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作者简介:

王增林(1964—),男,山东潍坊人,正高级工程师,博士,从事采油工程方面的研究与管理工作。E-mail:wangzenglin.slyt@sinopec.com。

通讯作者:

张先敏(1980—),男,山东招远人,副教授,博士。E-mail:spemin@126.com。

中图分类号:TE319

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2021)03-0077-07

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.2021.03.009

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目录contents

    摘要

    不同于常规堵水调剖,深度堵水调剖过程具有动态、大延迟、非线性的特性,采用常规的近井堵水调剖效果评价方法会引起较大偏差。综合考虑注水井和油井的见效情况,构建深度堵水调剖效果综合评价指数,在此基础上,通过V/S分析计算综合评价指数时间序列的Hurst指数,并结合序列稳定性分析,建立了深度堵水调剖效果综合评价方法。孤岛油田某深度堵水调剖井组的综合效果评价应用表明:措施实施30 d后,深度堵水调剖措施开始见效,综合评价指数时间序列的Hurst指数大于0.5,且表征序列稳定性的VN统计量呈持续增长趋势,预测该井组的深度堵水调剖措施改善趋势未来一定时间内将持续,这与该井组的生产动态曲线变化相吻合,说明该方法可为深度堵水调剖工艺矿场应用提供可靠的指导。

    Abstract

    The conventional technology regards the process of deep water shutoff and profile control as a dynamic nonlinear problem with a long delay. The conventional evaluation methods for near-well water shutoff and profile control will cause large deviations. Therefore,considering the effect on water injection wells and oil wells,a comprehensive evaluation index for deep water shutoff and profile control is constructed. On this basis,the Hurst index of time series of the comprehensive evaluation index is calculated through V/S analysis and the stability of the time series is analyzed. A comprehensive evalua- tion method of deep water shutoff and profile control is developed. This method is applied to a certain well group subject to deep water shutoff and profile control in Gudao Oilfield. The results demonstrated that the measures of deep water shutoff and profile control began to take effect after 30 days. The Hurst index was greater than 0.5,and VN,characterizing the stabil- ity of the time series,continued to increase. It is predicted that the effect of those measures on this well group will last for a certain period of time,and this coincides with the change in the dynamic curves of production. It is proven this method can provide reliable guidance for the field application of deep water shutoff and profile control.

  • 堵水调剖是油田开发过程中缓解储层非均质性、改善注水开发效果的一项重要技术手段,也是当前水驱老油田挖潜、保持稳产的重要工艺技术[1-7]。中国堵水调剖技术经过几十年的发展与完善,在化学剂、施工工艺和效果评价等技术方面均已获得了较大的进步并日趋成熟[2]。中外学者针对堵水调剖效果评价方面也开展了大量系统研究,目前已形成了从油水井到井区(区块)的效果评价指标体系和评价方法[8-10]

  • 随着中国老油田普遍进入高含水或特高含水开发阶段,油藏特征及环境变化复杂,油藏深部非均质矛盾加剧[11-12],常规的堵水调剖技术已不能满足油田生产需求,深部堵水调剖已成为改善高含水油藏水驱开发效果的重要技术措施[13-15]。宋社民等采用注入压力变化、油井产出液示踪剂含量等指标监测可动凝胶深部调驱效果[16];冯其红等建立了可动凝胶深部调驱的动态预测模型,可预测含水率、产油量和产水量等指标的变化规律,从而判断调驱效果[17];冯有奎等采用增油降水、地层导流能力变化等指标评价深度堵水调剖效果[18];徐耀东等通过分析影响调剖效果因素,采用支持向量机理论建立了调剖效果的预测模型[19]

  • 现有的堵水调剖效果评价体系多为注水井/油井、井区/区块的单指标评价,在深度堵水调剖效果评价中常存在单指标评价结果不一致的情况,无法对深度堵水调剖效果进行科学评价。为此,综合考虑注水井与油井的见效情况,在直观表征深度堵水调剖效果的动态评价指标筛选的基础上,构建深度堵水调剖效果综合评价指数,进而基于 V/S 分析建立深度堵水调剖效果综合评价方法,实现深度堵水调剖效果的综合评价,以期为深度堵水调剖技术矿场应用提供指导。

