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作者简介:

郭玉新(1970—),男,山东东阿人,高级工程师,博士,从事沉积地质方面研究。E-mail:guoyuxin579.slyt@sinopec.com。

中图分类号:TE121.3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2021)03-0014-11

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.2021.03.002

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目录contents

    摘要

    基于岩心、薄片、粒度分析、测井、录井、地震等资料,研究渤中凹陷埕岛东坡东三段沉积物重力流类型及沉积特征,总结重力流砂体分布规律,建立具有沟谷和坡折的斜坡带重力流沉积模式。结果表明:研究区东三段发育异重流、砂质碎屑流和浊流3种沉积物重力流。异重流沉积占比最大,广泛分布于研究区中北部第一坡折带、第二坡折带、洼陷带和东南部沟谷等各个构造单元,水道位置发育反递变-正递变复合粒序层理、正递变粒序层垂向叠置及层内侵蚀面,朵体部分发育块状层理、平行层理、爬升波纹层理和波状层理,沉积物中多见炭屑。砂质碎屑流分布于沟谷和坡折带下方,发育块状层理、面状结构、漂浮泥砾、细砂岩中的粗砂团块等沉积构造。浊流分布于洼陷带,发育鲍马序列,多为粉砂岩与湖相泥岩薄互层。重力流砂体发育受沟谷和坡折控制,砂体顺沟谷呈带状分布,在坡折下方集中尖灭,形成一系列连续性较差的独立砂体,对油气勘探具有重要意义。

    Abstract

    With core,thin section,grading analysis,well log and seismic data,the types and sedimentary characteristics of sediment gravity flows of Ed3 Member in the east slope of Chengdao area,Bozhong Sag are studied,and the distribution of gravity flows sand is summarized to establish the gravity flow sedimentary models of the slope zone with gullies and slope breaks on it. Hyperpycnal flows,sandy debris flows,and turbidity currents are developed in Ed3 Member of the study area, according to the results. Hyperpycnal flows account for the largest proportion and are widely distributed in the first slopebreak zone,the second slope-break zone,sub-sag zone,and southeastern gullies in the central north of the study area. In- versely graded to normally graded mixed bedding as well as overstep of normally graded bedding and intrastratal erosion surface are developed in channels;massive,parallel,climbing ripple,and wavy bedding is developed in lobes;carbon dusts are seen mostly in sediments. Sandy debris flows are distributed under slope-break zones and in gullies where sedimentary structures such as massive bedding,planar structures,floating mud gravel,and coarse sand mass in fine sandstone are de- veloped. Turbidity currents are distributed in the sub-sag zone where the Bouma sequence is developed,which is mostly thin interbedding of siltstone and lacustrine mudstone. The development of gravity flow sands is controlled by gullies and slope breaks. The sands are in a zonal distribution along gullies,and pinches out under slope breaks,forming a series of in- dependent sands with poor continuity,which is of great significance for oil and gas exploration.

  • 自 KUENEN 等提出递变层理是浊流标志[1],特别是BOUMA建立浊流垂向模式[2] 以来,随着石油勘探在深水砂体中不断取得突破,水下重力流日益成为中外学术研究和石油勘探关注的焦点。中国重力流研究始自 1970年[3],之后迅速取得丰硕研究成果,在渤海湾盆地[4-5]、鄂尔多斯盆地[6-7]、珠江口盆地[8-9] 等多个地区深水沉积中取得重要突破。埕岛东坡隶属于渤海湾盆地渤中凹陷南部缓坡带,是油气有利指向区,东三段深水重力流砂体是主要勘探目标,已上报探明石油地质储量 2 284.6×104 t [10]。近期,埕北826、埕北830等探井相继钻探成功,其中埕北830井获日产量为179.3 m3 /d的高产工业油流,展示了该区极大的勘探潜力。但勘探中也有多口井出水,其原因是对砂体的分布认识不清,导致砂体描述不准确,因此对砂体成因及分布规律的认识仍需进一步深化。前人对研究区重力流沉积的认识存在争议,陈广军等认为是缓坡浊积扇[11],袁向春等认为是具有牵引流和浊流双重沉积特征的水下扇[12],宋明水等认为是深水湖底扇和滑塌湖底扇[1013],武群虎等认为是碎屑流、浅水风浪改造的洪水重力流和深水洪水重力流[14],表明对该区重力流的类型还需要进一步认识。笔者利用岩心观察、薄片鉴定、粒度分析、地震属性反演等手段,研究埕岛东坡东三段重力流砂体类型及沉积特征,总结重力流砂体分布规律,建立沉积模式,旨在为研究区重力流砂体岩性油气藏勘探提供理论依据。

