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作者简介:

杨德彬(1984—),男,河南商丘人,高级工程师,硕士,从事碳酸盐油气藏开发方面的研究。E-mail:yangdb.xbsj@sinopec.com。

中图分类号:TE121.3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2021)01-0041-06

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.2021.01.005

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目录contents

    摘要

    塔河油田碳酸盐岩小缝洞具有巨大的勘探开发潜力,但前期相关资料及研究较少。为给本类型碳酸盐岩缝洞勘探开发提供借鉴,从小缝洞概念着手,通过对成像资料及岩心特征进行归纳分析,认为小缝洞型储层分为裂缝型、孔洞型(含小型溶洞)、裂缝-孔洞型(含洞间溶道)3大类。通过对“杂乱弱””和“弱小串珠”2类反射特征进行井震综合标定,认为单井测井解释虽以单个体积小的小缝洞为主,但小缝洞数量多,形成了一个相互连通的小缝洞群,整体规模大。结合塔河油田碳酸盐岩缝洞系统特征及成因演化过程,将小缝洞演化过程划分为幼年期、青年期、壮年期和老年期。其中,裂缝、裂缝伴生孔洞主要形成于幼年期;溶洞间的溶道及小型溶洞主要形成于青年期和壮年期。各种规模溶洞垮塌体残留的小型溶洞、残余洞间溶道主要形成于老年期。

    Abstract

    Small-scale fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs in Tahe Oilfield have great exploration and development potential,but there are few related data and poor research in the early stage. In order to provide a reference for the exploration and development of this type of fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs,this paper begins with the concept of small-scale fracture-cave and analyzes imaging data and core characteristics. It is considered that small-scale fracture-cavity reservoirs can be divided into three types:fractured type,vuggy type(including small-scale caves)and fractured-vuggy type(including karst channels between caves). The comprehensive well seismic calibration of two kinds of reflection characteristics of “disorderly weak”and“weak small string beads”is conducted,and it is considered that although the single well logging interpretation mainly focuses on a single small-scale fracture-cave,there are a large number of small-scale fracture-caves, forming a group of interconnected small-scale fracture-caves,and the overall scale is large. Based on the fracture-cavity system characteristics and genetic evolution process of carbonate reservoirs in Tahe Oilfield,the evolution process of small-scale fracture-caves is divided into topographic infancy,adolescence,maturity and topographic old age. Among them,the fractures and the vugs associated with fractures are mainly formed in the topographic infancy stage. The karst channels and small-scale caves are mainly formed in the adolescence and maturity aged. The small-scale residual caves of cave collapses of various scales and residual karst channels between caves are mainly formed in the topographic old age.

  • 自塔里木盆地“串珠状”地震反射理论提出以来[1-4],由大型溶洞及其复合体在地震剖面上形成的串珠状地震反射,已经成为塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩勘探开发的主要对象。对于缝洞型储层串珠状地震反射的成因,很多学者做了大量的研究[5-11],认为碳酸盐岩岩层内大型溶洞与地层的强波阻抗界面会形成多次绕射,对这些绕射波进行叠前偏移成像,可在垂向上形成多个强能量团,即地震剖面意义上的“串珠”。塔河油田多年的勘探开发实践表明,对70%以上的串珠状地震反射特征进行实钻能够钻遇规模溶洞,并获得较高的产能。

  • 随着塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩勘探开发程度的日益深入,剩余“常规串珠”的数量和规模逐渐减少、能量减弱。在勘探开发过程中,逐步发现除“常规串珠”以外的其他缝洞型储层也具有较大的潜力。塔河油田T443井、T740井和S48井等表现为杂乱弱反射、“弱小串珠”等地震反射特征,但测试均获得高产,说明这 2 类地震反射特征所对应的小缝洞型储层也具有较大的开发潜力,扩大了塔河油田碳酸盐岩勘探开发的类型和领域[12]。目前针对小缝洞型储层存在研究基础薄弱、可借鉴经验不多等诸多问题,为此,笔者从小缝洞概念入手,厘定其储层类型,开展地震反射类型描述和成因演化研究,以期为塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩勘探开发新领域提供借鉴。

  • 1 小缝洞的概念

  • 前人研究认为,塔河油田碳酸盐岩储集空间以岩溶形成的缝洞系统为主,包括溶洞、孔洞和裂缝[13-14]。笔者提出的小缝洞与前人论述的缝洞系统没有本质上的不同,仅在尺度上存在差异。

