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作者简介:

秦国省(1988—),男,山东济宁人,工程师,博士,从事油气田开发地质及三维建模研究。E-mail:qin8002008@163.com。

中图分类号:TE122.1

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2021)03-0025-10

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.2021.03.003

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目录contents

    摘要

    综合岩心、测井及分析化验资料对伊拉克哈法亚油田Upper Kirkuk大型海相三角洲油藏进行了地质特征剖析和主控因素探究,研究结果表明:Upper Kirkuk油藏为大型海相三角洲沉积,对应海平面先上升后下降的完整旋回,由近连片分流河道演化为最大海泛面时期的条带状分流河道,最终随海平面下降演化为连片分流河道,河道宽度为5~15 km;分流河道以纯砂岩为主,为该油藏最为优质的储层类型,溢岸及席状砂较薄,展布有限且颗粒内部多充填岩屑及黏土等杂基,储集能力较差;前三角洲泥岩及分流间湾粉砂质泥岩多为非储层,构成主要的隔夹层;Upper Kirkuk油藏由沉积作用控制的分流河道为主要储层,呈连续分布,最大海泛面时期发育稳定泥岩隔层,同时,成岩作用控制顶底临近碳酸盐岩层段易白云岩化,形成稳定隔夹层,沉积及成岩作用共同决定了该油藏的内幕分层结构特征。

    Abstract

    With integrated data from core,well logging and laboratory analysis,the geological characteristics and main con- trolling factors of a giant marine delta of the Upper Kirkuk reservoir in the Halfaya Oilfield were studied. The results dem- onstrate that the Upper Kirkuk reservoir was developed under the background of giant marine delta,which underwent a complete cycle of sea level rising first and then declining from bottom to top. Near stretched distributary channels evolved into banded ones during the period of the maximum flooding surface(MFS),and finally into a stretch of distributary chan- nels with width of 5-15 km as the sea level declined. Besides,the lithology of distributary channels is dominated by pure sandstone,which forms the best reservoir in the Upper Kirkuk reservoir. The overbank and sand sheets are thin,with limit- ed lateral continuity,and particles are filled with debris and clay,indicating a poor storage capacity. The mudstone in the front delta and the silty mudstone in the interdistributary bay are mostly non-reservoirs,serving as the main barriers. More- over,the distributary channels controlled by sedimentation are the main reservoirs distributing continuously in the Upper Kirkuk reservoir,and a stable mudstone barrier was developed during the MFS. The top and bottom are prone to dolomitiza- tion due to the contact with the near carbonate rock formation,leading to the stable barriers in the reservoir. Sedimentation and diagenesis jointly determine the layered structure in the Upper Kirkuk reservoir.

  • 中东地区油气资源丰富,石油探明储量占全球的 48.3%,产量占全球的 33.5%,是全球油气勘探开发的热点和重点地区,伊拉克作为中东地区第三大产油国,石油探明储量占全球的 8.5%,产量占全球的 4.0%[1-4]。伊拉克巨型油气田多为碳酸盐岩储层,储层厚度较大,储量丰富,为油田开发的主体[5-7],碎屑岩储量虽仅占 14%,但因其普遍具有较好的储层物性特征,储量丰度高,开发工艺较简单,较国内陆相三角洲油藏具有极好的开发优势[8-9],成为海外油田开发实现快速建产和资金回收的首选目标[10]