  • 1 地质概况

  • 埕岛东坡位于渤海湾南部的浅海、极浅海海域,区域构造上位于渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷和渤中坳陷交汇处,埕北低凸起的东南部,其北部以斜坡过渡到渤中凹陷,东南部以断层与埕北 30 潜山相接。研究区构造特征较为简单(图1),中北部在北东倾的斜坡上发育了北西向和近东西向 2 组同沉积断层,其中北西向断层成带分布,构成断裂坡折,其与斜坡下方的地形坡折共同形成2个北西向延伸的坡折带;东南部靠近埕北30潜山发育一条北东走向的大型沟谷;沿埕北30断层发育一系列羽状排列的断层,这些断层为晚期断层,不控制东三段沉积。研究区在潜山之上发育古近系沙河街组、东营组,新近系及第四系。沙河街组和东营组自渤中凹陷向埕北低凸起依次超覆变薄,东营组晚期地层在研究区内披覆于埕北低凸起之上,新近系和第四系分布稳定。

  • 图1 埕岛东坡区域位置及构造纲要

  • Fig.1 Tectonic location and structural outline in east slope of Chengdao area

  • 2 沉积特征

  • 2.1 地层发育特征

  • 研究区东营组最大厚度约为1 400 m,划分为东三段、东二段和东一段,进一步分为6个砂组,4砂组又细分出3个小层(图2)。东三段4—6砂组发育一套以暗色泥岩、油页岩为主的半深湖-深湖沉积,重力流沉积集中发育于 4 砂组;东二段—东一段为一套完整的湖盆萎缩期河流-三角洲沉积充填序列 (图2)。

  • 图2 埕岛东坡东营组地层划分

  • Fig.2 Stratigraphic column of Dongying Formation in east slope of Chengdao area

  • 2.2 岩石组分特征

  • 9口取心井216个样品薄片分析资料表明,研究区重力流沉积物(岩)中石英体积分数平均为 39.7%,长石体积分数平均为 33.0%,岩屑体积分数平均为 27.2%,岩石类型主要为岩屑长石砂岩(表1)。岩性主要为灰色、灰白色中砂岩、细砂岩,亦多见砾岩、含砾砂岩、粗砂岩、泥质粉砂岩及深灰色-黑色泥岩,总体粒度偏粗。砂岩颗粒分选差-中等,主要为次棱角状,颗粒支撑为主,线-点接触,孔隙式或线-孔隙-接触式胶结。

  • 2.3 古地貌特征及物源分析

  • 东三段 4 砂组沉积时期,研究区受西部埕北低凸起和东部埕北 30 潜山所夹持,呈现东西向坡折带-洼陷带阶梯分布、南北向沟谷相间排列的古地貌特征。自西向东划分为第一坡折带、第二坡折带和洼陷带,自南向北依次排列着埕北326、埕北8、胜海8、埕北813等4个大型沟谷(图3)。

  • 研究区重力流砂体中长石、岩屑体积分数分别高达 33.0% 和 27.2%,结构成熟度较低,表明为近源快速沉积。4砂组沉积时期,研究区东部埕北 30潜山位于水下(其上发育 4 砂组湖相暗色泥岩),物源主要来自研究区西部的埕北低凸起。4砂组地层尖灭带以西,物源区出露太古界、古生界和中生界,为重力流砂体发育奠定了物源基础。

  • 3 重力流类型及沉积特征

  • 前人对重力流有多种划分方案,BOUMA 建立的经典浊积岩模式[2] 在深水砂体勘探中发挥了重要作用,至今仍得到较普遍认可;SHANMUGAM 根据沉积物重力流流变学及沉积物支撑机制、沉积机制,建立了滑动—滑塌—砂质碎屑流—浊流四分体ea 系[15-16],强调了砂质碎屑流沉积在深水重力流中的重要意义;MULDER 等将沉积物重力流划分为非激发型洪水异重流和激发型滑塌浊流[17-19]。笔者通过岩心观察,认为埕岛东坡东三段发育异重流、砂质碎屑流和浊流3种类型重力流沉积。

  • 表1 埕岛东坡东三段重力流沉积岩石各颗粒组分平均体积分数

  • Table1 Average volume fractions of rock components of sediment gravity flow of Ed3 Member in east slope of Chengdao area

