积之后停止活动;该断层发育于前古近系内部,上升盘和下降盘顶面为剥蚀夷平面,东营组覆盖其上。古生界断距超过 2 000 m,下降盘巨厚且物性致密的中生界与上升盘古生界储层对接。埕北30北断层为北东走向,倾向北西向,自西南向东北断距逐渐增大,该断层向东北部延伸至渤中凹陷,新生代早期停止活动。

  • 2.1 油源对比

  • 系统油源对比结果表明:埕岛潜山原油分别来源于其周围埕北凹陷、渤中凹陷和黄河口凹陷的烃源岩,具有多凹、多方向、多层系供烃的特点,受源储配置、输导方式的控制,西、中、东排山油气来源不同,大致以埕北 20断层和埕北 30北断层为界(图2)。其中,西排山的油气主要来自于埕北凹陷沙三段下亚段烃源岩,如埕北 242井、埕北 244井和胜海古 1 潜山的原油具有饱和烃形态对称分布特征,规则甾烷分布呈 C27优势,Pr/Ph 值大于 1,重排甾烷含量中等,4-甲基甾烷不发育,C28甾烷相对含量高,含有一定量的伽马蜡烷,与埕北凹陷埕北 4 井沙三段下亚段埋深为 3 850 m 烃源岩的生物标志化合物特征基本一致(图3,图4,表1)。中排山的油气主要来自北部渤中凹陷沙三段和沙一段烃源岩,如埕北古 11、胜海古 3 和埕北古 403 井的原油饱和烃形态整体呈现后峰型,重排甾烷含量较高,4-甲基甾烷含量中等,三环萜烷系列化合物不发育,含有一定量的伽马蜡烷,甾烷分布以C27规则甾烷含量较高为特征,具有 C27>C28>C29的“L”型分布特征,反映原油成烃母质来源以藻类等低等水生生物有机质为主,表现为与渤中凹陷秦皇岛 35-2-1井沙三段下亚段埋深为 3 800~3 825 m 烃源岩相似的特征(图3,图4,表1)。东排山的油气主要来自东部黄河口凹陷沙三段下亚段烃源岩,如埕北 302、埕北 305、埕北 306、埕北 307 井原油具有饱和烃形态为前峰型、重排甾烷和4-甲基甾烷含量较高、三环萜烷系列化合物含量较高、伽马蜡烷含量低、规则甾烷呈“V”型的特点,与东部黄河口凹陷渤中34-1-1井沙三段下亚段埋深为 3 585 m 烃源岩的生物标志化合物特征一致(图3,图4,表1)。

  • 图2 埕岛潜山油气来源及成藏体系划分

  • Fig.2 Hydrocarbon source and accumulation system of Chengdao buried hill

  • 图3 埕岛潜山正构烷烃分布

  • Fig.3 Normal alkane distribution in Chengdao buried hill

  • 图4 埕岛潜山原油与周边生烃凹陷烃源岩生物标志化合物对比

  • Fig.4 Comparison of biomarkers between crude oil from Chengdao buried hill and source rocks from surrounding hydrocarbon-generating sag

  • 2.2 油气藏特征

  • 2.2.1 西排山

  • 埕北断层为西排山主要的纵向输导油源断层,潜山顶部不整合可横向输导油气,以下古生界断块油气藏为主。西排山构造形态相对简单,地层向西南方向单斜翘倾,断层不太发育,次级断层对圈闭的形成起到了决定性作用,形成的有效圈闭范围小、数量少,油气集中分布于埕北断层上升盘的断鼻和断块圈闭内。目前仅发现了胜海古1块和埕北 244 块下古生界油藏,探明石油地质储量仅为 411× 104 t。西排山油藏埋深相对较浅,地面原油密度为 0.85~0.87 g/cm3,黏度为 5.95~11.60 Pa·s,含硫量为 0.08%~0.21%,气油比为 37%~60%。整体上具有原油密度和黏度相对偏大、含硫量相对较高、气油比偏低的特点(表2)。