  • 小缝洞的概念有狭义和广义之分。狭义的小缝洞是指单个的小缝洞,从实钻或测井的尺度上来说,指直径或宽度不大于 100×103 µm 的溶洞(孔洞)。广义的小缝洞则是指在地球物理角度,小于 10 m的溶洞、孔洞、裂缝组成的缝洞系统或体系,目前在塔河油田只能定性预测分布范围,在地震剖面上通常表现为杂乱弱反射、“弱小串珠”等反射特征[15-17]。虽然这些小缝洞单个体积小,但数量多,且相互之间通过断裂、裂缝和溶道等相互连接,其总体规模可能远大于单个常规串珠所表征的大型洞穴。从塔河油田勘探开发实践出发,本文所涉及的小缝洞,不是指那些狭义概念中所讲的孤立的、单个的小缝洞储集体,而是指成因上有联系、相互连通的各种尺度缝洞型储集体或多个小缝洞集合体的总称(表1)。

  • 2 储层类型及特征

  • 在多期构造运动及岩溶叠加改造作用下,塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩地层中形成了大量的溶洞、溶蚀孔洞和裂缝,构成了中-下奥陶统一间房组、鹰山组主要的储集空间[18-19]。结合小缝洞概念,根据岩心观察资料以及前人研究成果,将塔河油田碳酸盐岩小缝洞型储层分为裂缝型、孔洞型(含小型溶洞)、裂缝-孔洞型(含洞间溶道)3大类。

  • 表1 塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩储集空间类型划分

  • Table1 Classification of Ordovician carbonate reservoir space types in Tahe Oilfield

  • 裂缝型 裂缝主要包括构造缝、构造溶蚀缝和压溶缝,在研究区普遍发育,以构造缝最为发育。从塔里木盆地柯坪地区野外露头来看,裂缝宽度大小不一,长度亦有差别,主要表现为剪切缝,部分为张性缝。取心资料显示,早期发育的裂缝大部分被方解石、泥质或沥青充填,后期发育的裂缝常呈张开状态。岩心上显示的高角度缝在FMI成像测井上有所显示,水平缝切过垂直缝,裂缝均无填充,且具有沿裂缝溶蚀扩大的特征(图1)。裂缝是小缝洞型储层的基本构架,不同沉积时期发育的裂缝相互切割呈网状,裂缝网络将小规模缝洞相互连接成缝洞群,极大地提高和改善了孔渗性。

  • 图1 塔河油田裂缝型储层野外露头、成像测井与岩心特征对比

  • Fig.1 Comparisons of characterics of outcrop,electric image logging and core of fractured reservoirs in Tahe Oilfield

  • 孔洞型(含小型溶洞) 溶蚀孔洞是指沿裂缝或含生物碎屑的岩层发生溶蚀而形成的孔洞,整体上表现为规模小、连通性差的特征,局部遭受溶蚀强烈或持续岩溶的部分,会发育为小型溶洞。孔洞在成像测井上基本表现为团块状或云雾状,钻井过程中被泥浆充填,故呈现暗黑色(图2)。受溶蚀的影响,在取心时岩心一般会发生破碎,取心率较低。随着溶蚀作用的继续,溶孔逐渐发育为溶洞,一般从数毫米级至数米级不等,无组构选择、形状各异,在钻井过程中表现为钻井液漏失或钻遇放空。溶蚀孔洞是小缝洞型储层重要的储集空间,虽然单个规模较小、分布孤立,但通过裂缝将其串联成群组,会大幅提高缝洞空间的有效性。

  • 图2 塔河油田孔洞型储层成像测井与岩心特征对比

  • Fig.2 Comparisons of characterics of electric image logging and cores of vuggy reservoirs in Tahe Oilfield

  • 裂缝-孔洞型(含洞间溶道) 一般为地表水和地下水沿早期裂缝系统溶蚀扩大,表现为沿裂缝发育特征,属于无组构溶蚀。与孔洞型储层不同的是,裂缝-孔洞型储层中裂缝更为发育,增加了储层之间的连通性,局部强溶蚀段会形成连通大型溶洞间的溶道。成像测井上在裂缝周围分布着溶孔,使储集空间增大,岩心上表现为破碎特征(图3)。这类储层在钻井过程中往往表现为钻井液漏失。裂缝-孔洞型储层(含洞间溶道)是小缝洞型储层最为常见的一种类型,油气富集程度高、单井产能高。

