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作者简介:

陈智远(1987—),男,四川隆昌人,助理研究员,博士,从事石油地质相关研究。E-mail:czy880209@yeah.net。

中图分类号:TE121.3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2021)01-0033-08

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.2021.01.004

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目录contents

    摘要

    为了明确川西地区雷口坡组成岩流体的期次和来源,在镜下岩石薄片和阴极发光精细观察的基础上,利用成岩矿物流体包裹体与碳、氧和锶同位素等地化资料,综合分析川西地区雷口坡组四段成岩矿物的充填序列,确定成岩流体的期次和来源。研究结果表明,川西地区雷口坡组四段不同粒级充填矿物分为3期,充填序列分别为:第Ⅰ 期微-粉晶白云石和方解石、第Ⅱ期细晶白云石和方解石及第Ⅲ期中晶白云石、方解石和嵌晶白云石,3期流体大致分别对应于晚三叠世早—晚期(距今 232~214 Ma)、晚三叠世末期—晚侏罗世末期(距今 212~145 Ma)、早白垩世—晚白垩世末期(距今142~70 Ma)。雷口坡组四段基质白云石与孔缝充填物的碳、氧和锶同位素组成显示,成岩流体具有正常海相碳酸盐岩的地化特征,并揭示了雷口坡组四段87Sr/86Sr高值是由于蒸发潮坪环境下同生-准同生期毛细管浓缩作用、渗透回流作用以及埋藏期封存海水释放作用的流体侵入造成的。

    Abstract

    Based on the thin section and cathodoluminescence,a comprehensive study of the filling sequence of diagenetic minerals in T2l4 is carried out by using the geochemical data of diagenetic minerals fluid inclusions and Sr,C,O isotopes, etc.,to clarify the sequences and sources of diagenetic fluid in Leikoupo Formation,Western Sichuan Basin. The results show that the filling minerals of different grain sizes in T2l4 in Western Sichuan Basin can be divided into three stages with filling sequences as follows:micro-powder dolomite and calcite(the first stage)→fine-grained dolomite and calcite(the second stage)→meso-crystalline dolomite,calcite and intercalated dolomite(the third stage). The three stages by which fluid accumulating are roughly corresponding to the early to late of Late Triassic(232-214 Ma),the end of Late Triassic to the end of Late Jurassic(212-145 Ma),and early Cretaceous to the end of late Cretaceous(142-70 Ma),respectively. The C,O,Sr isotopes of matrix dolomite and pore fillings in T2l4 show that the diagenetic fluid has the geochemical characteristics of normal marine carbonate rocks,and it is revealed that the high value of 87Sr/86Sr diagenetic fluid in T2l4 is from the fluid intrusion of capillary concentration,infiltration and backflow in the syngenetic-quasi syngenetic period under the environment of evaporating tidal flat,and the release of sealed seawater during the burial period.

  • 近年来,在川西地区雷口坡组取得了较为显著的勘探成果,相继在新场构造带、龙门山前构造带和广汉斜坡带马井地区获得了重大勘探突破,多口钻井获得了工业性气流,证实了蒸发潮坪相(藻云坪、云坪)碳酸盐岩同样具有良好的勘探潜力[1-4]。当前对川西地区雷口坡组的研究多侧重于沉积相展布及层序地层划分[5]、储层特征及其主控因素分析等领域[6],但是对雷口坡组成岩流体期次、地化特征及其来源等问题研究并不深入,这就很大程度上制约了储层的相关研究。矿物流体包裹体和稳定同位素(碳、氧和锶)蕴含了丰富的成岩、成矿流体信息,不仅能够判断成岩流体的成分,而且能够作为流体示踪剂用于古环境恢复、成岩流体来源和油气运移期次等方面的研究[7-8]

  • 川西地区经历了多期构造运动,成岩流体十分复杂,充填于岩石孔隙和裂缝中的矿物可以很好地记录下不同地质历史时期的成岩流体活动。因此,基于对川西地区雷口坡组镜下岩石薄片、阴极发光的精细观察,利用矿物流体包裹体和稳定同位素 (碳、氧和锶)等地化分析资料,明确成岩流体的期次、地化特征及其来源,以期为川西地区雷口坡组下一步油气勘探提供依据。

  • 1 区域地质概况

  • 川西地区位于四川盆地西部川西断褶构造带,其西部紧邻龙门山断裂带,东部与川北构造带和川中平缓褶皱带相接(图1),面积约为 1.057×104 km2。川西地区整体上形成了两大隆起(龙门山前构造带和新场构造带)、两大凹陷(成都凹陷和绵竹凹陷) 以及两大斜坡(广汉斜坡和绵阳斜坡)的构造格局,经历了包括海西期、印支期、燕山期和喜马拉雅期在内的多期构造运动,在研究区西部形成了关口断裂和彭县断裂,东部则形成了知新场断裂、石泉场断裂及龙泉山断裂(图1)。

