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作者简介:

李安琪(1986—),男,山东泰安人,高级工程师,从事石油天然气地质综合研究工作。E-mail:lianqi@cnooc.com.cn。

中图分类号:TE122

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2021)02-0076-09

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.2021.02.010

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目录contents

    摘要

    通过三维地震、钻井资料的综合分析,结合区域海平面升降特征的研究认识,建立琼东南盆地乐东凹陷梅山组T-R层序格架,并详细论述了梅山组海底扇沉积体系演化过程,认为琼东南盆地在中新世存在五期规模较大的海侵-海退旋回事件,乐东凹陷主要碎屑物源方向经历由早期海南隆起向晚期越南方向的迁移过程,在凹陷内部形成展布方向、规模存在差异的三期大型海底扇沉积。结合区域油气成藏要素研究,认为梅山组海底扇砂岩受到后期黄流组中央峡谷切割,在整体“泥包砂”沉积背景下形成梅山组海底扇-黄流组水道砂岩复合型岩性圈闭,并通过底辟、裂隙沟通乐东凹陷深部崖城组烃源岩,形成“下生上储”型岩性油气藏。在此认识指导下,针对梅山组海底扇-黄流组水道砂岩复合型岩性圈闭钻探获得成功,新增探明天然气储量约为100×108 m3

    Abstract

    T-R sequence framework of Meishan Formation in Ledong Sag,Qiongdongnan Basin was established and its evolution process of submarine fan deposits was discussed in detail according to the comprehensive analysis of 3D seismic and drilling data,combined with the rising and falling characteristics of regional sea level. Results reveal that five large-scale transgression-regressive cycle events happened in the study area during the middle Miocene,and the source of main clastic materials in Ledong Sag migrated from Hainan Uplift in the early stage to Vietnam in the late stage. During this process, three stages of large submarine fan deposits with different distribution directions and scales were formed in Ledong Sag. Combined with the controlling factors of regional oil and gas accumulation,it is believed that the submarine fan sandstone of Meishan Formation was cut by the central Canyon of Huangliu Formation in the late period;the composite lithologic traps of Meishan Formation submarine fan-Huangliu Formation channel sandstone were formed under the overall mud-sand sedimentary background,which communicated with deep source rocks of Yancheng Formation through diapirs and fractures, forming“lower generation and upper reservoir”type lithologic reservoirs.Under the guidance of this understanding,the composite lithologic traps of Meishan Formation submarine fan-Huangliu Formation channel sandstone have been successfully drilled,with proved natural gas reserves of nearly 100×108 m3 .

  • 近年来,全球众多地区均发现了与深水重力流海底扇有关的大型油气田,如墨西哥湾、印度孟加拉湾、北海盆地[1-2]、中国南海珠江口盆地荔湾 3-1 气田[3]、莺歌海盆地东方 13-1 和东方 13-2 气田[4-5] 等,证实深水重力流海底扇为较好的油气储层类型,已经成为全球深水沉积学研究及油气勘探的热点。

  • VAIL 等首先认识到海底扇沉积体系与相对低海平面相关,重力流沉积主要发育在相对海平面下降期间,并建立了海底扇叠加模式[2];BOUMA 等提出相对海平面下降对沉积物搬运到陆架边缘的过程具有特别重要的作用,相对低海平面情况下沿岸沉积物向盆地方向迁移,更有利于海底扇发育[6-7]; MUNTINGH 等认为高位沉积物的粒度和分布对海底扇沉积富砂或富泥具有直接影响,古地理重建需要考虑前期高位体系域[8];庞雄提出重力流沉积受到陆架坡折、三级层序界面和低位体系域共同控制,强调重力流研究应在三级层序界面等时的基础上展开穿时性、跨层序界面的研究[3];秦雁群等对大型峡谷单点物源背景下的被动大陆边缘深水扇沉积构型进行了研究[9];姜超建立多物源条件下的断陷湖盆斜坡带重力流砂体沉积模式[10]

