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作者简介:

宋明水(1964—),男,山东沾化人,正高级工程师,博士,从事勘探部署研究及管理工作。E-mail:songmingshui.slyt@sinopec.com。

通讯作者:

茆书巍(1986—),男,安徽巢湖人,博士。E-mail:maow100@163.com。

中图分类号:TE111.1

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2021)03-0001-13

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.2021.03.001

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目录contents

    摘要

    基于岩心观察、地震及钻、测、录井资料综合分析,以高分辨率层序地层学和沉积学理论为指导,重构波阻抗反演技术为手段,对民丰地区沙三段中亚段湖底扇砂岩体进行精细刻画与研究。结果表明,研究区沙三段中亚段深水湖底扇沉积主要受北东向永安镇三角洲物源体系影响,区域内发育滑动-滑塌砂岩体、砂质碎屑流砂岩体、底流改造砂岩体及浊流砂岩体等4种砂岩体沉积类型,并识别出7种典型岩相特征。平面上湖底扇呈现出以内扇滑动-滑塌高密度流、中扇砂质碎屑流以及外扇浊流为主的沉积演化过程,并在不同相对地层古坡度上差异分布。不同岩相及其组合类型受控于多期基准面旋回变化,且多发育于短期—超短期旋回顶、底界面。在基准面下降半旋回(A/S减小)阶段,碎屑流舌状体和浊流朵叶体较为发育且呈多期相互切割叠置;在基准面上升半旋回(A/S增大) 阶段,碎屑流舌状体和浊流朵叶体多以孤立式或串珠状发育,并易受底流改造作用,形成小尺度的脉状或波状层理,部分可被切割而发生再次沉积。

    Abstract

    Through comprehensive analysis of core observation and drilling,logging,and seismic data,and guided by highresolution sequence stratigraphy and theories of sedimentology,the sublacustrine fan sand bodies in the Middle Es3 in Min- feng area were finely characterized and studied by reconstructed wave impedance inversion. The results show that the deepwater sublacustrine fan deposits in Middle Es3 is mainly affected by the NE provenance system in Yong’an Town delta. Four sedimentary types of sand bodies are developed,i.e.,sliding-slump current,sandy debris current,turbidity current, and bottom current reworked sand bodies,and seven types of lithofacies are identified in the study area. On the plane,the sedimentary evolution of the sublacustrine fan are dominated by high-density sliding-slump current in the inner fan,sandy debris current in the middle fan,and turbidity current in the outer fan,which are differentially distributed on the strata with different relative paleoslopes. Further analysis shows that different lithofacies and their assemblages of the sand bodies are controlled by the multi-period base-level cycles,and most of them are developed at the top-bottom interfaces of short-and ultra-short-term cycles. Debris current tongues and turbidite lobes are developed well and they are mutually cut and super- posed when the base level is in the descending semi-cycle(A/S falls). On the contrary,they often are developed in isolation or in beads when the base level is in the ascending semi-cycle(A/S rises);moreover,they are easily reformed by bottom current,forming small-scale vein-like or wave-like bedding,part of which can be cut and redeposited.

  • 自20世纪60年代Bouma序列建立以来[1],深水沉积体系逐渐成为沉积学界研究的热点,极大地推动了深水重力流沉积研究的进展。随后,中外学者着重针对湖底扇砂岩体的发育条件、展布特征及影响因素等进行了研究,建立多种深水湖底扇沉积模式,使浊流理论得到进一步的发展和完善[2-6]