  • 川西地区雷口坡组形成于上扬子海域闭塞— 半闭塞沉积环境,主要以台地边缘-局限台地-蒸发台地沉积为主。横向上,以串珠状形式发育台缘浅滩和台内滩;纵向上,以潟湖、间歇性干化潟湖和膏岩湖等不同沉积亚相形成多个旋回[9-10]。本次研究的重点层位为雷口坡组四段(雷四段,T2l4),其上部主要发育浅灰、灰色粉晶(藻团块)白云岩和砂屑白云岩;下部则为灰色微晶白云岩、泥晶白云岩与灰色硬石膏不等厚互层。

  • 2 岩石学特征与矿物充填序列

  • 2.1 岩石学特征

  • 川西地区雷四段碳酸盐岩岩石类型丰富多样,镜下岩石薄片观察结果(图2)表明,主要发育灰岩和白云岩两大岩石类型,其中白云岩类是川西地区雷四段最为重要的储层岩石类型,以微-粉晶白云岩(图2a)、细-中晶白云岩(图2b)、微晶藻白云岩 (图2c)、粉晶砂(砾)屑白云岩(图2d)、微晶灰质白云岩(图2e)以及鸟眼状含膏质泥晶藻白云岩为主 (图2f)。基质白云岩中普遍可见孔隙、裂缝发育,常被不同期次的方解石、白云石等矿物半-全充填,丰富的充填矿物是研究成岩流体来源的重要基础。

  • 图1 川西地区区域位置与构造区划

  • Fig.1 Regional location and tectonic division of Western Sichuan Basin

  • 2.2 矿物充填序列

  • 川西地区雷四段孔隙和裂缝中蕴含着丰富的充填矿物,表明该层段经历了复杂的流体活动,基于充填矿物晶粒的大小,将矿物分为以下 4 类:微-粉晶矿物(粒径为 50~100 μm)、细晶矿物(粒径为100~250 μm)、中晶矿物(粒径为 250~500 μm)和粗晶矿物(粒径为 500~1 000 μm)[11-12]。通过对川西地区雷四段孔隙和裂缝中充填矿物的薄片观察发现,白云石和方解石在镜下以及阴极发光下具有不同的特征(图3a,3b),细粒白云石主要发暗红色光,而方解石则发暗褐色光或不发光(图3b)。

  • 图2 川西地区雷四段微观岩石学特征

  • Fig.2 Micro-petrological characteristics of T2l4,Western Sichuan Basin

  • 图3 川西地区雷四段孔隙和裂缝矿物充填序列

  • Fig.3 Filling sequence of minerals in pores and fractures in T2l 4,Western Sichuan Basin

  • 川西地区雷四段岩心中孔隙和裂缝较为发育,矿物充填程度较高,以Z1井和Y1井为例,来说明研究区雷四段矿物充填序列。

  • Z1井样品基质岩性为灰色粉晶白云岩,孔隙中可见多期矿物充填现象(图3c),孔隙边缘主要发育微-粉晶等厚环边白云石和微-粉晶方解石,其后发育细晶白云石和方解石,晶型较前者变大,向孔隙中心方向发育中晶白云石和方解石,晶型最大。

  • Y1井样品基质岩性为藻砂屑白云岩,可见裂缝发育,且被白云石和方解石等矿物充填(图3d),裂缝边缘主要发育微-粉晶白云石和微-粉晶方解石,向裂缝中心方向矿物晶型变大,主要发育细晶白云石和细晶方解石,再向中心方向晶型继续变大,主要发育中晶白云石。该样品也可见晚期方解石被白云石交代,发育嵌晶白云石(图3d)。

  • 综合镜下薄片和阴极发光的观察结果,认为川西地区雷四段储层孔隙、裂缝中矿物充填序列具有相似的特征,其完整的矿物充填序列为:第Ⅰ期微-粉晶白云石和方解石、第Ⅱ期细晶白云石和方解石、第Ⅲ期中晶白云石和方解石及嵌晶白云石。

  • 3 成岩流体捕获时间

  • 流体包裹体是矿物形成过程中,使正在形成或形成后的矿物产生各种缺陷,介质被矿物圈闭于这些缺陷中而保留、保存下来的地质流体,是地质历史时期原始成岩成矿溶液的代表,其中包含了丰富的成岩流体信息,也是含油气盆地中被用来研究成岩流体期次、来源和历史的手段之一[13-15]