  • 中东地区碎屑岩主要发育于古生代基底形成初期、中生代稳定碳酸盐台地背景下的海平面快速下降期以及新生代前陆盆地发育初期,沉积类型以滨岸、三角洲为主[11-14]。古生代碎屑岩储层因埋藏较深,多为过成熟天然气藏,整体探明程度较低。中生界下白垩统 Zubair、中白垩统 Nahr Umr 和 Bur⁃ gan 为优质储层[15-19],多发育海相滨岸、三角洲及陆棚沉积,以中-细砂岩为主,储层厚度近百米,渗透率为 300~4 000 mD,隔夹层稳定发育,多为层状边水油藏。世界上最大的砂岩油田 Burgan(储量约为 1 990亿桶)即为三角洲沉积。新生代渐新世—早中新世,红海和亚丁湾地区发生热穹隆和裂谷作用导致阿拉伯地台抬升[20],发育大型海相三角洲沉积,因其罕有油藏发育,研究程度较低。伊拉克哈法亚油田古近系Upper Kirkuk大型海相三角洲油藏具有典型的高孔超高渗透储层特征,渗透率可至达西级别,富集大量油气,是哈法亚油田建产的首选油藏。阐明Upper Kirkuk海相三角洲油藏开发地质特征及成藏主控因素对于实现该油藏快速高效开发具有重要的现实意义,同时对于指导中东地区碎屑岩油藏勘探开发和丰富海相碎屑岩储层理论具有一定的意义。

  • 1 区域地质概况

  • 哈法亚油田位于伊拉克东南部米桑省,美索不达米亚平原东南部,至东部与伊朗接壤(图1)。整体属于扎格罗斯构造带,处于美索不达米亚前陆盆地前缘带,为西南向东北方向倾斜的单斜构造背景下发育的局部背斜隆起构造。该区域聚集了伊拉克诸多巨型-大型油田,20 世纪六七十年代先后发现了鲁迈拉、西古尔纳等大型油气田,油气资源当量占伊拉克油气资源总量的约53%[21-24]。哈法亚油田即为该区域的巨型油田,储量逾百亿桶,整体构造为北西-南东走向的宽缓背斜,背斜长度约为 35km,宽度约为 10 km,两翼倾角小于 1°,圈闭面积近百平方公里。

  • 图1 哈法亚油田区域构造位置

  • Fig.1 Tectonic location of Halfaya Oilfield

  • 新生代初期,随着新特提斯洋关闭阿拉伯板块前陆盆地特征初显,中生代碳酸盐岩沉积主导的沉积环境逐渐转变为海陆相共存的沉积特征,至渐新世—早中新世,红海和亚丁湾地区发生热穹隆和裂谷作用阿拉伯地台抬升,发育碎屑岩沉积[25-28],研究目的层Upper Kirkuk组即为发育于古近系渐新统这一大地构造背景下的沉积,Upper Kirkuk 组厚度约为 170 m,自上而下划分为 8 个小层(UK1—UK8),根据岩性特征进一步细分为若干单层,每个单层厚度约为 7~14 m。其底部 UK7 和 UK8 小层以致密碳酸盐岩为主,UK6 与 UK7 小层之间呈不整合接触。顶部UK1小层与上覆Jeribe组白云岩呈平行不整合接触,岩性突变较明显。UK6—UK1小层以砂岩、白云质砂岩、砂质白云岩和泥岩为主,UK6—UK4小层对应海侵沉积旋回,UK4—UK1 小层对应海退沉积旋回,区域最大海泛面 Ng20位于 UK4-1单层[29] (图2)。

  • 2 沉积特征

  • 2.1 岩石学特征

  • Upper Kirkuk组岩性较复杂,整体可分为砂岩、白云岩化砂岩、泥岩和碳酸盐岩四大类,根据岩心描述及全岩矿物分析(XRD)可进一步识别不同类型岩性。砂岩可进一步细分为纯砂岩、含砾砂岩和泥质砂岩,其中纯砂岩多为棕色细砂岩,岩心呈疏松状(图3a),XRD 分析其石英含量可高达 96%,仅存在微量黏土矿物。含砾砂岩中砾石直径多为 5~20 mm,磨圆较好,且见定向排列特征(图3b),岩心中多呈薄层分布,整体不发育,多指示了河道滞留沉积特征。泥质砂岩多为深灰色含泥细砂岩,岩心疏松不成形(图3c),XRD 分析其泥质含量多为 15%~35%,以高岭石为主,可见伊利石和蒙脱石的混层分布。白云岩化砂岩可根据实验分析白云石的含量进一步细分为白云质砂岩和砂质白云岩,白云质砂岩中白云石含量约为25%~40%,岩心中呈棕色和白色特征(图3d),在紫外荧光下棕色和白色分布特征更加明显(图3e),指示了砂岩的部分白云岩化特征。砂质白云岩中白云石含量一般高达 50%~75%,石英含量低于 25%,岩心中呈灰色和棕色特征,无明显颗粒特征(图3f),在紫外荧光下多呈亮白色(图3g),指示白云岩化程度较高。泥岩进一步细分为粉砂质泥岩和纯泥岩,粉砂质泥岩多呈灰绿色(图3h),岩心呈疏松黏结状,纯泥岩多为棕红色(图3i),岩心中呈破碎状分布。碳酸盐岩多为致密石灰岩,非储层未取心,仅分布于UK7和UK8小层。