  • 琼东南盆地为南海北部大陆边缘新生代含油气盆地,自 2011 年以来在盆地西部乐东-陵水凹陷上中新统黄流组中央峡谷水道砂岩中连续发现陵水 17-2、陵水 25-1等多个大型深水气田,充分证实了琼东南盆地所蕴含的巨大勘探潜力[10-11]。随着勘探认识程度的不断深入,乐东凹陷中中新统梅山组海底扇砂岩已经成为琼东南盆地深水油气勘探工作的又一重点,王振锋等认为充足的物源供给、区域性相对海平面的大幅下降、适宜的古地貌条件为莺-琼盆地中新统海底扇创造了有利条件[12],范彩伟等认为乐东-陵水凹陷梅山组发育斜坡水道型、盆底扇型和底流改造型 3 种不同类型海底扇[13-14],谭建财等则针对乐东-陵水凹陷北部陆坡古沟谷及坡折带类型与梅山组海底扇分布、规模的关系进行了研究[15],但对于乐东凹陷梅山组海底扇内部期次划分及演化过程尚未进行精细研究落实。

  • 基于区域海平面升降研究成果及三维地震、钻井资料,建立了乐东凹陷梅山组 T-R 层序格架,详细阐述乐东凹陷梅山组海底扇沉积体系演化过程及物源方向迁移规律,并进一步论证乐东凹陷梅山组海底扇油气成藏条件,指出与黄流组中央峡谷内泥岩充填侧向对接的梅山组海底扇岩性圈闭为最有利的圈闭类型。以上研究认识已经成功指导油气勘探实践,在梅山组晚期海底扇获得探明储量近100×108 m3 的商业性气藏发现,从而揭示了琼东南盆地大中型油气田勘探又一重要新领域。

  • 1 区域地质背景

  • 乐东凹陷位于琼东南盆地中央坳陷带西部,北部为崖南低凸起,南部为陵南低凸起,东部为陵水凹陷,西部与中建凸起相接(图1)。乐东凹陷面积约为1×104 km2,新生代沉积层厚度超过12 km,其沉积充填过程与琼东南盆地演化基本一致,主要经历断陷—拗陷期(始新世和渐新世)、热沉降期(中新世)和加速热沉降期(新构造运动期,上新世和更新世)3大构造演化阶段,在断陷—拗陷期沉积始新统岭头组、下渐新统崖城组、上渐新统陵水组;热沉降期沉积下中新统三亚组、中中新统梅山组;加速热沉降期沉积上中新统黄流组、上新统莺歌海组和第四系乐东组[16-17]。其中始新统岭头组以中深湖相沉积为主,渐新统崖城组、陵水组及下中新统三亚组主要为海陆过渡—滨浅海相沉积,中中新世后随着琼东南盆地陆架-陆坡体系形成,中新统梅山组、上中新统黄流组、上新统莺歌海组和第四系乐东组则表现为半深海-深海沉积特征。

  • 2 层序地层格架

  • JOHNSON等提出T−R层序概念,将其定义为反映自一次水体加深事件的开始至下一次同等级别水体加深事件之初这段时间内的沉积单元,并将 1 个旋回层序内部划分为海侵体系域(TST)与海退体系域(RST)[18]。T-R层序可以更好地反映区域海平面变化对沉积盆地的影响,在受控于海平面变化的沉积盆地层序地层研究中较经典层序地层学更为适用。

  • 琼东南盆地中中新世已经进入稳定热沉降期,构造运动微弱,沉积层序主要反映区域海平面变化的影响,因此较适宜使用 T-R层序模式进行层序格架划分及对比研究。谢金有等利用钻井古生物资料建立了莺-琼盆地新生代海平面变化曲线[19-20],而王振峰等以近年钻探的科学探井西科1井的地球化学指标为基础,建立中中新世以来琼东南盆地高分辨率海平面变化曲线[21-22],为基于海平面变化的层序地层研究提供了有效依据。

  • 乐东凹陷梅山组沉积地层时间跨度为 11~16 Ma,按照层序地层学层序级别划分原则,接近于三级层序的时间跨度为1~3 Ma。以最大海退面作为三级层序边界,地震剖面表现为层序上下进积向退积转换界面,并在凹陷边缘伴有局部的削蚀不整合现象,而层序内部的海侵体系域与海退体系域以最大海泛面(MFS)为界面,地震剖面表现为明显的下超特征。根据上述层序界面特征,结合钻井与三维地震资料,将乐东凹陷梅山组地层划分为梅山组一段和梅山组二段 2 个三级层序,并进一步划分为 5 个四级层序(SSQ1—SSQ5),其中 SSQ1—SSQ3 属于梅山组二段,SSQ4—SSQ5 属于梅山组一段,每个四级层序均对应梅山组沉积期间琼东南盆地所经历的5 次较为明显的海侵-海退事件,并在四级层序内部划分海侵体系域与海退体系域,从而建立了乐东凹陷梅山组 T-R 层序地层格架(图2)。SSQ1—SSQ2 层序主要为半深海相深色泥岩沉积,而 SSQ3— SSQ5层序中可识别 3期次物源方向、规模差异较大的海底扇沉积,其中 SSQ3 和 SSQ4 层序海底扇已经被乐东凹陷中部的YC35-X井钻探揭示,而SSQ5层序海底扇为新发现的一期海底扇。

