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作者简介:

王希贤(1966—),男,河南温县人,高级工程师,从事油气田地质研究与开发管理工作。E-mail:wangxx.sips@sinopec.com。

中图分类号:TE122.2+3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2021)02-0135-08

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.2021.02.017

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目录contents

    摘要

    墨西哥 EBANO 油田的油藏类型为裂缝-孔隙型灰岩油藏,裂缝是影响油井产能和含水率上升的重要因素。为了解决开发中存在的Ksf和Kan层裂缝连通性认识不清的问题,利用岩心、成像测井资料、钻探资料和PLT测试资料及地震相干体技术,对 EBANO油田泥质灰岩和灰质泥岩薄互层中裂缝的发育机理、发育规律、影响因素及裂缝的连通性进行了研究。结果表明,该油田的裂缝主要为高角度构造缝,裂缝密度一般为1~2条/m,最大可达12条/ m,裂缝发育受岩性、断层、岩性组合关系及储层非均质性的影响;岩性可以分为3种组合模式,其中单层厚度为2~ 4 m 的泥质灰岩与单层厚度小于 1 m 的灰质泥岩互层是形成裂缝的有利条件,Ksf和 Kan层裂缝连通性可以分为 3 种类型。研究成果为油田不同类型裂缝开发方式提供了指导,2013—2014年钻井成功率由92%提高到97%,2020 年新井单井初期日产量提高到原计划初期日产量的167%,实施效果良好。

    Abstract

    The EBANO Oilfield in Mexico is dominated by the fracture-pore limestone reservoir,and the fracture is an important factor affecting oil well productivity and the water-cut rising mode. The development mechanism,influencing factors and connectivity between fractures in the thin interbeds of argillaceous limestone and calcareous mudstone in the EBANO Oilfield are studied by analyzing core and imaging logging data,drilling data,PLT test data and seismic coherence technology to improve the understanding of fracture connectivity between Ksf and Kan layers. Results indicate that this oilfield is controlled by high-angle structural fractures with the density of generally 1-2 fractures/m and 12 fractures/m to the highest,and fracture development is affected by lithology,faults,lithological association and reservoir heterogeneity. Besides, the lithology of EBANO Oilfield can be divided into three modes of association. The interbeds of argillaceous limestone with a single layer thickness of 2-4 m and calcareous mudstone with a single layer thickness of less than 1 m are favorable conditions for emerging fractures,and the fracture connectivity between Ksf and Kan layers can be divided into three types. The research results provide guidance for the development of different fractures in the oilfield. From 2013 to 2014,the drilling success rate increased from 92% to 97%. In 2020,the single well initial production of new wells will be enhanced to 167%.

  • 裂缝-孔隙型灰岩油藏由于具有孔缝双重介质,储层非均质性强,裂缝预测成为研究难题之一[1-6]。中外学者对裂缝识别与预测[7-9] 及裂缝的发育规律[10-13] 进行了大量研究,已形成较为成熟的技术和方法,促进了碳酸盐岩油藏开发水平的不断提高。墨西哥 EBANO 油田为浅层裂缝-孔隙型稠油灰岩油藏,开发目的层为 Ksf 和 Kan 层。1911 年投入开发,初期采用直井开发Ksf层,高峰期日产油量最高达 1.2×104 m3,随后产量快速递减。2008 年后利用水平井开发 Kan 层,水平段长度选取 600 m 左右,单井初期产油量和累积产油量大幅度回升。在开发过程中发现不同区域 Ksf和 Kan层裂缝连通性差异较大,部分井区局部上下连通,另外一些井区上下不连通。由此给开发布井带来较大困惑,给堵水措施的选择也造成困难,确定Ksf和Kan层的裂缝连通关系成为必须解决的问题。通过地震、测井、钻录井和生产测试的资料对裂缝发育规律进行再认识,阐明了裂缝发育的控制因素以及Ksf和Kan层裂缝连通状况,为油田开发方案和布井原则的确定提供有力依据,为油田控水提出方向性指导。

  • 1 油田概况

  • EBANO油田位于墨西哥湾西岸中部,AMAULIPAS 省、SAN LUIS POTOSI 省及 VERACRUZ 省交界处。构造位置上属于Tampico-Misantla盆地Tamaulipas 台地(图1),总体为西北高、东南低的低幅背斜,发育大量北东-南西向断层[14]。研究区主要开发目的层为白垩系Ksf和Kan层,为海相陆棚边缘相的泥质灰岩和灰质泥岩互层,扫描电镜资料显示, Ksf和 Kan 层为裂缝-孔隙双重介质,主要储集空间为物体腔孔、铸模孔和溶蚀孔。根据物性分析结果,平均孔隙度(基质+裂缝)为6%~14%,平均渗透率为 1~600 mD。 EBANO 油田含油面积为 302 km2,地质储量为6.9×108 m3。EBANO油田由于地层浅,原油性质差,原油黏度高,地面原油密度为 0.985 2~0.985 8 g/cm3,地层原油密度为 0.948 3~0.953 2 g/cm3,属重油-超重油,40℃下地面脱气原油黏度约为 4 000 mPa·s,地层原油黏度约为 300~700 mPa·s。