  • 图2 哈法亚油田Upper Kirkuk油藏综合柱状图

  • Fig.2 Stratigraphic histogram of Upper Kirkuk reservoir in Halfaya Oilfield

  • 图3 哈法亚油田Upper Kirkuk组典型岩石照片

  • Fig.3 Typical rock photographs of Upper Kirkuk Formation in Halfaya Oilfield

  • 2.2 储层特征

  • Upper Kirkuk 组属典型的高孔高渗透储层,储层孔隙度为 25%~35%,平均孔隙度约为 32%,渗透率为 600~10 000 mD,部分样品渗透率可至达西级别,平均渗透率约为 2 500 mD。水下分流河道沉积储层物性最好,其岩心显示疏松的特征,铸体薄片可见大面积孔隙空间分布,石英颗粒及部分胶结物呈漂浮状分散于孔隙空间中(图4a),扫描电镜显示石英颗粒的松散堆积特征,石英颗粒表面可见部分高岭石黏土。分流河道沉积储层物性较好,岩心呈弱胶结-黏结状态,岩性多以泥质砂岩为主,薄片中孔隙空间较发育,岩屑及黏土矿物含量明显增加 (图4b),扫描电镜中亦可见石英颗粒表面分布大量的高岭石黏土。滨岸砂/席状砂沉积储层物性较差,薄片中孔隙空间虽以粒间孔为主,但其分布不均,孔隙连通性较分流河道储层差(图4c)。溢岸沉积储层物性最差,其孔隙空间分布有限,多被石英、白云岩化颗粒及岩屑充填(图4d)。非储层以泛滥平原和前三角洲沉积为主,岩性以粉砂质泥岩或泥岩为主,偶见次生溶蚀孔隙,大部分空间被黏土和石英颗粒充填(图4e),此外前三角洲泥岩有严重白云岩化的趋势,导致孔隙空间完全被白云石胶结充填,无储集能力(图4f)。

  • 2.3 沉积展布

  • 2.3.1 沉积微相识别

  • Upper Kirkuk组区域沉积特征以冲积河流相和三角洲相为主[30],哈法亚油田主要以大型海相三角洲为主,发育部分滨岸相。哈法亚油田自下而上发育前三角洲、三角洲前缘和三角洲平原亚相。综合岩性、测井及侧向接触关系,建立了各微相的综合识别图版(图5)。

  • 2.3.2 沉积相平面展布

  • 大型海相三角洲沉积演化受海平面变化影响较明显,Upper Kirkuk 组自下而上对应海平面上升再下降的完整旋回,其沉积演化也较好地反映了这一特征(图6):底部 UK6-1 单层沉积时期处于海平面较低时期,主要发育近连片分布的分流河道,分流河道间偶见河道间及溢岸沉积,分流河道末端发育连片分布的席状砂沉积;至上部UK5-1单层沉积时期海平面上升,分流河道仍是主要的沉积类型,但此时分流间湾特征较明显,部分分流河道呈枝状向盆地方向延伸,整体具有近连片-条带状的展布特征;至 UK4-2 单层沉积时期海平面上升到最大,即最大海泛面位置,此时分流河道以明显的条带状为主,发育三个主要的分流河道,分流河道末端席状砂亦局限分布;UK3-1单层沉积时期海平面有所下降,分流河道又呈现连片分布的特征。

  • 图4 哈法亚油田Upper Kirkuk油藏典型储层物性特征

  • Fig.4 Petrophysical characteristics of typical reservoir layers of Upper Kirkuk reservoir in Halfaya Oilfield

