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作者简介:

尚墨翰(1993—),男,山东蒙阴人,博士,从事油气田开发地质方面的研究。E-mail:shangmohan126@126.com。

通讯作者:

赵向原(1983—),男,辽宁彰武人,博士,副研究员。E-mail:auxus@sina.com。

中图分类号:TE122.2+21

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2021)05-0032-18

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.2021.05.004

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目录contents

    摘要

    近年来,中国在深层海相碳酸盐岩油气领域取得了丰硕的勘探开发成果,但随着部分深层油气藏逐渐进入开发中后期,强烈的储层非均质性对开发效果的影响逐渐显现,亟需对储层非均质性开展研究,以指导油气藏的调整挖潜。深层海相碳酸盐岩储层中孔、缝、洞等多重介质普遍发育,其形成演化受多期次、多种地质因素作用综合控制,具有耦合发育的特点,使储层呈现出多尺度的强非均质性特征。目前,针对深层海相碳酸盐岩储层非均质性的研究尚处于起步阶段,参考碎屑岩储层非均质性相关理论和研究方法开展碳酸盐岩储层非均质性研究存在针对性和适用性不足的问题。如碎屑岩储层非均质性的层次分类方案并不完全适用于深层海相碳酸盐岩储层,至今还没有建立一套公认的适用于碳酸盐岩储层的非均质性层次分类方案。深层海相碳酸盐岩储层非均质性更加复杂,缺乏对不同介质耦合发育下多尺度非均质性形成机制和分布规律的系统认识。此外,利用传统方法开展深层海相碳酸盐岩储层非均质性空间分布预测和表征精度仍难于满足实际生产需要。下一步研究方向包括:一是开展多重介质系统耦合控制下的多尺度非均质性形成机理研究,建立多尺度非均质性发育模式;二是建立具有适用性的深层海相碳酸盐岩层次(类型)划分方案,结合新技术手段不断提高多尺度非均质性空间分布预测及表征精度;三是开展多尺度非均质性渗流机理研究,阐明非均质性对开发的影响。

    Abstract

    In recent years,China has made continuous breakthroughs in the field of deep marine carbonate petroleum reser- voirs and reaped substantial achievements in exploration and development. However,the influence of strong reservoir het- erogeneity on development effect appeared gradually as some deep reservoirs entered into the middle or final stage of the de- velopment. It is urgent to research reservoir heterogeneity to guide the adjustment and potential tapping of oil and gas reser- voirs. Multiple media such as pores,fractures,and caves are widely developed in deep marine carbonate reservoirs. Their formation and evolution are controlled by multiple stages and geological factors and present coupling development,which brings strong multi-scale heterogeneous reservoirs. At the moment,the research on the heterogeneity of deep marine car- bonate reservoirs is still in its infancy. There are poor pertinence and applicability in the research on the heterogeneity of carbonate reservoirs,which refers to the relevant theories and research methods of clastic reservoir heterogeneity. For exam- ple,the hierarchical classification scheme of clastic reservoir heterogeneity is not completely suitable for deep marine car- bonate reservoirs,and a recognized hierarchical classification scheme for carbonate reservoir heterogeneity has not been es- tablished so far. The heterogeneity of deep marine carbonate reservoirs is more complex,and there is a lack of systematic understanding of the formation mechanism and distribution law of multi-scale heterogeneity under the coupling develop- ment of different media. In addition,based on traditional methods,the prediction and characterization accuracy for the spa- tial distribution of deep carbonate reservoir heterogeneity is still difficult to meet the actual production needs. Therefore, this paper proposes the following three research directions:study the formation mechanism of multi-scale heterogeneity un- der the coupling control of a multi-media system and build the development model of multi-scale heterogeneity;establish an applicable classification scheme of deep marine carbonate strata(types)and continuously improve the prediction and characterization accuracy for the spatial distribution of multi-scale heterogeneity with new technical means;and investigate the mechanism of multi-scale heterogeneous seepage and clarify the influence of heterogeneity on development.