  • 通过对川西地区雷四段储层流体包裹体镜下观察可知,孔隙和裂缝中不同粒级充填矿物均捕获了包裹体,其主要赋存于微-粉晶白云石和方解石、细晶白云石和方解石、中晶白云石和方解石矿物表面或内部、晶粒裂隙中等;川西地区包裹体多以盐水包裹体为主,其大小分布不均,直径主要为3~12 μm,形态主要为圆、椭圆、长条及不规则状,多成群成带或与纯气相盐水包裹体共生分布(图4,表1)。结合包裹体均一温度、冰点温度及盐度分析,进一步证明了川西地区雷四段矿物分为3期,3期矿物捕获的包裹体对应的均一温度分别为 65~115,125~175和180~210℃(表1,图5)。

  • 流体包裹体均一温度结合区域埋藏和热演化史可用来确定成岩流体的捕获时间[16]。根据区域地层分层数据、抬升剥蚀厚度和镜质组反射率等资料,建立川西地区埋藏-热演化史,结合包裹体均一温度分布特征,可明确川西地区雷四段成岩流体的捕获时间(图6):第Ⅰ期成岩流体的捕获温度为 65~115℃,相当于晚三叠世早—晚期(距今 232~214 Ma);第Ⅱ期成岩流体的捕获温度为 125~175℃,相当于晚三叠世末期—晚侏罗世末期(距今 212~145 Ma);第 Ⅲ 期成岩流体的捕获温度为 180~210℃,相当于早白垩世—晚白垩世末期(距今142~70 Ma)(图6)。

  • 图4 川西地区雷四段流体包裹体镜下特征

  • Fig.4 Microscopic characteristics of fluid inclusions in T2l 4,Western Sichuan Basin

  • 表1 不同期次矿物中流体包裹体信息综合统计结果

  • Table1 Statistical results of fluid inclusions in different mineral sequestrations

  • 注:括号内为平均值。

  • 图5 川西地区雷四段流体包裹体均一温度分布

  • Fig.5 Temperature distribution histogram of fluid inclusions in T2l4,Western Sichuan Basin

  • 4 成岩流体来源

  • 4.1 碳氧同位素特征

  • 碳酸盐岩中碳氧同位素组成可以反映成岩流体的信息,其主要受控于温度、海平面升降、元素来源、埋藏速率及氧化-还原条件等因素[17]。沉积环境及后期成岩流体的作用,同样可引起岩石、充填矿物同位素的变化,因此,碳氧同位素组成可以很好地反映成岩流体变化。DERRY等研究指出,碳同位素较为稳定,δ13C不易受温度的影响,能够较为客观地反映原始基质的特征;而δ18O受温度影响较大,也同样受到成岩流体的影响[18]。DEINES等研究认为,不同来源的成岩矿物,碳氧同位素组成具有明显的差异性,海相碳酸盐岩 δ13CV-PDB主要为-5‰~5‰,δ18OV-SMOW 主要为 10‰~30‰;地幔深部流体 δ13CV-PDB主要为-9‰~-3‰,δ18OV-SMOW主要为5.5‰~9.0‰;大气淡水 δ13CV-PDB 主要为-30‰~-20‰, δ18OV-SMOW多小于0 [19-21]

  • 由图7 可见,川西地区雷四段基质白云岩和孔缝充填物 δ13CV-PDB 主要为-2.77‰~5.62‰,δ18OV-PDB 主要为-9.67‰~-0.75‰,数据绝大部分落在海相碳酸盐岩沉积区间,说明川西地区雷四段具有正常海相碳酸盐岩沉积的地化特征,成岩矿物和流体来源于海相碳酸盐岩的无机成分,排除了地幔深部流体和大气淡水等因素的影响。此外,雷四段有少数基质白云岩、孔缝充填物样品的 δ13CV-PDB小于 0,可能与有机质热演化过程中带来的有机酸有关[22],从而导致碳同位素偏负值。

  • 4.2 锶同位素特征

  • 锶同位素(87Sr)是由87Rb衰变而来,其形成具有不可逆性,并且该同位素性质非常稳定,因此,可以作为判断成岩流体来源的重要参数,海水中锶同位素的组成主要受控于陆源富锶流体和幔源贫锶流体,87Sr/86Sr 是两种锶来源共同作用的结果,而沉积环境的差异也是影响碳酸盐岩87Sr/86Sr 组成的重要原因[23]。目前为止,地史中的锶同位素组成及其演化资料较为丰富,从前寒武纪到第四纪均被完整覆盖[24]

  • 图6 川西地区雷四段埋藏和热演化史及成岩流体捕获时间

  • Fig.6 Burial and thermal evolution history and capture time of diagenetic fluid in T2l4,Western Sichuan Basin

  • 图7 川西地区雷四段基质白云岩和孔缝充填物碳氧同位素分布(据文献[19-21]修改)

  • Fig.7 δ13C and δ18O of matrix dolomite and pore fillings in T2l4, Western Sichuan Basin(Modified according to References[19-21]