  • 1 综合评价指数的构建

  • 深度堵水调剖不同于常规堵水调剖技术,具有以下特点:①深度堵水调剖以深部液流转向为主要目的,同时具有动态调剖和驱油的协同作用,处理半径较大[20],措施生效时间难以把握,深度堵水调剖措施效果改善具有明显的时间滞后性。②深度堵水调剖用剂普遍具有良好的可运移性能,可进入地层深部封堵水窜高渗通道或大孔道[21]。深度堵水调剖效果与措施后注水井吸水剖面变化、注入压力升高幅度等无必然联系,若堵水调剖用剂注入后,在近井地带产生堵塞,导致注入压力急剧上升,后续注入的堵水调剖用剂无法运移到地层深部,措施无效或效果差,但是采用常规的近井堵水调剖效果评价方法会引起较大偏差。

  • 针对深度堵水调剖过程的动态、大延迟等特点,综合考虑油井与注水井的见效情况,筛选可以直观表征深度堵水调剖效果的动态评价指标,包括注水井的注入压力、日注水量、视吸水指数以及对应油井的日产油量等。根据视吸水指数的定义,其计算式为:

  • Iw=qipw
    (1)
  • 将深度堵水调剖措施前后的视吸水指数差用以反映注水井吸水能力的变化,其计算式为:

  • ΔIw=Iw-Iw=qi前 pw前 -qipw
    (2)
  • 根据(2)式,可以得到措施后注入压力水平下的日增注水量:

  • Δqi=Iw-Iwpw
    (3)
  • 从深度堵水调剖措施后日增注水量的换油率角度出发,构建深度堵水调剖效果综合评价指数,其表达式为:

  • CI=Iw-Iwpw后 Ros
    (4)
  • 为了使综合评价指数更直观地表征深度堵水调剖效果并方便利用矿场资料,对(4)式做进一步的变形,整理可得:

  • CI=IwIw-1IwpwRos
    (5)
  • 由(1)式及吨水换油率的定义,可得:

  • qo=IwpwRos
    (6)
  • 将(6)式代入(5)式,整理后可得:

  • CI=IwIw-1qo
    (7)
  • 深度堵水调剖综合评价指数随时间不断发生变化,因此,可将其看作非线性时间序列,记为:

  • (8)
  • (8)式即为深度堵水调剖效果综合评价指数的另一种表达形式,为深度堵水调剖前后注水井视吸水指数与对应油井日产油量的综合函数,可以综合表征措施前后注水井吸水能力与对应油井生产能力的变化情况,避免单一指标评价的片面性。若深度堵水调剖综合评价指数时间序列呈现持续大于0的变化趋势、或由小于 0到大于 0的增加趋势,则说明深度堵水调剖措施见效或效果变好;若深度堵水调剖后综合评价指数时间序列呈现持续小于0的变化趋势、或由大于 0到小于 0的减小趋势,则说明深度堵水调剖措施无效或效果变差。

  • 2 综合评价方法的建立

  • 与常规堵水调剖技术相比,深度堵水调剖用剂随着注入时间的推进,逐渐运移到远离近井的油层深部,对优势渗流通道形成有效封堵[21],措施生效时间具有明显的滞后性。深度堵水调剖过程中,综合评价指数将呈现出不同的随时间变化的演进趋势,不同时间范围内得到的综合评价指数时间序列之间蕴藏着显著相关特性,即深度堵水调剖措施效果的趋势性变化规律,通过对特定时间段内的深度堵水调剖效果综合评价指数时间序列变化特征进行分析,从而可判断深度堵水调剖措施是否见效。

  • V/S分析法对非线性时间序列分析具有很好的稳健性和适用性,已广泛应用于自然科学领域[22-23]。为此,基于 V/S 分析法对深度堵水调剖效果综合评价指数进行非线性时间序列分析,通过分析综合评价指数时间序列的变化趋势及其稳定性,从而综合评价深度堵水调剖措施效果。

  • 对于深度堵水调剖过程而言,根据措施前后井组中各注水井的日注水量与井口注入压力变化资料,以及各油井的日产油量变化资料,采用(8)式建立深度堵水调剖效果综合评价指数时间序列,设在 t1t2t3tM时刻处的相应值为 CIt1CIt2CIt3CItM,综合评价指数时间序列记为 CImm=1M,序列长度为 M,将其分成序列长度为 Na=MN个相邻不重叠子序列(若不整除则取整且满足 NM)。对于子序列CIj-1N+1CIj-1N+2CIjNj=1,2a,其V/S统计量为:

  • VSN,j=1NSN,j2×k=1N i=1k CIi+(j-1)N-CIN,j¯2-1Nk=1N i=1k CIi+(j-1)N-CIN,j¯2
    (9)
  • 其中:

  • CIN,j¯=1Ni=1N CIi+(j-1)N
    (10)
  • SN,j=1Ni=1N CIi+(j-1)N-CIN,j¯2
    (11)
  • 对于a个子序列,则可以得到a个(V/SN,j值,取其平均值作为序列长度为 N 时的重标方差值,即有[17]