  • 图1 EBANO油田构造位置

  • Fig.1 Structural location of EBANO Oilfield

  • 2 裂缝发育机理

  • 裂缝的发育受控于构造运动[15],是基底构造运动导致断层附近上覆地层构造变形产生的(图2)。 EBANO油田的构造演化为:晚三叠世—中侏罗世同生裂谷期,发育近南北向的正断层,夹持形成东西向的垒堑相间结构;晚侏罗世—白垩世被动大陆边缘期,区内构造稳定,沉积连续渐变;古新世—中新世前陆盆地期,Laramide造山运动使区内断层活化,在南北向断裂附近形成花状构造。从 EBANO 油田的构造演化史看,晚三叠世—中侏罗世的拉张应力和古新世—中新世的挤压应力释放形成断层和伴随的裂缝带,裂缝可能存在2期,晚三叠世—中侏罗世的张性裂缝和古新世—中新世的剪切裂缝。由于泥质灰岩的脆性大于灰质泥岩,裂缝首先在泥质灰岩中产生,随着泥质灰岩中应力不断释放,灰质泥岩的应力更加集中,达到破裂点时灰质泥岩产生裂缝[16]。由于灰质泥岩的塑形作用较强,破裂压力远大于泥质灰岩,与泥质灰岩相比,在灰质泥岩中产生大裂缝需要的应力更高,在应力相对较为集中的断裂破碎带或长期活动的同生沉积断层的灰质泥岩中可能更易于发育宏观大裂缝。

  • 图2 裂缝发育机理

  • Fig.2 Fracture development mechanism

  • 3 裂缝发育规律及影响因素

  • 3.1 裂缝的发育规律

  • 岩心观察表明[17],EBANO油田裂缝可以分为构造缝和层理缝,储层构造缝近于垂直,以半开启缝为主,其余为开启缝和封闭缝,裂缝密度为 0.2~0.8 条/m,多数裂缝是半开启的,其比例为 74%;部分裂缝是开启的,其比例为 22%;少数裂缝是封闭的,完全充填封闭的裂缝比例为 4%,封闭裂缝中的充填物为方解石。

  • 据新钻井的成像测井资料,主裂缝走向近南北向(图3),次裂缝走向近东西向,同时水平缝也较为发育,水平缝主要为层理缝。层理缝和垂直缝形成网状裂缝系统。

  • 10口直井和水平井的成像测井获得的裂缝密度数据显示,在 Ksf和 Kan层裂缝广泛存在,各井裂缝发育程度差异较大,在 EBANO-1226 井中,裂缝密度最大,其最大值为12条/m;在EBANO-1105D和 EBANO-1057H 井中,裂缝密度较大;在 EBANO-1081和EBANO-1055H井中,裂缝密度相对较小。

  • EBANO-2001 井成像测井资料表明,从 Ksf 层到Kan层全井段均分布裂缝,Ksf层底部区域灰质泥岩段500~600 m处裂缝较为发育,裂缝密度为1~2 条/m。EBANO-1040 井成像测井资料表明,在灰质泥岩段 440~470 m 处,裂缝密度为 1~2 条/m,在泥质灰岩段 510~530 m 处,裂缝密度达 1~5 条/m(图4)。

  • 图3 EBANO油田裂缝走向玫瑰花图

  • Fig.3 Rose diagram of fracture strike in EBANO Oilfield

  • 3.2 裂缝发育影响因素

  • EBANO油田影响裂缝发育的因素多样,主要表现为构造运动复杂,受断裂和剥蚀影响,地层厚度横向变化大,加之灰质泥岩和泥质灰岩频繁互层,横向上岩性变化大,储层非均质性严重。

  • 图4 EBANO-1040和EBANO-2001井成像测井解释裂缝密度

  • Fig.4 Fracture density interpretation by imaging logging in Wells EBANO-1040 and EBANO-2001

  • 岩性 岩性是控制 EBANO 油田致密灰岩裂缝发育的重要因素之一[18]。影响裂缝-孔隙型灰岩储层裂缝发育的岩性主要因素是岩石的矿物成分。粒泥灰岩中裂缝最发育,而泥晶灰岩、灰质泥岩和泥岩的裂缝密度依次降低。这是由于沉积过程中海平面的升降变化导致泥质与灰质频繁交互,塑性矿物(如泥质)含量和脆性矿物(如方解石)含量不同,岩石本身的力学性质存在差异,在同一构造应力条件下,裂缝的发育程度亦存在差异。岩心观察表明从Ksf到Kan层裂缝密度增加,主要原因是Kan 层泥质含量低于Ksf层(表1)。