  • 图3 埕岛东坡东三段沉积时期古地形示意

  • Fig.3 Paleotopographic diagram of Ed3 Member in east slope of Chengdao area

  • 3.1 异重流

  • FOREL 首次对莱曼湖(Lake Léman)密度流进行描述,提出异重流的概念[20],BATES 在研究三角洲时给出了异重流的定义[21],随后MULDER等进一步完善了异重流的概念[17-19]。异重流为洪水成因,洪水期河流携带大量的沉积物入海/湖,因其密度大于周围水体密度而潜入盆地底部流动,其沉积物颗粒主要为湍流支撑,MULDER 等将其称之为准稳态浊流,以区别于地震、构造活动、风暴等激发造成的滑塌浊流[18-19]。与滑塌浊流沉积相比,异重流沉积在沉积构造方面具有独特的特征,如反粒序过渡到正粒序、层内微侵蚀面、炭质碎屑以及爬升波纹层理等。

  • 据岩心观察,埕岛东坡东三段发育大量的异重流沉积,在2个坡折带、洼陷带及东南部沟谷中均占主导地位。异重流沉积包含水道和朵体2部分。

  • 异重流水道整体粒度较粗,主要为含砾砂岩及中-粗砂岩(图4a—4f),砾石多为石英砾,偶见红褐色陆源泥砾(图4b,4e),泥砾直径为3~9 cm,部分砂岩段出现大量灰黑色泥岩撕裂屑(图4f),撕裂屑的长度为1~3 cm不等,长轴方向具有一定的定向性。沉积构造多为块状及递变层理。其中递变层理主要包括2种类型:一种是反递变-正递变复合层理,形成于异重流能量增强和能量衰减 2 个阶段。在异重流发育初期,其头部开始沉积,粒度较细,随着能量的增强,较粗粒沉积物沉积下来,形成反递变粒序层;在异重流能量衰减阶段,随着流体湍动能量减弱,形成正递变粒序层(图4a,4b)。另一种是正递变叠置的复合层理,洪峰期异重流通常会对早期反递变粒序层造成侵蚀,当异重流能量足够大、持续时间足够长时,反递变粒序层被侵蚀殆尽,仅保留正递变粒序层,形成正递变粒序层的垂向叠置,粒序层内发育多个微侵蚀面(图4c,4d)。

  • 异重流朵体部分粒度较细,多为细砂岩、粉砂岩和泥质粉砂岩,发育块状层理(图4h,4i)及流水成因的平行层理(图4j)、爬升波纹层理(图4k,4l)和波状层理(图4g)。异重流较强阶段发育平行层理,当沉积物沉积速率等于流动速率时发育爬升波纹层理,当沉积物沉积速率大于流动速率时发育波状层理[22]。爬升波纹层理是异重流区别于滑塌重力流的典型特征之一[23],其与洪水持续的水流能量和物源供给有关,能量持续减弱的滑塌浊流不发育爬升波纹层理。图4g为正递变过渡为反递变,代表了异重流朵体边缘 1期异重流 2次洪峰沉积的叠加。持续的流体能量将陆源植物碎片和炭屑带入到湖盆中,在坡折带和洼陷带都可见到呈层状分布或散布于砂岩之中的植物碎片和炭屑(图4g,4j)。值得注意的是,异重流朵体部分的砂岩中有时会见到滑塌构造(图4i),这是由于早先沉积的异重流砂岩在地震、风暴或能量较大的重力流剪切、拖曳的影响下失稳发生滑塌形成的,这意味着在其向洼陷带的方向可发育滑塌重力流(碎屑流或浊流),或与新一期异重流汇合形成能量更强的异重流。

  • 研究区异重流沉积颗粒多为次棱角状,分选较差(图5a),反映了近源快速沉积的特点。粒度概率累积曲线为跳跃-悬浮低斜两段式和跳跃-过渡-悬浮具递变悬浮过渡段的两段式,反映出其同时拥有底床载荷和悬浮载荷的特征,水道位置多为低斜两段式(图6a),细截点为 2~2.5 ϕ,朵体部分以具过渡段两段式为主(图6b),细截点为3~3.5 ϕ

  • 3.2 砂质碎屑流

  • HAMPTON 通过模拟实验,首次提出砂质碎屑流的概念[24],SHANMUGAM 明确了其在流体性质、流动状态、搬运和沉积机制方面的特殊性,建立了砂质碎屑流概念和理论体系[15-16]。砂质碎屑流是一种宾汉塑性沉积物流,具有分散压力、基质强度、受阻沉降、浮力等多种支撑机制,流体为层流流态,呈冻结式沉积[615-16],因此具有明显不同于湍流支撑的异重流和滑塌浊流的沉积构造。