  • 将川西地区雷四段基质白云岩和孔缝充填物的锶同位素投到下三叠统嘉陵江组—上三叠统须家河组87Sr/86Sr演化曲线上,全球范围内雷四段沉积时期正常海水87Sr /86Sr 值主要为 0.707 602~0.707 629,而川西地区雷四段几乎所有基质白云岩和孔缝充填物样品87Sr/86Sr 值均高于该时期的正常海水范围(图8)。出现87Sr/86Sr高值的原因主要为: ①沉积时期海平面下降。②成岩期地表淡水富锶流体的渗入。③相邻层位富锶流体的跨层流动。 ④处于封闭且蒸发较强的沉积环境[17]

  • 图8 川西地区雷四段基质白云岩和孔缝充填物锶同位素分布(据MCARTHUR等[24]修改)

  • Fig.8 Distribution of 87Sr/86 Sr of matrix dolomite and pore fillings in T2l4,Western Sichuan Basin(Modified according to MCARTHUR et al[24]

  • 据前人研究可知,整体上,雷三段沉积晚期— 雷四段沉积晚期,川西地区海平面处于上升阶段,从膏岩湖逐渐过渡到蒸发潮坪沉积[25],因此沉积时期海平面上升并非是造成该区雷四段87Sr/86Sr 高值的原因。此外,前已述及,碳氧同位素组成表明成岩流体并非来源于地表大气淡水,因此排除了地表富锶淡水的影响。另外,川西地区雷四段87Sr/86Sr高值与下伏雷三段—雷一段、嘉陵江组沉积时期以及上覆马鞍塘组—小塘子组、须家河组沉积时期海水的87Sr/86Sr分布范围具有明显差异,因此也排除了相邻层位富锶流体跨层流动的影响(图8)。

  • 川西地区在中三叠世雷口坡组沉积时期,受造山运动构造挤压的影响,在台内形成了潟湖、咸化盐湖发育的基底,川西地区雷四段沉积时期主要发育潟湖、间歇性干化潟湖、膏岩湖等沉积亚相,此外,伽马蜡烷和碳氧同位素特征等研究资料也表明,川西地区雷口坡组沉积时期处于较为封闭、咸化、盐度较高的蒸发环境中[926],进而可以推断出川西地区雷四段基质白云石、孔缝充填物87Sr/86Sr高值是由于沉积时期海水蒸发浓缩、处于相对封闭的沉积环境所致。

  • 5 成岩流体侵入模式

  • 如图9所示,雷四段沉积时期,川西地区整体表现为蒸发潮坪环境,在此背景下,海水被特大潮汐或风暴潮带到炎热的潮上带,在毛细管浓缩作用下,海水渐进蒸发、浓缩,盐度增大,在同生-准同生期,这种高盐度浓缩海水下沉进入早期形成的孔缝系统中,从而成为早期成岩流体的来源之一。此外,在潮间带靠海一侧和海平面以下,当海水循环受限,且蒸发背景较强时,海水盐度和比重升高,流体通过早期未固结或渗透性较好的沉积物发生渗透回流作用,进入早期形成的孔缝系统中,这是早期成岩流体的另一来源。

  • 图9 川西地区雷四段成岩流体侵入模式

  • Fig.9 Intrusion models of diagenetic fluid in T2l4, Western Sichuan Basin

  • 进入埋藏期后,早期保存于孔隙中的高盐度封存海水(卤水)在上覆岩层的压实作用下释放,流体沿早期孔隙或成岩缝运移,进入目的层附近渗透性较好的储集体中,成为晚期成岩流体的来源(图9)。

  • 综上所述,川西地区雷四段87Sr/86Sr高值是蒸发潮坪环境下同生-准同生期毛细管浓缩作用、渗透回流作用以及埋藏期封存海水释放作用的流体侵入所致。

  • 6 结论

  • 川西地区雷四段矿物充填序列复杂,雷四段储层孔隙和裂缝中矿物充填序列具有相似特征,其完整的矿物充填序列为:第Ⅰ期微-粉晶白云石和方解石、第Ⅱ期细晶白云石和方解石以及第Ⅲ期中晶白云石、方解石和嵌晶白云石。

  • 流体包裹体分析结果显示,川西地区雷四段成岩流体同样分为3期。研究区雷四段基质白云岩与孔缝充填物碳、氧和锶同位素分析结果表明,雷四段成岩流体并非来源于地幔流体、大气淡水及相邻层位流体,而是具有正常海相碳酸盐岩的地化特征。

  • 川西地区成岩流体来源复杂,通过沉积环境和成岩矿物地化特征综合分析认为,川西地区雷四段87Sr/86Sr高值主要是由蒸发潮坪环境下同生-准同生期毛细管浓缩作用、渗透回流作用以及埋藏期封存海水释放作用的流体侵入造成的。

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