  • 图3 塔河油田裂缝-孔洞型储层成像测井与岩心特征对比

  • Fig.3 Comparisons of characterics of electric image logging and cores of fractured-vuggy reservoir in Tahe Oilfield

  • 3 井-震综合标定剖析

  • 结合小缝洞概念及储层特征,根据地震剖面特征,利用井-震标定,进行典型井缝洞发育特征解剖。

  • 杂乱弱反射是小缝洞型储层典型地震反射特征之一。以塔河油田 T10-1 井为例(图4),从测井解释结果来看,该井以裂缝型储层为主,局部井段发育裂缝-孔洞型储层。其中,裂缝型储层主要发育 3 段,自中-下奥陶统顶面(T74 顶面)深度 6 155 m 以下至 6 187,6 188~6 269和 6 270~6 370 m,累积厚度为213 m。测井曲线上,密度无明显波动,井径相对稳定,中子孔隙度局部存在波动,双侧向电阻率为 2 000~19 000 Ω•m,表明裂缝发育。裂缝-孔洞型储层发育在 6 187~6 188 和 6 269~6 270 m 井段,累积厚度仅为2 m。地震剖面上与裂缝发育段无明显差异。测井曲线上,密度和井径均具有 1 个明显的低值波谷,中子孔隙度局部增大,表现为尖峰形态,双侧向电阻率表现为漏斗形减小特征。其中 6 269~6 270 m井段与成像测井资料对应较好,能较为明显的看到狭长形暗色溶孔发育。T10-1井井周没有可以形成“串珠状”地震反射的规模溶洞,单井测井解释也以单个体积小的小缝洞为主。但单井累积产量高,说明这种小缝洞数量多,形成了相互连通的小缝洞群,整体规模大。

  • 图4 塔河油田T10-1井井-震标定结果

  • Fig.4 Results of well-seismic calibration in Well T10-1 in Tahe Oilfield

  • “弱小串珠”也是小缝洞型储层典型地震反射特征之一。以塔河油田TH12-1井为例(图5),从测井解释结果来看,该井目的层以裂缝型储层为主,局部发育裂缝-孔洞型储层和致密基岩。裂缝型储层发育在 6 335~6 357 和 6 370~6 381 m 井段,累积厚度为33 m,成像测井指示含中、高角度裂缝,局部含弱溶蚀孔;6 387~6 402 m 为溶孔发育段,成像测井指示含充填或半充填溶孔。测井曲线上表现为电阻率减小,为漏斗形态;中子孔隙度增大,为箱状形态;井径明显减小,且相对光滑;密度减小,声波时差增大。与 T10-1 井杂乱弱反射特征相比, TH12-1 井钻遇的“弱小串珠”储层规模更小,但该井累积产油量达 8×104 t,表明形成了相互连通、规模较大的小缝洞群。

  • 4 演化过程

  • 塔河油田碳酸盐岩地层经历了加里东期和海西期构造运动,数次地表暴露使下奥陶统经历了多次表生岩溶作用[13-14]。对于每一次构造运动,后期产生的断裂与缝洞系统都会对前期的断裂和缝洞系统进行再改造。新缝洞系统继承之前缝洞系统的一些面貌,多期演化增加了缝洞系统的复杂性[20-23]。缝洞系统演化整体是复杂的,但是每一个独立构造时期,缝洞系统演化过程却是有据可循的。从时间尺度上看,缝洞系统的演化都会经历幼年期、青年期、壮年期和老年期等4个时期。

  • 幼年期 构造运动使脆性的碳酸盐岩地层产生错综复杂的裂缝、断裂系统。地表水或地下热液沿裂缝或断裂进行溶蚀,形成各种溶蚀孔洞,这是缝洞系统演化的早期或幼年期,是后续缝洞系统演化的基础。在第1阶段(图6a),地层处于埋藏状态,尚未经历大的构造运动和表生岩溶溶蚀作用。除继承前期构造运动形成的储集空间,其他储集空间类型尚不发育;进入第2阶段后(图6b),碳酸盐岩地层由埋藏状态逐渐抬升,随着上部地层的风化剥蚀,地表水开始在断层、裂缝发育的位置形成水道,并发育溶蚀孔缝。此阶段的断裂、裂缝及沿这些裂缝发育的溶蚀孔缝,为后期缝洞发育奠定了基础。如果缝洞系统就此终止,所形成的小缝洞型储层类型为裂缝型、经岩溶水改造的裂缝-孔洞型。