  • 图4 埕岛东坡东三段异重流沉积构造

  • Fig.4 Sedimentary structure of hyperpycnal flows of Ed3 Member in east slope of Chengdao area

  • 埕岛东坡东三段砂质碎屑流主要分布于埕北8 沟谷、第二坡折带和洼陷带埕北 81 井区,岩性多为中-细砂岩,局部层段见细砾岩和粗砂岩,沉积构造为块状,多含不规则灰黑色泥砾、泥岩撕裂屑,偶见粗砂岩砾石团块(图7a—7f)。红色泥砾(图7a)代表其为陆上沉积物,是陆上碎屑流直接入湖的标志; 杂乱分布于砂岩基质中的泥岩撕裂屑(图7b)形成于块体滑塌向碎屑流过渡阶段;细砂岩基质中的粗砂岩团块(图7d)可能为先期沉积的异重流水道滑塌再沉积而成;长条状泥岩砾石平行层面分布形成的面状结构(图7c,7e)为碎屑流层流标志;不规则泥砾漂浮在岩层顶部,无定向杂乱分布,代表了砂质碎屑流的基质强度及受阻沉降沉积机制,砂岩不规则顶面则代表了塑性块体流冻结式沉积(图7f)。研究区砂质碎屑流砂体粒度概率累积曲线主要为宽缓上拱弧形(图6c),代表了砂质碎屑流中不同粒级颗粒混杂的块体搬运特征,岩石薄片上可见碎屑颗粒分选较差(图5b)。

  • 图5 埕岛东坡东三段重力流沉积薄片特征

  • Fig.5 Characteristics of thin sections of sediment gravity flows of Ed3 Member in east slope of Chengdao area

  • 3.3 浊流

  • 浊流是具有牛顿流体性质的沉积物流,颗粒受湍流支撑,悬浮沉降[25]。研究区东三段浊流沉积所占比例最小,主要分布在第二坡折带及洼陷带,岩心上仅见于埕北 804 井区及洼陷带埕北 328 井区。浊流沉积物一般粒度较细,以粉砂到泥质为主,具有突变底界面,顶部渐变接触,发育鲍马序列,多为厘米级厚度的微弱正递变粉砂岩与湖相泥岩薄互层沉积(图7g,7h)。

  • 在 SHANMUGAM 的滑动-滑塌-碎屑流-浊流四分体系中,层状碎屑流在搬运过程中吸收周围水体,当碎屑流中流体含量增加到一定程度时,碎屑流将演化为牛顿浊流,但并不是所有浊流都是由碎屑流转化而来,早期沉积物断裂滑塌也可直接形成浊流[26]。笔者认可浊流的碎屑流转化和沉积物滑塌成因。异重流与浊流同为湍流支撑,但沉积物特征有所差异,异重流沉积物中多见炭屑[27] (图4f,4g, 4j),而在浊流沉积中炭屑少见[26]

  • 4 重力流砂体控制因素及分布规律

  • 4.1 沟谷控制砂体分布

  • 沟谷是埕岛东坡东三段物源的主要搬运通道。洪水携带陆源碎屑入湖,汇聚于4个大型沟谷,自西向东向湖盆深处搬运并沉积下来,多期叠置,厚度最大处可达158 m。根据单砂体厚度等值线(图8),结合古地貌特征(图3)分析认为,沟谷对研究区重力流砂体的发育和分布控制作用非常明显。沿斜坡倾向,砂体顺着沟谷条带状延伸,从盆缘到洼陷带,单个沟谷中的砂体呈现出多个厚度中心,表明同期沉积沿搬运方向可形成多个相对独立的砂体。在斜坡走向上,不同期次单砂体受沟谷控制继承发育 3~5 个间隔分布的砂体条带。沟谷中砂体厚度大,单砂体厚度可达 25 m 以上;沟谷间砂体厚度减薄至 0~5 m;不同沟谷间砂体连通性差。受不同时期物源供给差异的影响,不同期次单砂体在各沟谷中发育不尽相同,迁移规律不明显,总体而言,埕北 326沟谷和胜海8沟谷中各期次砂体均有发育,且厚度较大。

  • 图6 埕岛东坡东三段重力流沉积粒度累积概率

  • Fig.6 Grain size probability of sediment gravity flows of Ed3 Member in east slope of Chengdao area