  • 随着中国东部油气勘探程度的不断深入,勘探目标已由大型背斜构造油气藏向岩性油气藏发展。盆地深洼区的隐蔽油气藏越来越受到重视,其中湖底扇砂岩体日趋成为世界各国油气勘探的重点目标[7-8]。勘探成果表明,湖底扇砂岩体油气藏在中国的鄂尔多斯盆地、准噶尔盆地、松辽盆地、渤海湾盆地以及南海北部地区均有发现[9-10],这些隐蔽油气藏将构成中国能源增储上产的重要阵地。近年来,在东营凹陷陆续发现一些滑塌浊积扇砂岩体油气藏,其扇体往往呈现出小而肥的含油气特征。例如胜利油区胜坨地区坨 71和坨 76区块陆续钻探高产工业油气流井,探明石油地质储量为 700×104 t,显示出较好的勘探潜力,这也促使研究人员继续加大对整个东营凹陷滑塌浊积扇砂岩体空间展布及油气成藏规律的进一步研究和认识。

  • 目前,多数学者认为三角洲前缘斜坡带是滑塌浊积岩的重要发育区,指出物源供给、湖平面变化、构造作用等对湖底扇发育及空间展布具有重要的控制作用[11-12]。有关东营凹陷浊积岩的研究相对较早,多数学者普遍将其三角洲前缘砂体笼统划归为滑塌浊积岩沉积,并对滑塌扇体的空间展布及沉积特征进行了大量研究[13-14],这在一定程度上推动了深水重力流的研究,但对岩相划分、搬运机制及流体演化方面的研究相对欠缺,特别是基于“源-汇” 理论体系下湖底扇发育过程中各沉积砂岩体类型演化及控制因素的分析相对较少,从某种程度上制约了湖底扇的系统性研究。为此,笔者基于大量的岩心观察、地震剖面及钻、测、录井资料,以高分辨率层序地层学和沉积地质学理论为指导,以地球物理技术为手段,重点对东营凹陷民丰地区湖底扇砂岩体进行精细刻画,开展不同类型砂岩体岩相特征、搬运机制及成因分析等研究,明确其发育的空间展布规律及控制因素,进而建立湖底扇发育模式,研究成果对进一步揭示研究区深水湖底扇砂岩体有利发育区及油气勘探具有重要的指导作用。

  • 1 区域地质概况

  • 东营凹陷位于济阳坳陷东南部,是渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷的次级构造单元[15],具有北断南超、北陡南缓的典型箕状凹陷特征,油气资源十分丰富,是中国重要的油气产区[16-17]。东营凹陷内部可进一步划分为北部陡坡带、中央隆起带、南部缓坡带及4个洼陷带(博兴、牛庄、利津和民丰洼陷)等7个二级构造单元[18-20]

  • 民丰洼陷东邻青坨子凸起,西接利津洼陷,北至陈家庄凸起,南抵中央隆起带,面积约为 800 km2 (图1a)。区内地层发育完整(图1b),靠近边界断层附近水体较深,作为沉积中心油源条件优越,可形成良好的生储盖配置关系和圈闭条件,隐蔽岩性油气藏发育潜力较大[21-22]。研究表明,沙三段沉积时期处于湖盆断陷发育期[23],为研究区烃源岩和岩性圈闭最发育阶段[24]。民丰洼陷在沙三段沉积时期受多个物源体系影响,主要受发育于沙三段沉积早期湖盆东部及东南部的永安镇三角洲和东营三角洲沉积体系的影响,是民丰洼陷深水沉积体主要的物源供给者[25]。沙三段中亚段沉积时期,东营凹陷构造运动相对强烈,盆地沉降速率大,达到最大湖泛面,区域总体处于半深湖-深湖沉积环境[2026]。伴随着三角洲的不断推进,受物源持续供应及断层活动的影响,造成斜坡沉积体失稳滑塌,在三角洲前缘及深水区发育重力流成因的滑塌浊积扇砂岩体[827-28]。此外,近年来部分学者提出了供给型重力流沉积体系,在一定程度上较好地解释了深水湖底扇砂岩体的发育特征和形成条件[5-6]。总体而言,民丰洼陷的油气勘探程度相对较低,对该区湖底扇砂岩体的空间展布及控制因素分析还有待深入研究。