  • VSN=1aj=1a VSN,j
    (12)
  • 给定不同的序列长度N,采用(9)式—(12)式可对应计算得到不同的(V/SN值。V/S 统计量与序列长度N存在指数关系[22-23],其表达式为:

  • VSN=KN2H
    (13)
  • 对(13)式两端取对数,可得:

  • lgVSN=2HlgN+lgK
    (14)
  • (14)式表明,lg(V/SN 与 lgN 为线性关系,其斜率为2HH即为Hurst指数。给定不同的序列长度N 值,对应可以得到不同的(V/SN 值,绘制 lgN — lg(V/SN 散点图,采用(14)式通过最小二乘法进行回归分析,回归直线斜率的 1/2 即为 Hurst 指数。 Hurst 指数是用来表征指数序列的相关强度的物理量,取值不同,其时间序列遵循的规律也不同[18]:① 当H = 0.5时,说明当前深度堵水调剖效果综合评价指数时间序列值之间是相互独立的,趋势状态呈现出随机性特征,即深度堵水调剖效果综合评价指数未来趋势呈随机状态。②当 0 < H < 0.5 时,说明当前深度堵水调剖效果综合评价指数时间序列存在逆状态持续性,即具有反记忆性特征,趋势状态向其相反方向改变,即深度堵水调剖效果综合评价指数未来增降趋势与过去的增降趋势相反,H 值越接近于 0,逆状态持续性越强。③当 0.5 < H < 1 时,说明当前深度堵水调剖效果综合评价指数时间序列存在状态持续性,即具有长记忆性,序列变量间具有相关性,表示深度堵水调剖效果综合评价指数存在正向持续性变化趋势,即未来增降趋势与过去的增降趋势相同,H值越接近于1,状态持续性越强。

  • 为评价深度堵水调剖效果综合评价指数时间序列的稳定性,引入统计量,其表达式为:

  • VN=VSNN
    (15)
  • 若统计量呈持续增长趋势且 0.5 < H < 1,或统计量呈持续减小趋势且 0 < H < 0.5,则说明深度堵水调剖效果综合评价指数时间序列具有长期的稳定性,反之则不具有。

  • 综上所述,在深度堵水调剖综合评价指数构建的基础上,基于V/S分析法对其进行时间序列分析,通过 Hurst 指数及统计量的计算,评价深度堵水调剖效果综合评价指数时间序列的变化趋势和稳定性,从而形成了深度堵水调剖效果综合评价方法,解决了深度堵水调剖效果评价存在的动态、大延迟等特性问题。

  • 3 矿场应用

  • 选用孤岛油田中一区 Ng5 单元 GD1 井组开展深度堵水调剖措施效果评价。该井组位于中一区 Ng5 单元孤岛油田中部,注水井 1 口,注水层位为 Ng53,日注水量为 149 m3 /d,监测对应油井 9 口。该井组于2017年12月1日进行深度堵水调剖,其深度堵水调剖措施前后的生产曲线如图1所示。

  • 统计该井组深度堵水调剖措施前后注水井、油井的日报资料,根据(8)式计算不同时刻的深度堵水调剖效果综合评价指数,得到其随时间变化的时间序列样本如图2所示。选取图2中综合评价指数时间序列前 50% 的样本点作为评价样本进行效果评价,选取图2 中综合评价指数时间序列后 50% 的样本点作为验证样本,用于检验深度堵水调剖综合评价结果的准确性。

  • 从图2可以看出,措施实施30 d后,该井组的深度堵水调剖效果综合评价指数时间序列的评价样本整体呈现由小于 0 到大于 0 的持续增加趋势,说明深度堵水调剖措施见效。利用(9)式—(12)式对该井组的综合评价指数时间序列评价样本进行计算,得到系列的(V/SN值,绘制lgN —lg(V/SN散点图 (图3),采用最小二乘法拟合得到 Hurst 指数,其值为直线斜率的 1/2,H =0.538 6,相关系数为 0.947 1。由 V/S 分析得到的 Hurst 指数大于 0.5,说明该井组的综合评价指数时间序列状态具有明显的长记忆性,即存在正的持续性,综合评价指数时间序列未来的增降趋势与过去相同,结合图2 的评价样本随时间变化分析结果,预测在未来一段时间内综合评价指数大于0的趋势将得以延续。