  • 青年期 随着地层继续抬升,地层内部断层、裂缝遭受溶蚀形成小规模溶洞,溶洞之间开始向外沿裂缝、孔洞溶蚀扩大。与其他小溶洞相互沟通的溶道也开始形成,这些小型溶洞和洞间溶道在后期不被充填的情况下,形成有利的储集空间。这一时期形成的小缝洞型储层类型以孔洞型为主,主要包括洞间溶道及小型溶洞(图6c)。

  • 壮年期 在第4阶段,地层抬升达到最大高度,随着岩溶作用的进行,小型溶洞持续扩大,相邻的溶洞通过溶道或管道连接在一起,形成大型溶洞。同时,此阶段发育的小型溶洞在后期埋藏过程中不容易发生坍塌,可以提供有效的缝洞储集空间(图6d)。进入第 5 阶段后,地层开始下降,逐渐由暴露期向埋藏期转变。溶洞的溶蚀程度达到最大,相邻溶洞进一步连通形成大的厅堂洞穴。落水洞向下发育新的溶洞。随着地层的下降,碳酸盐岩逐渐被浅埋,上部地层开始通过落水洞、竖井等向洞穴充填碎屑岩沉积物(图6e)。这是塔河油田碳酸盐岩缝洞系统最重要的发展阶段,也是目前塔河地区最重要的常规串珠状大型缝洞系统发育的阶段。该阶段形成的小缝洞型储层以孔洞型、裂缝-孔洞型为主,包括小型溶洞、洞间溶道及沿裂缝溶蚀扩大的孔洞,是开发潜力较大的一种类型。

  • 图5 塔河油田TH12-1井井-震标定结果

  • Fig.5 Results of well-seismic calibration in Well TH12-1 in Tahe Oilfield

  • 图6 塔河油田小缝洞系统发育演化模式

  • Fig.6 Evolution models of small-scale fracture-cavity system in Tahe Oilfield

  • 老年期 在第 6 阶段(图6f—6h),碳酸盐岩埋藏深度继续加大,当上覆地层压力大于溶洞顶部岩石所能承受的压力时,溶洞发生垮塌,上覆地层岩石对垮塌的空间进行部分充填。垮塌体周围形成大量次生的裂缝和断层,这些裂缝与断层大多呈现环形和放射状的形态;而溶蚀体积较小的溶洞和小型管道,不容易发生垮塌。因此该阶段以形成孔洞型储层为主,主要包括残余的小型溶洞和洞间溶道。

  • 5 结论

  • 塔河油田碳酸盐岩小缝洞是除巨洞(即地球物理尺度上能够产生串珠状地震反射、实钻/测井尺度上直径或宽度大于 100×103 µm)之外的、所有其他不同尺度的孔洞、裂缝和孔隙组成的缝洞系统或体系,其规模可能远大于所谓的单个串珠状大型洞穴型储集体,是继串珠型储集体之后又一个潜力巨大的勘探开发目标,通常表现为杂乱弱和弱小串珠等地震反射特征。小缝洞型储层类型分为裂缝型、孔洞型、裂缝-孔洞型。虽然单井测井解释的小缝洞体积较小,但数量多,形成了相互连通的小缝洞群,整体规模大。

  • 结合塔河油田缝洞发育演化过程,从时间尺度上,将小缝洞型储层演化过程划分为幼年期、青年期、壮年期和老年期。不同演化时期形成的储层类型存在差异。裂缝、裂缝伴生孔洞主要形成于幼年期。孔洞型、裂缝-孔洞型储层主要形成于青年期和壮年期,包括洞间溶道及小型溶洞。老年期以发育孔洞型储层为主,主要包括各种规模溶洞垮塌体残留的小型溶洞、残余洞间溶道。其中,形成于青、壮年期的小型洞穴、洞间溶道及沿裂缝溶蚀扩大的孔洞,是开发潜力较大的对象,是未来可能形成高产井的最主要类型。

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