  • 2 沉积特征

  • 2.1 岩性特征

  • 基于研究区 24口取心观察井、岩心薄片、X-全岩衍射分析等资料认为,民丰地区沙三段中亚段岩性以含砾粗砂岩、细砂岩、粉砂岩及泥岩为主,储层类型以岩屑质长石砂岩和长石砂岩为主(图2)。颗粒成分主要为火山岩岩屑以及微变质的长石、石英类矿物,局部石英含量可达 72%,长石含量最高为 55%,以斜长石为主;岩屑主要为碳酸盐岩岩屑、火山岩岩屑和部分泥岩岩屑。颗粒分选中等或差,以次棱角状为主,颗粒支撑,点—线接触,少见缝合接触,孔隙式胶结,少量压实嵌入式胶结。填隙物平均含量为14.1%,以黏土矿物、方解石和(含)铁白云石为主,部分为黄铁矿、菱铁矿和硬石膏等,常见的黏土矿物胶结物有高岭石、绿泥石、伊利石及伊/蒙混层;碳酸盐胶结物结构以嵌晶结构和充填结构为主。

  • 图1 东营凹陷局部地区沙三段中亚段沉积体系展布及地层发育特征

  • Fig.1 Regional sedimentary system distribution of Middle Es3 and stratum development characteristics in Dongying Sag

  • 图2 东营凹陷民丰地区沙三段中亚段岩石组分三角图

  • Fig.2 Triangular diagram of rock composition of sublacustrine fan sand bodies in Middle Es3 in Minfeng area,Dongying Sag

  • 2.2 岩相特征

  • 岩相主要指在一定沉积环境下形成的岩石及其组合,是研究沉积环境及沉积物形成过程的第一要素[29-31]。基于研究区岩心观察发现,民丰地区沙三段中亚段沉积时期主要有砾岩、砂岩、砂泥过渡及泥岩4大类岩性。本次研究重点为砂岩及砂泥过渡类岩性,基于湖底扇砂岩体沉积类型及岩心典型沉积构造分析(图3),结合区域测井相特征,共识别出7种不同湖底扇砂岩体岩相特征(图4,表1)。

  • 变形构造含砾砂岩相(DPS)  该类岩相在研究区较为常见,岩性具有砾岩、粗砂岩、细砂岩、粉砂岩等混杂堆积特征,在岩心上可见明显的滑塌变形构造特征(图3a,图3b,图4a),厚度为 0.2~1.5 m。其主要形成于扇根沟道沉积微相,一般是在断层活动触发机制下早先沉积物发生垮塌沉积形成,在剖面上与下部泥岩或粉、细砂岩呈现明显的突变接触特征,是深水重力流最典型的识别标志之一。

  • 正递变含砾砂岩相(PPS)  该类岩相主要由灰色、灰白色、灰黄色中-粗砂岩、细砂岩、粉砂岩构成,含少量粒径较小的砾岩,具有正递变层理(图3d,图4b)。其单期砂体通常发育于厚度为 0.1~0.6 m 的薄层砂岩中,多期叠置厚度可达 1~1.5 m,并与下部泥岩呈突变接触,通常发育于砂质碎屑流或浊流沉积环境。

  • 逆递变含砾砂岩相(IPS)  该类岩相主要由灰色、深灰色中-细砂岩、粉砂岩构成,可见少量粒径较小的砾石。在垂向上呈逆粒序沉积特征,与底部泥岩段往往呈突变接触,厚度为 0.2~0.7 m,一般形成于物源供给量突然增大的砂质碎屑流沉积环境(图4c)。

  • 多期正递变叠合含砾砂岩相(MPS)  该类岩相主要由粗-中砂岩、细砂岩、粉砂岩组成,在垂向上呈多期正韵律组合叠置特征,剖面上可见两期较为明显的岩性界面特征(图4d),多期砂体叠置厚度可达2 m左右。该类岩相多见于连续型物源供给量出现较为明显差异的砂质碎屑流沉积环境。