  • 图1 琼东南盆地乐东凹陷构造位置

  • Fig.1 Structural map of Ledong Sag,Qiongdongnan Basin

  • 3 沉积演化

  • 琼东南盆地自早中新世开始进入区域热沉降阶段,构造活动趋于减弱,盆地内的沉积体系受控于海平面升降、物源供应等方面的因素,其规模、平面分布及时空迁移特征存在明显的规律性。乐东凹陷梅山组沉积时期在 SSQ3 层序海退体系域、 SSQ4层序、SSQ5层序海侵体系域内发育3期的海底扇沉积,其规模主要受控于各体系域沉积时期区域海平面旋回的升降幅度及持续时间,而物源方向则经历了由东北部海南隆起物源向西部越南方向物源的迁移过程。

  • 梅山组二段沉积早期(距今16~14.8 Ma)的两期海平面升降旋回相对较为快速,其海平面升降幅度不大,整体海平面水平与早中新世三亚组时期较为接近,乐东凹陷内部沉积环境基本继承了三亚组晚期沉积体系发育特征。乐东凹陷梅山组沉积早期古地貌表现为整体向西南方向倾斜的广海环境,钻井资料显示 SSQ1—SSQ2层序内部均以半深海相灰色泥岩沉积为主,夹有少量薄层浊流成因粉-细砂岩、泥质粉砂岩,GR曲线以稳定的高GR泥岩背景夹局部的低幅指状为典型特征,在地震剖面上SSQ1— SSQ2 层序均表现为较弱-中等的连续波状反射特征,与上覆 SSQ3—SSQ5层序砂岩地层的中等-强反射特征形成鲜明对比。

  • 图2 琼东南盆地乐东凹陷新近系层序地层格架

  • Fig.2 Neogene sequence stratigraphic framework of Ledong Sag,Qiongdongnan Basin

  • SSQ2 层序海退体系域可见灰质泥岩及薄层灰岩沉积,与李安琪等所提出的乐东凹陷北部崖城凸起、崖南低凸起等区域同时期普遍发育的碳酸盐沉积[23] 具备较好的对比性,从而说明梅山组沉积早期 (SSQ1—SSQ2)海南隆起及越南方向尚未形成对琼东南盆地的大规模碎屑物源,凹陷内的沉积物主要来自邻近的物源区。

  • 梅山组二段沉积晚期(距今 14.8~13.8 Ma),琼东南盆地海平面较梅山组二段沉积早期发生一定幅度的下降,形成以“下细上粗”正粒序岩性组合为典型特征的SSQ3层序沉积,其下部海侵体系域以灰色灰质泥岩夹灰色薄层细砂岩为主要岩性特征,GR 曲线反映为两期钟形正旋回的叠加,而泥岩含灰质反映其物源供应仍与 SSQ1—SSQ2 层序接近,为邻近低凸起物源的反映。SSQ3 层序上部海退体系域则发育厚度约为 50~60 m 的细砂岩、中砂岩海底扇沉积,GR 曲线呈稳定的箱状特征,地震剖面上反映为明显的较强振幅连续反射,地震属性可见明显的NE—SW走向朵叶状平面分布。古地貌反映在梅山组沉积时期,乐东凹陷东北部存在明显的 NE—SW 走向沟谷,琼东南盆地北部陆架坡折之上由海南隆起提供物源的三亚组高位域时期三角洲富砂沉积可以通过沟谷地貌向乐东凹陷中心搬运沉积,从而成为SSQ3层序海底扇的主要碎屑物质来源(图3)。