  • 国际上通常将埋深为 4 500~6 000 m 的地层界定为深层,将埋深大于 6 000 m 的地层界定为超深层[1]。近年来中国在深层海相碳酸盐岩油气领域不断取得突破[2],四川、塔里木和鄂尔多斯三大海相盆地已成为增储上产的重要阵地[1]。海相碳酸盐岩储层普遍具有厚度相对大、分布范围广且多呈块状、储集空间类型多样、多尺度天然裂缝普遍发育、孔-缝-洞等多重介质耦合发育的特点;深层碳酸盐岩储层还受埋深、高温、高压等多种因素及其耦合作用进一步影响,呈现出多类型、多尺度的强非均质性特征。随着深层碳酸盐岩油气藏开发的不断推进,储层非均质性对开发的不利影响逐渐显现,如安岳气田龙王庙组气藏[3-6]、普光气田飞仙关组-长兴组气藏[7-9]、元坝气田长兴组气藏[10-13]、塔河油田奥陶系油藏[14-18] 等,随着油气田开发进入中后期,储层不同层次、不同类型的非均质性不仅造成剩余油气高度分散,挖潜难度越来越大[19],还会造成边底水不均衡推进,影响油气藏稳产效果[20-21]。因此,开展储层非均质性分布特征研究是油气田进行调整挖潜、制定提高采收率措施的基础和关键[22-23]

  • 中国油气藏开发进程的推进十分依赖开发地质理论、方法和技术的创新[24]。20 世纪 90 年代以来,随着油气田开发的不断深入和中国对油气资源需求量的日益增长,学者们开始重视储层非均质性研究,相关认识有力指导了剩余油气描述、水侵控制以及挖潜调整措施的制定[25-26]。截止到目前,储层非均质性相关理论及方法的建立和发展大多从陆相碎屑岩储层角度出发,在碎屑岩油气藏领域开展了较为广泛而深入的应用[27-34],可以说,每一次非均质性研究成果的应用所带来的认识更新,均能为油气藏开发调整提供重要指导,拓宽了油气藏开发领域并提高了开发效果。近年来,随着深层海相碳酸盐岩油气的深入开发,复杂、强烈的储层非均质性对油气藏开发的影响逐渐引起了中外学者的重视[2135],但从碳酸盐岩储层角度出发的储层非均质性的层次分类、形成机制、分布预测及表征等方面仍未能形成一套公认的理论和技术方法。储层非均质性刻画作为油气藏描述的核心,其研究水平直接影响储层发育规律认识的准确性及其指导下的油气藏开发效果[36]。为此,笔者系统总结了目前储层非均质性的形成机理、表征及评价方法研究现状,尝试指出研究中针对深层海相碳酸盐岩储层多尺度非均质性研究的不足,在此基础上对深层海相碳酸盐岩储层非均质性研究的发展进行展望。

  • 1 储层非均质性形成机理

  • 1.1 储层非均质性层次(类型)划分

  • 1.1.1 概念及内涵

  • 储层非均质性的概念在提出时主要针对的是碎屑岩储层,但后来碳酸盐岩领域也沿用了这些概念。随着中国近年大量深层海相碳酸盐岩油气田的发现(图1),针对深层海相碳酸盐岩储层非均质性的研究变得十分迫切。学者们先后对储层非均质性给出过不同的定义,如岳大力等认为储层非均质性指储层岩性、物性、含油性及电性等基本性质在三维空间分布的不均一性或各向异性[37];于兴河认为储层非均质性指油气储层在形成过程中受沉积作用、成岩作用和构造作用的影响,在空间分布及内部各种属性上都存在的不均匀变化[38];王立恩等认为储层非均质性指储层岩石的地质、物理性质等在三维空间中的不均一或各向异性[39];陈欢庆等认为储层非均质性指表征储层的参数在空间上的不均匀性[40]。总结来看,学者们普遍认为储层非均质性是各类岩石物理属性在空间上分布的差异性以及由此产生的各向异性。虽然不同学者给出的非均质性定义表述不同,但内涵基本一致,可以认为这些概念可同时适用于碎屑岩储层和碳酸盐岩储层。