  • 表1 Ksf和Kan层矿物含量

  • Table1 Mineral content of Ksf and Kan layers

  • 断层 断层既能作为油气运移的通道,又能作为遮挡体形成圈闭,同时断层带周围裂缝的发育可改善致密储层的储集物性[19-20]。EBANO 油田裂缝主要沿断层分布,断裂破碎带(花状断裂)裂缝最为发育;纵向上,上部上白垩统 Ksf 层裂缝级别小,越往下断距越大,裂缝级别逐渐变大。南北断裂发育特征明显不同,南部断裂级别大,纵向上表现为断距大、切割层位多深入基底,平面上表现为延伸距离长,裂缝带更发育;北部断裂级别小,纵向上表现为断距小、切割层位相对少,离散裂缝和微裂缝发育。

  • 岩性组合关系 根据岩心不同岩性和不同岩层层厚条件下裂缝发育的差异,通过对比归纳分类,根据泥质灰岩和灰质泥岩的厚度[21],EBANO 油田可以划分为 3 种组合模式(图5)。模式 1 泥质灰岩和灰质泥岩互层,灰岩厚度较大,泥质灰岩厚度为 4~8 m,灰质泥岩厚度小于 3 m;模式 2泥质灰岩和灰质泥岩薄互层,泥质灰岩厚度为 2~4 m,灰质泥岩厚度小于1 m;模式3主要为区域灰质泥岩夹薄层页岩层,灰质泥岩厚度为 2~3 m,页岩厚度一般小于0.5 m。3种岩性组合中,模式2,岩石力学性质差异明显,在区域应力的作用下,容易形成裂缝,而且泥质灰岩和灰质泥岩单层厚度较小,裂缝间距小,裂缝密度大;模式 1,由于岩石力学性质存在差异,在区域应力作用下,较易形成裂缝,但由于泥质灰岩厚度相对较大,裂缝间距大于模式2,密度相对较低;模式 3 灰质泥岩和页岩的塑形强,裂缝密度低。

  • 储层非均质性 曾联波通过大量实验发现,地层在纵向和平面上均存在明显的岩石力学非均质性,这种非均质性特征控制了不同方向裂缝的发育程度[22]。EBANO 油田在古新世—中新世前陆盆地期,Laramide造山运动形成挤压作用,理论上应该存在NNE和NNW2个方向的一组共扼断裂体系,但从成像侧井裂缝走向玫瑰花图(图3)看,几乎无 NNW 向裂缝;地震资料解释断层走向也表明,断层呈现 NNE 走向或近 SN 走向展布特征,极少存在 NNW 向的断层,这可能与储层强非均质性有关,抑制了另一组裂缝的产生。

  • 图5 EBANO油田泥储层岩性3种组合模式

  • Fig.5 Three association models of reservoir lithology in EBANO Oilfield

  • 4 裂缝连通性分析及应用

  • 4.1 裂缝连通性

  • 裂缝能否穿透泥岩层,是决定灰岩、泥岩互层的储层质量好坏的关键。EBANO油田Ksf层底部存在20~30 m的灰质泥岩层,裂缝能否将灰质泥岩层穿透连通上下2套开发层系,直接影响EBANO油田的开发战略,即继续目前的分层系开发还是合层开采。但是能够穿透泥岩界面的大裂缝本身来讲数量是有限的,无论是岩心观测或是成像测井,都难以观察到泥岩中大量的穿透性裂缝,更无法对其发育规律进行研究,因此不能利用直接观察方法来确定泥质灰岩和灰质泥岩互层中裂缝的穿透性。

  • 中外学者对裂缝的穿层性进行了较多研究[23-24],张江晖等利用有限元数值模拟法对和田河气田含夹层碳酸盐岩储层泥岩的穿透性进行了研究,认为当灰岩中泥质隔夹层厚度超过 4~6 m 时,由于裂缝难以穿透泥岩,裂缝发育不再符合规律,破裂应力急剧增加,大型裂缝较难发育。

  • Ksf层底部区域夹层的岩性主要为灰质泥岩夹薄层页岩,灰质泥岩层由于含钙质,其脆性程度较泥岩大,据文献[22]可知,在砂泥岩剖面中,钙质或白云质等脆性组分含量较高的泥岩的裂缝发育程度甚至有可能高于砂岩,而灰质泥岩含灰质成分较多,据岩石薄片资料,灰质泥岩层方解石含量普遍大于 40%,脆性矿物含量高,据此推测,灰质泥岩层中也应发育大裂缝连通Ksf层和Kan层。