  • 梅山组沉积时期持续时间最长的一期海平面升降旋回出现在梅山组一段沉积早期(距今约13.8~12 Ma),持续时间约1.8 Ma,在乐东凹陷中央形成了琼东南盆地中中新世时期分布范围最广、厚度最大的SSQ4层序海底扇沉积体系。钻井揭示SSQ4层序海底扇砂岩厚度超过150 m,以细砂岩、含砾中砂岩为主,SSQ4 期海底扇在地震剖面上表现为中等-较强振幅的明显丘状反射特征,根据地震振幅属性所刻画的海底扇面积超过 6 000 km2 ,远远超过 SSQ3 层序海底扇规模。

  • 在 SSQ4 层序沉积时期海南隆起依然具备较强碎屑物供应能力,因此在乐东凹陷北部SSQ4层序海底扇与SSQ3层序海底扇分布范围、朵叶体特征均具有一定的继承性。但地震属性反映 SSQ4层序海底扇在乐东凹陷东南部的平面形态更接近于东西走向的长轴舌状形态,并可识别出与乐东凹陷北部独立的小型舌状沉积体,显然为另一物源体系的产物。

  • 图3 乐东凹陷梅山组各层序海底扇地震最小振幅属性平面图(叠加三亚组沉积末期古地貌)

  • Fig.3 Minimum seismic amplitude attributes of Meishan Formation submarine fan in Ledong Sag (Paleogeomorphology at end of deposition of superimposed Sanya Formation)

  • 钻井揭示的乐东凹陷南部 SSQ4 层序海底扇砂岩重矿物组合多以较高的白钛矿和锆石含量、低石榴石及磁铁矿为主要特征,母岩类型以沉积岩为主、含少量岩浆岩及变质岩,与琼东南盆地北部陆架区梅山组砂岩重矿组合较高的磁铁矿及低白钛矿含量,以岩浆岩为主的母岩特征存在明显差异[23]。碎屑锆石 U-Pb 测年则反映 SSQ4 层序海底扇砂岩主要存在印支期(距今255 Ma)和海西期(距今436 Ma)两期年龄峰值(图4),与越南中南半岛东南部秋滨河沉积物印支期 250 Ma 和海西期 430 Ma 年龄峰值十分接近[24-25],而与海南岛现代河流沉积物燕山期(距今 100 Ma)和印支期(距今 240~220 Ma)年龄峰值特征存在一定差异,反映在SSQ4海底扇沉积时期越南方向中南半岛已经成为琼东南盆地西部重要的碎屑物质来源。

  • 梅山组沉积时期最晚一期的海平面升降旋回距今 12~11 Ma,在距今 11.5~11 Ma经历了琼东南盆地中中新世时期海平面下降幅度最大、持续时间最短的一期海退事件,但由于海南隆起、越南物源在该时期均大幅萎缩,因此SSQ5层序海侵体系域主要以半深海相泥岩沉积为主,重力流海底扇沉积体系基本停止发育,仅在SSQ5层序海退体系域内通过地震资料新识别出一期沿越南物源方向自西向东分布的海底扇沉积体系,但规模相较于 SSQ3 和 SSQ4 层序海底扇已经大幅缩小。该期次海底扇地震剖面上呈中等振幅,较连续反射特征,可进一步细分为四期海底扇朵叶体,各期次朵叶体之间的低幅度自西向东进积关系清晰可识别,并受到黄流组中央峡谷的切割形成南、北两块。由于地震振幅明显减弱,因此该期次海底扇砂岩可能较 SSQ3 和 SSQ4 层序海底扇厚度减薄,砂岩粒度亦偏细。

  • 图4 乐东凹陷梅山组SSQ4层序海底扇碎屑锆石 U-Pb年龄谱图(YC35-X井)

  • Fig.4 Detrital zircon U-Pb age distribution of SSQ4 sequence of Meishan Formation submarine fan(Well YC35-X)

  • 4 油气地质意义

  • 琼东南盆地乐东凹陷深水区已发现陵水 25-1气田,探明储量超过500×108 m3,其天然气即源于乐东凹陷深部崖城组煤系烃源岩。油气资源评价研究认为乐东凹陷崖城组煤系烃源岩厚度大、面积广、成熟度高,油气潜在资源量规模巨大,为大中型油气藏的形成提供了雄厚的资源基础[26-28]