  • 图1 中国主要海相碳酸盐岩油气发现(图中圆环大小代表探明油气储量相对大小)(据文献[2],有修改)

  • Fig.1 Major marine carbonate petroleum discoveries in China (The ring size in the figure represents the relative size of proved oil and gas reserves) (Modified by Reference[2]

  • 储层非均质是绝对的,均质是相对的,尺度的转换可以让岩石属性特征在非均质和均质之间变化[41-42]。如在一个测量单元内,测量本单元某种属性的平均值时(如平均孔隙度),可认为其是相对均质的,但从该测量尺度扩大(或缩小)至另一尺度时,再度测量同种属性的平均值时,其性质就可能发生了变化,这就是非均质性的表现(图2)。在储层范围内,非均质性尺度的表现与地质因素密切相关,当各类地质因素在不同尺度间发生变化时,相应产生的储层非均质性就表现出不同的特征类型和空间分布范围。因此,储层非均质性尺度与类型之间具有一定的对应关系,在开展储层非均质性的描述、表征研究时,划分合理的储层非均质性层次分类方案将具有重要的指导意义。

  • 1.1.2 层次(类型)划分

  • 目前暂未有学者提出专门针对碳酸盐岩储层非均质性的层次划分方案。中外学者从不同角度建立的储层非均质性层次划分方案普遍针对的是碎屑岩储层,重点考虑的是碎屑岩储层沉积层次 (界面)结构(单元)对非均质性的控制作用(表1)。 PETTIJOHN 等依据河流沉积成因和界面层次以及对流体的影响,将储层非均质性划分为 5 个层次类型[43];WEBER根据PETTIJOHN等的分类思路,在考虑非均质性成因尺度的基础上,增加了构造、隔夹层等因素,将储层非均质性划分为 8 类[22];HAL⁃ DORSEN根据储层地质建模的需要及储集体的孔隙特征,按照与孔隙均值有关的体积分布,将储层非均质性划分为4个层次类型[44]。还有国外学者依据测量方法的物理精度进行层次划分,如基于地震数据的千米级非均质性、基于测井数据的分米至米级非均质性、基于岩心岩石物理测试的毫米至分米级非均质性[45-46]。中国学者裘怿楠结合国内陆相油藏储层特征及生产实际,提出层间非均质性、平面非均质性、层内非均质性和微观非均质性4个层次[47]。陈永生将储层非均质性分为流体非均质性和流场非均质性 2 大类,其中流场非均质性又分为 6 个层次[48]。根据陆相储层特征及生产实践,以裘怿楠的划分方案为基础,将中国油田储层非均质性分为宏观非均质性和微观非均质性 2 个层次,该划分方案被中国研究者普遍接受[38],并依据此方案建立了一套较为成熟的陆相碎屑岩储层非均质性研究理论体系和评价方法。由于缺少专门适用于碳酸盐岩储层的非均质性层次划分方案,学者们在开展碳酸盐岩储层非均质性研究时多沿用了陆相碎屑岩储层非均质性的层次划分方案[49-53]

  • 1.2 储层非均质性形成机制及影响因素

  • 碳酸盐岩储层非均质性是在沉积、成岩及构造等因素共同作用下形成的,这已成为共识[3654-55]