  • 2.2.2 东排山

  • 东排山发育埕北 30 南和埕北 30 北边界大断层,受这两条边界大断层和区内次级断层的共同控制,形成了众多的断块圈闭,且其内幕裂缝储层比较发育,太古界和下古生界油气均已成藏,油气广泛分布,发现的储量最多,探明石油地质储量为 4 466×104t。东排山油藏埋深相对较深,地面原油密度为0.78~0.82 g/cm3,黏度为0.80~2.84 Pa·s,含硫量为 0~0.06%,气油比为 106%~1 016%。整体上具有原油密度和黏度相对偏小、含硫量相对较低、气油比高的特点(表2)。

  • 2.2.3 中排山

  • 中排山除埕北20断层外,主要发育北北东和东西向 2 组断层,其相互切割共同控制形成了众多的断块圈闭。已发现的油气藏主要分布在埕北 20 断层和埕北古 4 断层控制形成的 2 个次级潜山带,即埕北 20 断层上升盘的埕北古 11—胜海古 2—埕北275 井次级潜山带和埕北古 4 断层上升盘的埕北古 4—埕北古 403—埕北古 406 井次级潜山带,共探明石油地质储量为 2 257.91×104 t。其上覆的东营组泥岩或C—P碳质泥岩可以作为良好的盖层,从而形成在距离风化壳 250 m 以内,以八陡组、冶里-亮甲山组和凤山组为主要含油层系的反向断块残丘型油藏,该类型油藏整体呈块状,且各断块油水界面不统一。中排山由构造主体向翼部,具有油气分布层位由老到新、油气藏类型由反向断块残丘型到地层不整合型过渡的趋势。如南部主体位置的埕北古 5井和埕北古 7井在太古界均发育反向断块残丘型油气藏,北翼的胜海古 3 井和胜海 8 井上古生界含油,以地层不整合油藏为主。中排山油藏埋深相对较浅,地面原油密度为 0.80~0.87 g/cm3,黏度为 3.45~27.00 Pa·s,含硫量为 0.03%~0.14%,气油比为 17%~1 470%。整体上具有原油密度和黏度相对偏大、含硫量相对较高、气油比高的特点(表2)。

  • 表1 埕岛潜山典型井及周边烃源岩油源对比

  • Table1 Geochemical parameters of typical wells in Chengdao buried hill and surrounding source rocks

  • 表2 埕岛潜山不同区块原油物性对比

  • Table2 Comparison of physical properties of crude oil in different blocks of Chengdao buried hill