  • 正-逆递变含砾砂岩相(P-IPS)  在岩心剖面上可见明显的两期粒序递变层理,主要为灰色、深灰色、灰黄色砾岩、中-细砂岩、粉砂岩、泥质粉砂岩等。该类岩相在研究区沙三段中亚段较为多见,表明沉积时期经历了多期不同物源供给量的变化(图3e,图4e,图4f),沉积砂体厚度相对较大,可达 1~3 m,部分可见泥岩撕裂屑、砾石定向排列的沉积。

  • 波纹-交错层理砂岩相(RCS)  该类岩相主要由灰色、深灰色细-粉砂岩构成,可见小型交错层理,透镜状砂体内部可见薄层泥质波纹层理(图3i,图4g),表明水动力条件相对较弱。该类岩相通常在扇体远端朵叶体或舌状砂岩体前缘区域发育,厚度总体不大,约为0.1~0.5 m。

  • 块状砂岩相(CMS)  岩性主要为灰白色、灰色砾岩及中-细砂岩,分选较好,泥质含量相对较低 (小于 5%)。垂向上无粒序的明显变化,呈块状构造。在岩性组成上可分为洁净块状砂岩相和含漂砾块状砂岩相2大类(图3j,图4h),部分可见少许碳屑,沉积厚度总体为 0.2~1.2 m,主要形成于砂质碎屑流沉积环境。

  • 2.3 沉积类型

  • 研究结果表明,当断陷湖盆冲积扇、扇三角洲等提供充足物源时,在断裂活动等触发机制下坡陡水深部位的沉积物往往易失稳发生滑动-滑塌,形成深水重力流沉积体系[828]。基于民丰地区沙三段中亚段沉积构造特征及岩石类型综合分析,认为研究区具有典型的深水重力流沉积特征,按照岩性特征将其划分为湖底扇砂岩体和湖相泥岩2大类。其中,湖底扇砂岩体又可以进一步划分为 4 种沉积类型,分别为滑动-滑塌砂岩体、砂质碎屑流砂岩体、底流改造砂岩体和浊流砂岩体。

  • 滑动-滑塌砂岩体  岩心观察表明,民丰地区沙三段中亚段湖底扇砂岩体的岩性多以灰色、深灰色、灰黄色含砾泥质中-细砂岩为主,碎屑颗粒混杂堆积,磨圆较差,泥质含量较高。在沉积构造上,可见部分具有波纹层理和被包裹在泥岩或砂岩中的 “砾石囊”沉积体(图3a)。同时,部分可见明显的泥岩褶皱层或部分包卷层理(图3a,3b),表明沉积砂体经历了一定程度的滑动-滑塌搬运过程,为扇根沟道沉积微相的典型特征。

  • 图3 东营凹陷民丰地区沙三段中亚段湖底扇砂岩体岩心照片

  • Fig.3 Core samples of sublacustrine fan sand bodies in Middle Es3 in Minfeng area,Dongying Sag

  • 砂质碎屑流砂岩体  该类沉积体以灰色、深灰色、灰黄色的粗砂岩、含砾中-细砂岩、细砂岩为主,泥质含量较少。在岩心剖面上可见泥岩撕裂屑和砂质碎屑,纵向上可见正、逆粒序,同时平行层理及块状层理可见,部分可见粗粒碎屑的定向排列特征,表明具有一定层流特征(图3c—3g)。该种沉积特征往往发生在扇中舌状体沉积微相环境中。

  • 底流改造砂岩体  底流改造沉积起初是研究海相环境中的海底扇沉积体时提出的,一般是指在沉积过程中底流对早先沉积的砂体进行改造,规模往往较大,类型较为丰富[32-33]。相较于海相环境,陆相湖盆底流改造作用相对较弱,往往发育在距离物源较远的扇端朵叶体沉积微相中,常形成规模较小的砂质透镜体。研究区底流改造砂岩体的岩性以灰色、深灰色粉-细砂岩为主。由于在沉积过程中,在底流作用下对早先沉积的砂体存在一定的改造作用,从而在砂质透镜体内部可见波状-交错层理,在多期砂泥沉积过程中可见砂质沉积物波状层理和泥质脉状层理交替出现(图3h,图3i)。