  • 由(15)式计算统计量,绘制 NVN 关系图。由图4 可以看出,VN 统计量基本随 N 值的增大呈持续增大趋势,又因为0.5 < H < 1,说明深度堵水调剖效果综合评价指数时间序列具有长期的稳定性,与图2中综合评价指数时间序列的验证样本变化趋势基本相符,进一步说明该井组深度堵水调剖措施持续见效。进一步分析图1 中的生产曲线,该井组通过深度堵水调剖后,提高了注入水波及体积,受效油井增油降水效果显著,与措施前相比,该井组的平均日产油量略有增加,由措施前的 9.13 t/ d 增至 10.01 t/d,平均日产液量和综合含水率均出现较明显下降,其中平均日产液量由措施前的838.97 t/d下降至 806.47 t/d,综合含水率下降了 0.8%,这与采用深度堵水调剖效果综合评价方法得到的评价结果一致,从而可以说明深度堵水调剖综合评价指数及其效果评价方法的可靠性和准确性。

  • 图1 孤岛油田中一区GD1井组深度堵水调剖措施前后生产曲线

  • Fig.1 Production curves of well group GD1 before and after deep water shutoff and profile control in Zhongyi District,Gudao Oilfield

  • 图2 孤岛油田中一区GD1井组的深度堵水调剖效果综合评价指数

  • Fig.2 Comprehensive evaluation index of deep water shutoff and profile control on well group GD1 in Zhongyi District,Gudao Oilfield

  • 图3 孤岛油田中一区GD1井组的lgN —lg(V/SN曲线

  • Fig.3 The lgN-lg(V/SN curve of well group GD1 in Zhongyi District,Gudao Oilfield

  • 图4 孤岛油田中一区GD1井组的NVN关系

  • Fig.4 The N-VN curve of well group GD1 in Zhongyi District,Gudao Oilfield

  • 该方法在孤岛中一区Ng5单元共开展了6个井组的深度堵水调剖效果评价应用,各井组的综合评价结果如表1所示,其中措施后持续见效井 5口,见效差井 1 口,有效指导了先导试验区深度堵水调剖工艺的实施。

  • 表1 深度堵水调剖井组的效果综合评价结果

  • Table1 Comprehensive evaluation results of deep water shut⁃ off and profile control on well groups

  • 4 结论

  • 在考虑深度堵水调剖过程中注水井与油井综合见效的基础上,构建了可直观表征深度堵水调剖措施效果的综合评价指数,避免了单一指标评价的片面性,进而,以综合评价指数为研究对象,采用V/ S 分析法对其进行非线性时间序列分析,计算综合评价指数时间序列的 Hurst 指数,并结合序列的稳定性分析,形成了深度堵水调剖效果综合评价方法,较好地解决了深度堵水调剖效果评价存在的动态、大延迟等特性问题。

  • 以孤岛油田某井组为例,开展了深度堵水调剖效果综合评价方法矿场应用研究。结果表明:深度堵水调剖过程中,综合评价指数时间序列整体呈现出由小于0到大于0的持续增加趋势,且采用V/S分析法计算得到其 Hurst 指数大于 0.5,结合序列稳定性分析,预测该井组的措施效果改善趋势在未来将持续,这与该井组措施后的增油降水生产动态变化情况相吻合,从而验证了所建立的深度堵水调剖效果综合评价方法的准确性,可为后续深度堵水调剖工艺矿场应用提供可靠的指导。

  • 符号解释

  • a ——子序列个数;

  • CI ——深度堵水调剖效果综合评价指数,t/d;

  • CINj¯ ——深度堵水调剖效果综合评价指数第 j子序列的均值,t/d;

  • H ——Hurst指数,取值范围为0~1;

  • I w——注水井的视吸水指数,t/(d·MPa);

  • I w前——深度堵水调剖前注水井的视吸水指数,t/(d· MPa);

  • I w后——深度堵水调剖后注水井的视吸水指数,t/(d· MPa);

  • j ——各子序列标号,j =1,2,···,a

  • K ——拟合常数;

  • m ——序列中元素标号,

  • m =1,2,···,M

  • M ——序列长度;

  • N ——子序列长度;

  • p w——注入压力,MPa;

  • p w前——深度堵水调剖前注入压力,MPa;

  • p w后——深度堵水调剖后注入压力,MPa;

  • q i ——注水井的日注水量,t/d;

  • q i——深度堵水调剖前注水井的日注水量,t/d;

  • q i——深度堵水调剖后注水井的日注水量,t/d;

  • q o后——深度堵水调剖后油井的日产油量,t/d;

  • R os ——吨水换油率,t/t;

  • SN,j ——第j子序列的标准差;

  • t ——生产时刻,d;

  • VN ——表征序列稳定性的统计量;

  • V/SN ——V/S统计量;

  • V/SN,j ——第j子序列的V/S统计量。

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