  • 图7 埕岛东坡东三段砂质碎屑流和浊流沉积构造

  • Fig.7 Sedimentary structure of sandy debris flows and turbidity currents of Ed3 Member in east slope of Chengdao area

  • 4.2 坡折带控制砂体发育

  • 陆相断陷盆地中坡折带控制砂体发育已成共识[28-31]。埕岛东坡东三段4砂组砂体厚度由盆缘向洼陷带加厚,各构造带差异明显。钻井揭示第一坡折带胜海801井砂体厚度最大,为41 m,而洼陷带埕北81井砂体厚度达158 m。第一坡折带与第二坡折带砂体层数和厚度差异明显(图9)。分析认为,由同沉积断裂构成的断裂坡折是不同构造带砂体层数和厚度变化的主要控制因素,沉积过路作用、早期沉积物垮塌再沉积是形成这种现象的主要机制。水道下切第一坡折带,在第二坡折带和洼陷带沉积,第一坡折带早期沉积物重力失稳垮塌至第二坡折带或洼陷带沉积,都可造成第二坡折带和洼陷带砂体层数增多、厚度增大。2 个坡折带底部倾角突然增大,造成沉积过路,使砂体分离成为独立砂体或新砂体,形成坡折带下方砂体的集中尖灭,对砂体的成藏及砂体描述都有十分重要的意义。

  • 5 沉积模式

  • 埕北低凸起受到剥蚀产生的陆源碎屑物质通过不同的搬运机制搬运到盆地斜坡带和洼陷带,形成异重流、碎屑流和浊流沉积,三者在埕岛东坡呈规律性分布(图10)。

  • 规模较小的洪水能量弱,携带碎屑沿沟谷入湖形成异重流,主要沉积在第一坡折带和东南部沟谷近端;而规模较大的洪水能量强,持续时间长,异重流水道下切第一、第二坡折带或沿东南部沟谷继续向盆地流动,沉积物分布于第二坡折带、洼陷带和东南部沟谷中,在 4 个构造单元均可见到水道下切造成的层内侵蚀面及正递变粒序层的垂向叠置。陆上沉积物受构造活动、降水等影响产生滑坡,以块体流直接入湖,在盆内沟谷形成碎屑流沉积;位于第一、第二坡折带的早期异重流沉积物重力失稳滑塌亦可在向洼陷方向上形成碎屑流沉积。碎屑流在向洼陷带搬运过程中发生流体转化,在洼陷带形成浊流沉积。

  • 图8 埕岛东坡东三段4砂组单砂体厚度等值线

  • Fig.8 Sand thickness contour lines of Ed34 sand group in east slope of Chengdao area

  • 综上所述,异重流沉积在第一坡折带、第二坡折带、洼陷带和东南部沟谷均较为发育,碎屑流沉积主要发育在坡折带下方,而浊流沉积则主要发育在洼陷带,分布局限。砂体发育受沟谷控制,沿沟谷条带状展布,各沟谷之间砂体横向连通性较差; 而坡折带则造成顺坡方向上砂体的分隔。因此,在油气勘探中可以预测和描述沿沟谷带状分布、坡折带下方上倾尖灭的独立砂体。这些彼此分隔的砂体夹于东三段烃源岩之中,或者以断层沟通沙河街组、东营组烃源岩,成藏条件极为有利。根据异重流、碎屑流和浊流的发育规律预测,在研究区向渤中凹陷方向延伸的洼陷带仍可发育大量砂体。

  • 图9 埕岛东坡东营组4砂组波阻抗反演连井剖面

  • Fig.9 Impedance inversion of well-tie section of Ed34 sand group in east slope of Chengdao area

  • 图10 埕岛东坡东三段重力流沉积模式

  • Fig.10 Sedimentary model of gravity flows of Ed3 Member in east slope of Chengdao area

  • 6 结论

  • 渤中凹陷埕岛东坡东三段发育大量重力流沉积,其成分和结构成熟度低,为近源快速沉积的产物,从中识别出异重流、砂质碎屑流和浊流3种类型重力流沉积。异重流沉积在第一坡折带、第二坡折带、洼陷带和东南部沟谷等各个构造单元广泛发育;砂质碎屑流沉积主要发育于 2 个坡折带下方和部分沟谷中;浊流沉积主要发育于洼陷带,分布局限。重力流砂体发育受沟谷控制,顺沟谷呈带状分布,沟谷间砂体连通性较差;各沟谷中的砂体被坡折带分隔,独立性强,在坡折带下方形成砂体集中尖灭带。预测研究区向渤中凹陷延伸的洼陷带仍可发育大量重力流砂体。

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