  • 图4 东营凹陷民丰地区湖底扇砂岩体主要岩相特征

  • Fig.4 Lithofacies of sublacustrine fan sand bodies in Minfeng area,Dongying Sag

  • 浊流砂岩体  岩心观察表明,研究区浊流砂岩体以灰色、深灰色粉-细砂岩为主,纵向上往往表现为正递变层理或块状层理构造特征的薄层砂质透镜体,这与底流改造砂岩体具有一定的相似性,但其常具有不同的内部结构特征,主要发育于扇端的朵叶体沉积微相中。浊流沉积中可见在泥岩沉积过程中由流体液化作用形成的砂质侵入体,岩心上表现为小断层、肠状或长条状砂质条带(图3j—3l)。

  • 3 主控因素分析

  • 3.1 古物源

  • 基于区域岩相、三维地震及钻、测、录井资料,采用自然电位曲线进行拟声波重构波阻抗反演,有效剔除灰质泥岩的影响,较为精细地刻画研究区湖底扇砂岩体的发育特征和空间展布关系。分析结果表明,沙三段中亚段沉积时期研究区主要受来自北东向的永安镇扇三角洲物源及少许受北部近源扇物源供给的影响(图5)。沙三段中亚段Z6次亚段沉积时期距离北东向永安镇三角洲物源距离较远,以远端浊流朵叶体沉积为主,厚度一般较小;Z5 次亚段沉积时期物源相对贫乏,湖底扇砂岩体欠发育。随着永安镇三角洲持续向西推进,Z4次亚段沉积时期物源供给相对充足,在三角洲前缘斜坡处滑动-滑塌砂岩体及砂质碎屑流砂岩体较为发育,并在远源处发育浊流朵叶体。随后在沙三段中亚段 Z3—Z1 次亚段沉积时期逐渐过渡为三角洲前缘及部分三角洲平原沉积(图6)。总体上,研究区由西向东呈现出浊流朵叶体—砂质碎屑流舌状体—滑动-滑塌砂岩体—三角洲前缘砂岩体的沉积特征,并存在明显的多期物源供给量差异,对研究区湖底扇砂岩体发育及空间展布具有重要影响。

  • 表1 东营凹陷民丰地区沙三段中亚段湖底扇砂岩体岩相划分及特征

  • Table1 Lithofacies division and characteristics of deep-water sublacustrine fan sand bodies in Middle Es3 in Minfeng area,Dongying Sag

  • 3.2 相对地层古坡度

  • 沉积古地貌恢复是构建原始沉积-构造系统、精细分析“源-汇”理论体系的重要手段,对揭示物源与沉积体系的时空配置关系、有效砂体及优质储层分布规律具有重要作用[34-35]。本次研究着重采用较为直观的层拉平技术[36] 恢复民丰地区沙三段中亚段沉积时期的相对地层古坡度。根据研究区钻井及地质资料,将T4标志层(沙三段中亚段顶)拉平 (图7),近似求取研究区前积层相对地层古坡度。

  • 基于对研究区沙三段中亚段沉积时期各期次沉积演化特征分析,重点对沙三段中亚段 Z4 和 Z6 次亚段沉积时期进行古坡度恢复,并结合钻、测、录井资料对不同斜坡区域湖底扇砂岩体类型进行分析。结果(图8)表明,民丰地区沙三段中亚段 Z4和 Z6次亚段沉积时期滑动-滑塌砂岩体主要发育于相对地层古坡度为4°~9°的区域(平均为6.5°,现今为 10.8°),砂质碎屑流砂岩体主要发育在相对地层古坡度为 3°~8°的区域(平均为 4.2°,现今为 6.8°),浊流砂岩体主要发育在相对地层古坡度小于 3°的区域(现今一般小于 4.5°)。并在此基础上,结合三维地震资料建立了现今地层坡度与相对地层古坡度之间的拟合关系,有助于下一步湖底扇砂岩体目标选取和有效勘探。