  • 乐东凹陷在上新世经历快速沉降过程,伴随产生地层孔隙压力系数超过 2.0 的异常高压,从而形成了区域性的微裂隙网络。在浮力和异常高压的驱动下,乐东凹陷崖城组烃源岩生成的天然气可以沿区域性微裂隙网络向浅层梅山组海底扇、黄流组中央峡谷砂岩储层高效率垂向运移[29-30]。厚层海相泥岩所包裹的梅山组海底扇砂岩则形成异常高压体系中的欠压实带,有利于海底扇原生孔隙结构的保存。钻井已揭示的SSQ3和SSQ4层序梅山组海底扇砂岩粒度均以细砂岩、中砂岩为主,孔隙度可达 16%~22%,渗透率约为 30~50 mD,为天然气的聚集成藏提供了较好的储层条件,有利于形成“下生上储”型岩性油气藏(图5)。

  • 乐东凹陷梅山组海底扇沉积背景以半深海-深海相富泥环境为主,整体的“泥包砂”沉积背景有利于岩性圈闭形成。SSQ3和SSQ4层序海底扇圈闭类型以海底扇侧翼超覆尖灭形成的岩性-地层圈闭为主,存在保存条件以及海底扇边缘砂岩储层可能较薄、物性变差的风险,而 SSQ5层序海底扇受到黄流组中央峡谷的切割,形成多个依靠峡谷侧封的岩性圈闭,成藏条件较好,其圈闭有效性成为影响油气成藏的关键性因素[30-32]。黄流组中央峡谷内已经有多口钻井证实峡谷底部主要为滑塌块体流泥岩充填,地震剖面上呈现为弱振幅杂乱反射特征,与已发现的气藏砂岩强振幅“亮点”特征差异明显,可以形成梅山组海底扇岩性圈闭有效侧向封堵。此外,峡谷水道内存在的部分孤立“亮点”砂岩即便与梅山组海底扇砂岩连通,由于“亮点”砂岩周边被泥岩包裹,可以形成梅山组海底扇-黄流组水道砂岩复合型岩性圈闭,具备有效的圈闭条件。利用地震振幅属性、叠后阻抗反演等地球物理方法可以有效区分峡谷内部不同沉积充填类型,从而进一步完成梅山组晚期海底扇岩性圈闭的有效性评价(图6)。

  • 分析认为 SSQ5 层序梅山组海底扇由黄流组中央峡谷切割而成,并与峡谷内泥岩充填侧向对接。优选该岩性圈闭,投入钻探并获得成功,发现探明天然气储量约为 100×108 m3,证明乐东凹陷梅山组海底扇油气成藏条件十分优越,目前在该领域已经落实多个相同类型有利勘探目标,合计天然气潜在资源量规模超过1 000×108 m3,从而使其成为黄流组中央峡谷之后的琼东南盆地大中型油气藏实现勘探突破又一重要目标领域。

  • 5 结论

  • 乐东凹陷梅山组层序特征主要受区域海平面变化控制,因此以琼东南盆地中中新世高分辨率海平面变化曲线为基础,以最大海退面、最大海泛面为层序界面,可将梅山组地层划分为与 5 期海平面升降旋回对应的梅山组一段和梅山组二段2个三级层序和 5 个四级层序(SSQ1—SSQ5)。乐东凹陷 SSQ3层序海退体系域、SSQ4层序、SSQ5层序海退体系域内可识别出 3 期海底扇沉积体系,其规模主要受控于各体系域沉积时期区域海平面旋回的升降幅度及持续时间,而物源方向则经历由东北部海南隆起物源向西部越南方向物源的迁移过程。乐东凹陷梅山组 SSQ5层序海退体系域海底扇受到黄流组中央峡谷的切割,形成依靠中央峡谷内部泥岩充填侧封的岩性圈闭,可通过底辟、裂隙沟通崖城组成熟烃源岩,形成“下生上储”型岩性油气藏,并已经钻探获得油气发现。SSQ5 层序海底扇相同类型圈闭仍存在超过 1 000×108 m3 的天然气资源潜力,为下步琼东南盆地大中型油气藏勘探突破的重点目标领域。

  • 图5 乐东凹陷梅山组海底扇油气成藏模式

  • Fig.5 Hydrocarbon accumulation of submarine fan of Meishan Formation in Ledong Sag

  • 图6 乐东凹陷梅山组SSQ5层序海底扇圈闭有效性评价

  • Fig.6 Evaluation of effective traps of SSQ5 sequence of Meishan Formation submarine fan in Ledong Sag

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