  • 2.3.3 沉积相剖面展布

  • 沉积剖面中可见分流河道、溢岸及席状砂等主要沉积微相横向展布同样受到海平面变化的显著影响。在海平面处于最高位时,UK4-2单层分流河道横向展布范围有限,呈孤立分布特征,宽度约为2 km,且侧向多与分流间湾泥岩相接触,随着海平面的不断下降,分流河道更趋发育,主要表现为横向连续性逐渐增强,由UK3小层的以侧向拼接为主演化为UK1小层的单一河道连续分布,分流河道宽度一般为5~15 km。垂向上河道厚度亦呈现逐渐增加的特征,单一河道厚度由 UK3 小层的 3~5 m 变化为 UK1小层的10 m左右。

  • 3 成藏主控因素

  • 3.1 烃源岩特征

  • 中东地区古近系—新近系烃源岩发育有限且多处于未成熟期,难以为古近系—新近系储层提供油气供给。Upper Kirkuk油藏油气主要来自下部中白垩统阿尔比阶的卡兹杜米组(Khazhdumi),该套烃源岩已证实为伊拉克东南部各大油田白垩系油气藏主要油气来源[31-32]。卡兹杜米组烃源岩主要分布于伊朗的西南部,并向海湾地区延伸,为迪兹富勒坳陷(Dezful Embayment)海相泥灰岩、页岩沉积,整体为缺氧还原环境,总有机碳含量为 3.1%~12.0%,厚度可达300 m,具有较好的生烃潜力,为伊朗西南部及伊拉克东南部白垩系及其以上层位的油气聚集提供了物质基础。

  • 3.2 储层及隔夹层发育特征

  • Upper Kirkuk 组顶部 Lower Fars 层发育巨厚膏岩,构成了该油藏的顶部盖层。Upper Kirkuk 组底部UK7和UK8小层发育致密灰岩,较好地分隔了下部地层流体,使得 Upper Kirkuk 组具有较独立的油水系统。优势沉积微相分流河道具有较好的储层物性及连续性,构成了 Upper Kirkuk 油藏的主要储层,其内部隔夹层的发育亦对油气成藏及油藏类型起到重要的影响。

  • 图5 哈法亚油田Upper Kirkuk组沉积微相分类及特征

  • Fig.5 Classification and characteristics of sedimentary microfacies of Upper Kirkuk Formation in Halfaya Oilfield

  • Upper Kirkuk 组内部隔夹层可分为两种类型 (图7):一种为泥岩/粉砂质泥岩岩性隔夹层,该类隔夹层岩性主要为前三角洲泥岩和分流间湾粉砂质泥岩,厚度为1~5 m,多数为2~3 m,平面展布多大于 2 000 m,具有在全油藏范围内较稳定分布,局部呈零散分布的特征,其垂向发育明显受海平面变化控制,在最大海泛面UK4-1单层附近该类隔夹层厚度较大且稳定分布,分隔不同层的油水系统。另一种为白云质砂岩/砂质白云岩隔夹层,该类隔夹层的形成主要受后期成岩白云岩化的影响,封隔能力与白云岩化程度相关,一般在该油藏的顶部和底部与白云岩、膏岩及致密灰岩接触层段具有较充足的离子交换,导致白云岩化较严重,其展布具有全区稳定分布的特征。该油藏隔夹层发育具有顶底以白云岩化砂岩发育为主,中部以泥岩发育为主的特征,整体连续分布,局部零散分布,分隔该油藏的油水系统,使得该油藏具有层状边水油藏的特征。

  • 3.3 圈闭特征

  • 中东地区圈闭成因主要有盐流动、基底活动和侧向挤压三种,基底活动多影响古生界及中生界圈闭形成,盐流动多影响其上覆地层圈闭的形成,而侧向挤压主要由扎格罗斯山控制中-新生代圈闭形成,Upper Kirkuk 背斜构造圈闭的形成即受侧向挤压的影响。扎格罗斯褶皱冲断带最初形成于晚白垩世,阿拉伯板块的洋壳向北俯冲到欧亚板块之下,造成扎格罗斯山隆起,并最终在上新世基本定型。受扎格罗斯隆升造山侧向挤压的影响,Upper Kirkuk 组形成与挤压主应力近垂直方向的背斜构造,Upper Kirkuk 背斜构造近北西-南东向,呈东北陡西南缓的特征。背斜长度约为15 km,宽度约为8 km,圈闭面积约为 75 km2,为后续油气聚集提供了广阔的空间。