  • 据PLT测试资料,EBANO-1057井在Ksf层的区域盖层 Mendez 含灰质和火山碎屑质泥岩段 515~520 m处,测试日产油量为 3.7 m3 /d,该裂缝距 Ksf层顶面距离大于30 m。在灰质泥岩段617~622 m处,测试日产油量为10.2 m3 /d,由此可见,灰质泥岩中存在大的裂缝,可以沟通Ksf层和Kan层。

  • 利用地震相干体对裂缝连通性进行分析,在裂缝发育带有良好的响应[25]。从 EBANO-2056 和 EBANO-2064井相干体剖面看,Ksf和Kan层存在连通和不连通2种情况,在部分井区裂缝穿透Ksf层底部区域灰质泥岩层(图6),在其他区域 Ksf和 Kan层上下裂缝不连通。Ksf 和 Kan 层裂缝纵向上不同连通情况在相干体剖面上有不同的地震响应特征,根据相干体的不同反射特征、断裂发育特征以及开发动态特征划分 3类裂缝发育区(图7)。Ⅰ类裂缝区相干体纵向贯穿、横向规模大,Ksf 和 Kan 层上下裂缝系统连通好;Ⅱ类裂缝区相干体有异常但范围小,Ksf 和 Kan 层上下裂缝系统连通性一般;Ⅲ类区目的层主要为微细裂缝区,Ksf 和 Kan 层为层状油藏,Ksf和Kan层上下裂缝系统不连通。从地震相干体预测裂缝平面分布图看,Ⅰ和Ⅱ类裂缝区主要分布于较大规模的断层或断裂带附近,这与较大规模断层和断裂带应力更为集中,应力释放时更易于在区域泥质灰岩层中形成宏观裂缝相关。

  • 图6 过EBANO-2056和EBANO-2064井相干体地震剖面

  • Fig.6 Seismic profile of coherence cube passing through Wells EBANO-2056 and EBANO-2064

  • 图7 EBANO油田东部三类裂缝分布预测

  • Fig.7 Distribution prediction of three classes of fractures in eastern EBANO Oilfield

  • 4.2 开发应用及建议

  • 根据Ksf和Kan层裂缝特征及连通性的认识,针对Ksf和Kan层裂缝不同的连通情况,考虑钻井施工的难易程度,采取不同的开发战略。

  • 在北部地区由于储量未动用,Kan 层的基质储层物性好于Ksf层,加之受构造形态的控制,北部地层抬升,地层埋深相对较浅,水平段若设计在Ksf优质基质储层中,钻井施工难度大,加之北部地区的裂缝以离散裂缝和微裂缝为主,裂缝规模较南部小,因此在北部地区水平井位优先选择Ⅰ和Ⅱ类裂缝发育区,水平段设计在Kan层中,后期开发调整时可以考虑水平井开发Ksf层。

  • 在南部地区,Ⅰ类裂缝区水平段位于 Ksf层,在 Ⅱ类裂缝发育区,水平段设计在Kan层,利用斜井段沟通 Ksf层底部的裂缝发育段,同时开发 Kan 和 Ksf 层,提高油井产能;对于Ⅲ类裂缝区,采用斜井沟通纵向上各小层合采,以提高油井产能。

  • 2013—2014 年和 2020 年根据裂缝连通性及裂缝预测成果,分别钻井 116口和 7口,2013—2014年钻井成功率由92%提高到97%,2020年钻井成功率为 100%,测试投产 7 口井初期日产量平均达 18.5 m3 /d,是原计划初期日产量11.1 m3 /d的167%。

  • 在 EBANO 油田未来的开发中,对于 Ksf 和 Kan 层连通区域可以尝试采用小斜度井贯穿上下 2 层,井底设计在 Kan 层顶部。小斜度井在 Ksf 和 Kan 层顶部裂缝中穿行,一是可实现双层合采增加产量; 二是远离 Kan 层底水,延迟出水时间,延长采油期限,增加单井累积产油量;三是降低钻井成本。

  • 5 结论

  • 在裂缝发育机理、发育规律、影响因素分析的基础上对裂缝连通性进行研究,确定 EBANO 油田 Ksf和Kan层裂缝存在3种不同的连通类型。

  • 根据裂缝不同连通类型,采用 3 种不同的开发策略,Ⅰ类裂缝发育区Ksf和Kan层采用水平井合采方式,Ⅱ类裂缝发育区采用大斜度井沟通 Ksf 层底部和 Kan 层裂缝,同时开发 Kan 和 Ksf 层,Ⅲ类裂缝发育区采用水平井分层开采。3 种策略的实施,取得了一定成果,2013—2014年钻井成功率由92%提高到 97%,2020年新井初期日产量提高到原计划初期日产量的167%。

  • 裂缝-孔隙型灰岩油藏裂缝连通性关系研究,直接影响开发层系的开发方式和井身结构的选择,对于油田中后期的开发调整具有重要的指导作用。

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