  • 1.2.1 沉积作用

  • 沉积作用不仅控制了碳酸盐岩沉积体的厚度和其内部的岩石组合,还控制了有利储集相带分布以及储层的物性分布等[56]。同一沉积体系不同的沉积相带内部因沉积构造、沉积物粒度、分选及矿物成分等特征的差异进一步造成了不同的非均质性特征。如碳酸盐岩缓坡体系由内向外常依次发育叠层石、凝块石等生物岩,形成生物碎屑、鲕粒、核形石、似球粒、微生物席纹层、凝块等多种不均匀的结构[57-59];而碳酸盐岩台地体系坡度和水动力梯度更大,易形成较窄的各种沉积环带,常有高能浅滩(如鲕粒滩)和抗浪构造(如生物礁)等不同的原始储层条件[60]。层厚、质纯且原生孔隙发育的有利储层一般发育在“颗粒岩”含量较高的台地边缘颗粒滩亚相、台内滩亚相[53];反之,水体较深的滩间海、潟湖及潮坪相带内沉积物粒度较细,泥质含量相对增加,储渗性能较差[5361]。此外,沉积作用通过控制碳酸盐岩储层的厚度、岩性和物性等相关属性,进而决定了不同岩层的岩石力学属性,这在后续的构造演化过程中又造成了天然裂缝发育程度和规模的非均质性[62-65]

  • 图2 颗粒大小和排列非均质性随尺度转换的变化情况(据文献[42],有修改)

  • Fig.2 Variation in granule sizes and arrangement heterogeneity with scale conversion(Modified by Reference[42]

  • 表1 储层非均质性划分方案

  • Table1 Division schemes of reservoir heterogeneity

  • 1.2.2 成岩作用

  • 成岩改造对储层的影响普遍表现为多期次的漫长过程,从准同生阶段至埋藏阶段均会发生[66]。碳酸盐岩中的压实、压溶、胶结、充填、溶蚀、白云化等成岩作用叠加在非均质性储层沉积格架之上,在储层中进一步发生不均匀的演化(图3),增加了储层非均质性的复杂程度[67-72]。不同岩性的岩石抗压能力不同,在压实、压溶作用下的表现也不同。如在埋深较浅的地层中,灰岩和白云化的灰岩相比白云岩具有更高的孔隙度,而在埋深超过 2 000 m 时,白云岩剩余孔隙度和渗透率转而反超了灰岩,这说明相同压力下白云岩压实/压溶减孔程度弱于灰岩[73-74]。成岩流体成分不同,可带来不同的储层非均质性成岩改造效果,如胶结作用影响渗流能力[75],充填作用减小孔隙体积[76],而溶蚀作用可增加溶蚀孔隙体积[77]。成岩流体的温度对储层非均质性也能产生影响,如低温白云化作用趋向于保存基质的原始结构,使得较好的储集空间类型得以保留下来,而高温白云化流体易产生截然的、平直到不规则的白云化前缘,对原始结构形成破坏[78]。生物作用、热液等也会通过影响成岩流体的成分和温度进而改造得到具有不同岩性、物性非均质性的储层[79-80]。沉积作用形成的有利沉积相带能够为碳酸盐岩储层后期建设性成岩改造提供有利条件[81-82],如礁滩相沉积水体较浅,滩体沉积基准面接近海平面,颗粒滩顶部易暴露于海平面之上接受大气淡水淋滤溶蚀改造,进而发育大量粒内溶孔、铸模孔等储集空间[83]。构造作用形成的裂缝为烃类或有机酸等流体提供运移通道,酸性流体沿连通的孔缝系统可进一步发生明显的储层改造而产生扩溶现象[5464-6584-85]。成岩作用还可以通过改变碳酸盐岩储层的岩石成分、颗粒大小、颗粒排列方式,通过影响岩石力学性质而左右构造破裂作用的发育程度[86],后续的充填作用还可以对构造裂缝进行封堵,降低或消除裂缝的有效性[87]

  • 1.2.3 构造作用

  • 构造运动可以对已形成的储层进行再次改造,使其发生变形、错断和破裂,造成储层非均质性越发复杂(图4)[5389]。构造作用对储层非均质性的影响可以体现在宏观和微观 2 个方面,宏观上断层和规模较大的裂缝可以改变储层的连通性,主要表现为提供了空间上具有方向性和规模影响的优势渗流通道,减弱或消除相对低渗透层的封隔能力,但对储集空间增加的影响则可以不明显;微观上,多期次裂缝及其组成的缝网可以极大提升储层局部渗流能力,扩大部分储集空间,明显改造储层局部的物性[90-91]