  • 3 油气运聚过程

  • 埕岛潜山西排山的油气主要通过横切邻近生烃凹陷的埕北断层向上运移,再沿下古生界顶部不整合横向运移,最终油气主要富集于下古生界顶部不整合圈闭成藏(图5);埕北断层活动时间长、垂向输导能力强,油气富集层系相对单一[25]。东排山的油气主要通过横切邻近生烃凹陷的埕北 30 南断层向上运移,再沿着太古界、下古生界顶部不整合和凤山组与冶里-亮甲山组内幕不整合横向运移至相关圈闭成藏(图5),油气最终在多个层系富集[26]。中排山距离渤中凹陷较远,尚未见到可以沟通烃源岩的油源断层,关于中排山的油气输导路径一直存有争议[27-28]。孔凡仙等认为埕岛潜山中排山的油气主要来自渤中凹陷,通过古近系与潜山地层之间的不整合运移[27]。但近年来的勘探实践证实[2],中排山发育一系列东西向的南掉反向断层,从地震剖面分析发现,古近系与潜山地层之间的不整合往往被上述东西向断层切割,由于该系列反向断层对油气具有遮挡作用,通过不整合难以形成连续的油气运移通道。另外,中排山北部斜坡带一些探井钻遇内幕储层,发现丰富的油气显示,例如在埕北古 11 井不整合之下 800 m 左右的冶里-亮甲山组发现油斑显示,以上种种迹象表明,中排山古近系与潜山地层之间的不整合难以作为主要的油气输导通道(图6)。张在振等认为中排山一系列近北东向走滑断层向北部凹陷带有一定距离延伸,可以沟通不整合直接沟通凹陷带古近系烃源岩,成为中排山油气聚集的主油源断层[28]。笔者认为中排山油气最有可能沿一系列延伸至渤中凹陷烃源岩的北北东向走滑断裂(如埕北古 4 断层)和北西向埕北 20 走滑断层走向运移至潜山,再侧向分配至邻侧圈闭中聚集成藏,其证据表现在以下方面:①中排山整体西南高、东北低,地层倾向东北方向,以斜坡过渡至渤中凹陷,且发育一系列延伸至渤中凹陷烃源岩的北北东向走滑断层和北西向埕北20断层,为油气从渤中凹陷运移至中排山提供了宏观地质背景。②在济阳坳陷边缘下古生界碳酸盐岩露头区,走滑断裂带往往发育溶洞,即断溶体系发育,为油气长距离沿走滑断层运聚提供了输导条件。③渤中凹陷油源条件优越,不仅能够提供充足的油气,也能提供足够的油气运聚动力。④埕北 20 断层和北北东向走滑断层在中生界末即停止活动,避免了成藏期油气受断层活动影响而导致的纵向散失或运移至上部潜山披覆层系。⑤已发现的油气主要呈裙带状分布于沿埕北 20断层和埕北古 4断层的潜山圈闭群,而远离埕北 20 断层和埕北古 4 断层的潜山圈闭基本未成藏(图2)。⑥沿埕北20断层和埕北古4断层走向,自北向南方向油气地球化学参数呈现规律性变化。沿油气运移方向 Ts/Tm 值自埕北古 11 井 (1.52)至胜海古 3 井(1.23)、胜海古 2 井(0.85)至埕北275井(0.64)逐渐减小,C29S/(S+R)值从埕北古11 井(0.48)至胜海古 3 井(0.41)、胜海古 2 井(0.38)至埕北 275 井(0.37)也呈现逐渐减小的趋势,指示来自北部渤中凹陷的油气主要沿断层走向自北向南运移。⑦沿埕北 20断层走向方向和埕北古 4断层,自北向南潜山油藏的含油高度逐渐降低,原油黏度和密度逐渐增大(图7,表2),表明油气从北向南运聚成藏。

  • 图5 埕北古6井—埕北307井近东西向油藏剖面

  • Fig.5 EW profile of oil reservoir from Well Chengbei Gu6 to Well Chengbei307

  • 图6 埕北275井—埕北古11井潜山油藏剖面

  • Fig.6 Profile of buried hill reservoirs from Well Chengbei275 to Well Chengbei Gu11

  • 图7 埕岛潜山中排山沿断层走向油藏含油高度统计

  • Fig.7 Oil-bearing height of buried-hill reservoirs along fault strike in middle Chengdao buried hills

  • 4 结论

  • 埕岛西、中、东排山源储配置和油气输导方式不同,油气来源和油藏特征存在明显差异。西排山的油气主要沿横切埕北凹陷沙三段下亚段烃源岩的埕北断层纵向输导至潜山,富集于下古生界顶部不整合圈闭,油藏具有原油密度和黏度相对偏大、含硫量相对较高、气油比偏低的特点。东排山的油气主要来源于东部黄河口凹陷沙三段下亚段烃源岩,油气通过多套不整合和断裂复合输导体系在多层系富集,油藏具有原油密度和黏度相对偏小、含硫量相对较低、气油比高的特点。中排山的油气主要来源于北部渤中凹陷沙三段下亚段和沙一段烃源岩,油气主要沿埕北20断层和一系列北北西向走滑断层运聚至潜山高部位富集成藏,形成沿走滑断层走向输导的运聚模式,油藏具有原油密度和黏度相对偏大、含硫量相对较高、气油比高的特点。不同潜山具有油气差异性运聚的特点,决定其勘探方向也存在差异。其中,西排山以顶部不整合为有利勘探方向,中排山以大型走滑断裂带为有利勘探方向,东排山多套不整合均为有利勘探方向。

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