  • 图5 东营凹陷民丰地区沙三段中亚段Z4次亚段沉积时期湖底扇砂岩体平面展布特征(波阻抗属性)

  • Fig.5 Plane distribution(wave impedance property)of sublacustrine fan sand bodies of Z4 Submember of Middle Es3 in Minfeng area,Dongying Sag

  • 图6 东营凹陷民丰地区沙三段中亚段沉积时期顺物源方向连井对比剖面特征

  • Fig.6 Stratigraphic division and correlation of Middle Es3 in provenance direction in Minfeng area,Dongying Sag

  • 3.3 基准面旋回变化

  • 基准面升降过程反映可容纳空间和沉积物供给量之间的对应关系(A/S),研究表明基准面旋回变化对湖底扇砂岩体的空间展布及叠置关系具有绝对的控制作用[14]。特别是基准面转换面附近往往是砂岩体优势发育区,一般将基准面旋回界面划分为基准面下降至上升转换面和基准面上升至下降转换面。基于研究区典型井岩性剖面分析表明,短期基准面旋回变化控制着湖底扇砂岩体的纵向分布。当基准面处于下降半旋回时,A/S值变小,来自永安镇三角洲的物源供给充足,浊积水道发育,砂体下切作用强,多期扇体在垂向上相互切割叠置,该阶段是形成湖底扇的重要阶段。当基准面处于上升半旋回时,A/S 值变大,物源供给相对贫乏,砂体往往以滑动的形式沉积于泥岩中并呈点状或串珠状分布(图9)。

  • 图7 东营凹陷民丰地区沙三段中亚段沉积时期顺物源方向相对地层古坡度测点及特征

  • Fig.7 Measure points and characteristics of relative paleoslopes of Middle Es3 in provenance direction in Minfeng area,Dongying Sag

  • 图8 东营凹陷民丰地区沙三段中亚段Z4和Z6次亚段沉积时期相对地层古坡度与湖底扇砂岩体类型及现今地层坡度关系

  • Fig.8 Relationships of relative paleoslope with type of sublacustrine fan sand bodies and present slope of Z4 and Z6 Submembers of Middle Es3 in Minfeng area, Dongying Sag

  • 研究表明,民丰地区沙三段中亚段 6 个沉积期次经历了多期基准面旋回变化,其中超短期旋回与单期湖底扇砂岩体具有较好的对应关系。在超短期基准面下降过程中,物源供给相对丰富且不断推进,沉积水道舌状体和远源朵叶体可分散分布也可相互交叠(以叠加式和切叠式为主),多期砂体叠置厚度一般为0.5~8 m;在超短期基准面上升过程中,物源供给相对减少且多以退积为主,砂岩体往往近源分布,多期砂体叠置厚度相对较薄,为 0.3~4 m,中扇水道舌状体和外扇朵叶体多以孤立式或串珠式发育(图9)。

  • 4 发育模式

  • 在沙三段中亚段沉积时期,研究区受北东方向永安镇三角洲物源体系的影响最大,受区域构造活动及物源供给阶段的影响,在斜坡处的三角洲前缘早期沉积物失稳垮塌是研究区湖底扇发育的主要触发机制,短期—超短期基准面旋回变化是研究区沙三段中亚段四级—五级层序内部湖底扇砂岩体发育及空间叠置关系存在差异的重要原因。