  • 1.2.4 深层高温高压

  • 深层碳酸盐岩储层埋藏历史相对久远,多期次异常高温高压和热液流体的影响进一步加剧了储层非均质性的复杂程度。如在高温高压下,深埋碳酸盐岩油藏巨厚膏盐盖层的硫酸盐与储层原油发生热化学硫酸盐还原(TSR)作用,裂解形成 H2S 和气态烃的同时会生成大量淡水降低局部地层水的盐度,使得局部地层水对 H2S 和碳酸盐岩始终处于欠饱和状态,保证了含 H2S 流体对储层的溶蚀作用持续进行,最终形成优质高含硫天然气储层[92-93];深埋高压可造成碳酸盐岩颗粒旋转、滑移、破裂以及粒间压溶压实等复杂非均质性特征(图5)[94];不同类型深部热液可通过断裂-裂缝网络系统渗透进储层围岩,并对白云石与方解石产生强烈的差异溶蚀改造,从而导致了储集空间类型的差异性演化[95-96]

  • 图3 成岩作用形成的碳酸盐岩储层非均质性(据文献[88],有修改)

  • Fig.3 Carbonate reservoir heterogeneities formed by diagenesis(Modified by Reference[88]

  • 图4 不同尺度复合型裂缝(据文献[89],有修改)

  • Fig.4 Compound fractures at different scales(Modified by Reference[89]

  • 1.3 储层非均质性形成机制的研究手段

  • 海相碳酸盐岩储层非均质性形成机制复杂,相应的研究手段也较多,主要包括地质手段、物理模拟手段和数值模拟手段。地质手段包括野外观察、薄片观察、扫描电镜观察等,通过寻找沉积、成岩及构造作用的痕迹[59-6072],并结合实际地质资料对储层非均质性成因及演化过程进行综合分析。地球化学手段目前主要有同位素(如C-O稳定同位素、Sr 同位素)分析、微量元素(如Fe,Mn,Sr)分析等,这类指标分析可以指示成岩改造流体(如白云化流体) 对储层岩石的作用阶段(如准同生阶段或浅/深埋藏阶段),有助于确定储层成岩作用导致的非均质性的形成时间[97]。由于储层非均质性的不同影响因素对储层特征的影响程度往往难以把握,研究者们常借助模拟手段近似还原不同条件下不同储层非均质性特征的形成过程,以更好地获得非均质性形成机制的认识。规模较小、时间较短的储层非均质性形成过程模拟可以使用物理模拟手段直接对实际样品进行研究,如开展不同条件下碳酸盐岩岩心溶蚀实验,并用数字岩心技术观察和表征溶蚀效果 (图6)[98-103];开展储层岩石压力改造实验并用数字岩心技术观察孔-缝改造演化过程[94104-105] 等。其中应用数字岩心技术可以直观地观测模拟实验各阶段的样品特征,是物理模拟研究中非均质性形成机制认识的重要方式。对于规模较大、时间较长的储层非均质性形成过程可以使用数值模拟手段开展研究,如模拟沉积物压实过程[106]、大气淡水淋滤改造过程[107]、断溶体断控岩溶过程[108] 等。上述不同类型储层非均质性的成因模拟均可为储层非均质性形成机制研究提供重要参考。