  • 图6 哈法亚油田Upper Kirkuk油藏沉积相平面及剖面展布特征

  • Fig.6 Sedimentary facies distribution and profiles of Upper Kirkuk reservoir in Halfaya Oilfield

  • 综上所述,优质储层的发育及盖层的广泛发育是决定 Upper Kirkuk 油藏形成的关键,同时受扎格罗斯造山作用影响形成宽缓长轴背斜构造形态亦有利于油气的聚集。进一步分析认为沉积和成岩作用共同控制了 Upper Kirkuk 油藏内部特征,储层及隔夹层的控制因素各不相同:优质储层多为分流河道沉积,且以石英颗粒富集杂基不发育为特征,储层内部流体运移畅通,基本不受后期成岩作用的影响。优质储层的展布主要受沉积作用控制,根本原因受海平面变化控制,当海平面处于低位时期,发育连片分布的分流河道沉积,此时储层广泛连续分布,当海平面上升到最大海泛面时,发育条带状展布的分流河道,储层发育有限。隔夹层的发育一方面受沉积的控制,另一方面也受到成岩作用的控制,泥岩及粉砂质泥岩隔夹层主要发育于海平面上升时期,多呈稳定分布,分隔不同的流体系统。此外,白云岩化砂岩亦为主要的隔夹层类型,其成因主要受后期成岩作用的影响,上部层段临近上覆的 Jeribe 白云岩及顶部膏岩层,成岩离子运移活动频繁,使得物性较差的储层长期与成岩离子接触发生胶结及交代作用,最终形成白云岩化隔夹层。各小层内部由沉积作用控制的储层连续分布,由沉积成岩作用共同控制的隔夹层呈较稳定连续分布的特征,二者共同决定了该油藏的分层内幕结构特征,加之宽缓的背斜构造特征和长期油水分异,使得该油藏具有较稳定统一的油水界面,上述特征综合控制了该油藏为层状边水油藏(图8)。

  • 图7 哈法亚油田Upper Kirkuk油藏隔夹层类型及展布

  • Fig.7 Distribution and types of barriers of Upper Kirkuk reservoir in Halfaya Oilfield

  • 4 结论

  • 哈法亚油田Upper Kirkuk油藏沉积类型为大型海相三角洲,沉积展布受海平面变化控制明显,自下而上经历海平面先上升后下降的完整旋回,沉积类型由下部近连片分流河道发育演化为最大海泛面时期条带状分流河道发育,最终随海平面再次下降演化为连片分布的分流河道。

  • 分流河道沉积岩性以纯砂岩为主,石英颗粒呈漂浮状分布于孔隙空间,其间不发育杂基,整体呈基底式胶结,后期受成岩作用改造作用较小,为Up⁃ per Kirkuk 油藏最为优质的储层类型。溢岸及席状砂沉积较薄,展布有限,且颗粒间多充填岩屑及黏土等杂基,物性较差,储集能力次之。前三角洲泥岩及分流间湾粉砂质泥岩多为非储层,构成该油藏主要的隔夹层。

  • 图8 哈法亚油田Upper Kirkuk油藏综合剖面特征

  • Fig.8 Integrated profile characteristic of Upper Kirkuk reservoir in Halfaya Oilfield

  • Upper Kirkuk油藏各小层内部由沉积作用控制的储层连续分布,由沉积-成岩作用共同控制的隔夹层呈较稳定连续分布的特征,二者共同决定了该油藏的分层内幕结构特征,加之宽缓的背斜构造特征和长期油水分异,使得该油藏具有较稳定统一的油水界面,共同控制了该油藏类型为层状边水油藏。

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