  • 前人研究表明,深水重力流沉积过程中存在明显的“滑水效应”[37-38],这对湖底扇砂岩体空间展布分析具有重要的指导作用。民丰地区沙三段中亚段三级层序内部整体呈现退积发育过程,在断裂活动和物源供给差异等作用下,区域内可发生多期超短期基准面旋回变化,从而影响多期湖底扇砂岩体的空间叠置关系。在湖底扇发育过程中,内扇主沟道区域地形坡度大,多以高密度滑动-滑塌砂岩体沉积为主,变形构造含砾砂岩相(DPS)、逆递变含砾砂岩相(IPS)较为常见,部分可见正递变含砾砂岩相 (PPS);中扇区域以水道砂质碎屑流舌状体为主,岩相组合相对复杂,发育正-逆递变含砾砂岩相(P-IPS)、多期正递变叠合含砾砂岩相(MPS)、含漂砾块状砂岩相(CMS2)及少量波状-交错层理砂岩相 (RCS)。随着搬运距离增大,地形坡度减缓,沉积物流体密度减小,砂质碎屑流头部与主体可能发生分离,搬运机制由碎屑流转换为浊流(图10),并在外扇区域形成浊流朵叶体沉积。同时,在底流作用下这些细粒沉积物易发生一定程度的改造,形成小尺度的脉状或波状层理,部分可被切割而发生再次沉积。外扇区域岩相上多以洁净块状砂岩相(CMS1)、波状-交错层理砂岩相(RCS)及少量薄层正递变含砾砂岩相(PPS)为主。开展区域湖底扇砂岩体的岩相特征及精细刻画研究,厘清控砂要素并构建沉积模式,对揭示区域有效储层空间展布及高效勘探具有重要的指导作用。

  • 图9 东营凹陷民丰地区基准面旋回变化条件下湖底扇砂岩体发育特征(丰112井)

  • Fig.9 Development characteristics of sublacustrine fan sand bodies in base-level cycle in Minfeng area,Dongying Sag(Well F112)

  • 5 结论

  • 民丰地区沙三段中亚段沉积时期受北东向永安镇三角洲物源体系影响,在沙三段中亚段 Z4 和 Z6次亚段沉积时期深水湖底扇砂岩体最发育,可进一步识别出滑动-滑塌、砂质碎屑流、底流改造及浊流砂岩体等 4种湖底扇砂岩体沉积类型和 7种典型岩相特征。其中,滑动-滑塌砂岩体主要发育于相对地层古坡度为 4°~9°的区域,砂质碎屑流砂岩体主要发育在相对地层古坡度为 3°~8°的区域,浊流砂岩体主要发育在相对地层古坡度小于3°的区域。

  • 图10 东营凹陷民丰地区沙三段中亚段湖底扇砂岩体发育模式

  • Fig.10 Development modes of sublacustrine fan sand bodies in Middle Es3 in Minfeng area,Dongying Sag

  • 古物源、相对地层古坡度及基准面旋回变化是民丰地区沙三段中亚段四级—五级层序内部湖底扇砂岩体发育及空间叠置关系的重要控制因素。超短期旋回与单期湖底扇砂岩体具有较好的对应关系,在基准面下降半旋回(A/S减小),砂质碎屑流舌状体和浊流朵叶体发育且多期砂体在垂向上相互切割叠置;在基准面上升半旋回(A/S增大),舌状体和朵叶体多以孤立式或串珠式发育。

  • 民丰地区沙三段中亚段湖底扇沉积物在沉积过程中整体表现为以内扇滑动-滑塌高密度流、中扇砂质碎屑流及外扇浊流为主的沉积演化过程,并呈现出不同岩相特征及组合关系。沉积过程中砂质碎屑流头部与主体易发生分离,可见明显的“滑水效应”,并在前端形成浊流朵叶体沉积,在平面上呈点状或分散状分布。同时,在底流作用下这些细粒沉积物易发生一定程度的改造,形成小尺度的脉状或波状层理,部分可被切割而发生再次沉积,从而形成复杂的砂岩体空间叠置关系。

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