  • 2 储层非均质性的预测、表征和评价方法

  • 2.1 预测及表征方法

  • 储层非均质性的预测及表征指的是从岩性、储集空间、物性参数出发,预测其空间分布,以此实现储层非均质性特征参数的空间再现。预测和表征方法可总结为直接方法和间接方法2个方面。直接进行储层非均质性预测及表征的方法通常以井点资料为约束,结合叠前和叠后地震资料开展工作,如以测井非均质性参数解释为基础,利用叠前地震 (振幅、纵波/横波速度、密度)属性反演开展储层岩性和流体概率分布预测[109];利用叠前地震 AVO 反演开展溶蚀孔洞分布预测[110-111];利用叠前深度偏移及相干体分析开展缝洞体储集体预测[112];利用多分量转换波检测、横波分裂检测、纵波方位各向异性检测、叠前远近偏移距属性差分析、叠后方位、倾角、相位、曲率属性分析、相干体分析、蚂蚁体分析、多尺度边缘检测、VSP 预测等手段开展不同尺度裂缝预测[113-127];利用弹性阻抗反演开展含气性预测[128]等。为提升预测精度常结合野外露头类比[59-60]、相带沉积类比[57-58] 或密井网解剖建立原型模型[11129]、地质知识库等手段对储层岩性、物性参数及多尺度裂缝等非均质性参数的空间分布进行预测和表征。

  • 图5 压力引起的碳酸盐岩储层非均质性(据文献[94],有修改)

  • Fig.5 Carbonate reservoir heterogeneities induced by high pressure(Modified by Reference[94]

  • 图6 岩心溶蚀实验反应前后CT切片对比(据文献[98],有修改)

  • Fig.6 Comparisons between CT images before and after core dissolution experiments(Modified by Reference[98]

  • 间接预测及表征方法一般首先将非均质储层按属性参数差异划分为多个内部相对均质的小尺度基本单元,每种基本单元均绑定已知的属性参数区间信息,再通过寻找和建立各基本属性单元的井-震关系等识别特征,在整体工区目标层内开展不同基本属性单元类型识别和分布预测,在此基础上最终实现目标区域的储层非均质性参数三维空间分布表征。

  • 非均质储层内部不同的基本单元类型可以通过不同的依据来进行划分,目前研究者们重点关注的是以储集空间类型及流体在储集空间中的渗流能力为依据来划分基本单元类型。具体的划分依据包括基于实验测试计算流动带指数[61130-131] 方法、分析压汞曲线特征差异的公式拟合方法[132-134]、基于阿尔奇指数关联变化分析的岩电参数计算方法[135-136]、基于非常规测井响应差异分析的特征参数提取方法[53137-138] 等,或借助薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、数字岩心等手段进行孔-洞-缝参数统计,计算其分形维数[101] 或构建栅格模型[139] 等,所划分基本单元属于岩石物理流动单元范畴。在划分了具有不同孔渗-(饱)关系的各岩石物理流动单元后,可通过总结各流动单元的测井电性特征及地震敏感属性响应特征[88140-142],形成工区内不同岩石物理流动单元的识别模式,利用工区测井、地震资料进行岩石物理流动单元的分布预测,进而得到不同岩石物理属性的三维空间分布(图7)。三维地质建模是展示储层非均质性表征结果的最直观方式,提取预测结果中各类储层非均质性参数的空间分布特征建立介质属性参数地质模型,可实现储层非均质性分布特征的三维可视化表征[143-145]

  • 图7 地质模型中岩石物理属性的浮雕挤压视图(据文献[145],有修改)

  • Fig.7 Relief-extruded views of petrophysical properties in geomodel(Modified by Reference[145]

  • 2.2 评价方法

  • 储层非均质性评价通常指通过统计储层各类参数分布的波动剧烈程度来评价储层非均质性程度,本质上是基于一定数学运算的参数统计、数据集结及数值区间划分。表达单一的储层属性参数非均质性程度的评价指标有变异系数、级差、突进系数[50132146]、Dykstra-Parsons 变异系数(对数正态曲线变异系数)[132147]、劳伦兹系数(基尼系数)[132148-149]、参差系数[150]、分数维[151-152]、偏心率[153] 等(表2),这些评价指标能够将某一种非均质性参数的分布统计出来并计算其离散程度。

  • 表2 储层非均质性评价参数及其计算方法

  • Table2 Evaluation parameters of reservoir heterogeneity and their calculation methods

  • 然而,利用上述指标对不同的储层属性参数开展储层非均质性评价时,得到的各参数评价结果之间常出现矛盾[37],如常出现孔隙度变异系数不大,而渗透率变异系数却很大的情况,说明储层孔隙度的非均质性相对较弱,而储层渗透率的非均质性则较强。因此,针对非均质性比较复杂的储层,大多数学者综合储层多个属性参数,使用灰色加权[61]、模糊数学[154]、波叠加[37]、熵权[155] 等综合评价方法,通过构建综合评价指数以规避单一参数评价储层非均质性时的缺陷,但利用综合评价方法时如何优选信息集结方法,得到与生产动态特征相吻合的非均质性评价参数是开展评价的关键,而合理信息集结方法的优选或建立离不开对储层非均质性形成机理和发育模式的深刻认识。

  • 也有研究认为储层非均质性参数的分布并非仅具有随机性,还具有一定的空间结构性[156],因此在评价储层非均质性时,不应脱离储层参数在空间上的位置变化信息而仅评价储层参数分布的波动剧烈程度,还应考虑储层参数在空间延伸方向上伴随位置变化的速率。部分学者尝试应用较成熟的变差函数方法来评价油藏范围内的碳酸盐岩储层宏观非均质性特征,评价过程中考虑了储层参数的相对变化幅度和空间相关性等信息,在某气藏取得了有效应用[156-157]。然而,结合变差函数评价储层非均质性的方法也只能对各单一的储层属性参数进行评价,对于深层海相碳酸盐岩储层来说,由于缺乏对其强烈的储层非均质性变化空间结构性的规律认识,利用对待估点做最优线性无偏估计克里金方法[158] 评价非均质性往往不能达到应有效果。

  • 此外,也有部分学者利用生产动态、试井压力等油气藏工程手段分析评价储层非均质性[159-160],这类研究主要从结果端反推储层非均质性的发育特征,该类方法容易受到油气藏工程措施、事故等非地质因素干扰的影响,对储层非均质性刻画结果的可靠性和精度可能存在一定的不足[39-40],但可将该类方法作为开发地质角度评价储层非均质性可靠性的验证手段。

  • 3 存在的问题

  • 3.1 未建立有针对性的非均质性层次(类型)划分方案

  • 合理的储层非均质性层次(类型)划分方案能够为储层非均质性评价及油气藏开发提供有效指导。如前文所述,陆相碎屑岩油藏储层非均质性划分方案充分考虑了陆相碎屑岩储层沉积层次(界面)结构(单元)对非均质性的控制作用,以砂体规模、连通情况、砂体展布及空间组合方式以及单砂体内孔隙结构、各类属性参数分布等为划分依据,并充分结合了开发技术与实践经验。然而,深层海相碳酸盐岩储层由于其沉积和成岩特征与碎屑岩储层相比具有较大的差异性,储层更具有易变性和易溶性[161],在进行非均质性层次划分时应充分考虑其相对于碎屑岩储层的特殊性。

  • 深层海相碳酸盐岩储层具有复杂的非均质性成因,其受生物和化学沉积作用影响而使储层多呈厚层块状,且受后期地质作用改造的影响往往比陆相碎屑岩储层更大(尤其是在深埋条件下的各类地质作用改造的影响),储层最终呈现的非均质性特征基本表现为多尺度的“面目全非”,其分布与受沉积层次界面主控的碎屑岩储层非均质性具有较大差异。如今还未有学者提出有针对性的深层海相碳酸盐岩储层非均质性层次划分方案,而随着深层海相碳酸盐岩油气藏开发的不断深入,对油气藏描述的精度要求越来越高,需要根据碳酸盐岩储层非均质性成因特点,提出具有适用性的非均质性层次 (分类)划分方案,以指导油气藏的高效开发。

  • 3.2 需进一步阐明多介质储层非均质性形成机理

  • 深层海相碳酸盐岩储层孔隙结构类型多样,发育多级次、多尺度、多组系裂缝[162],且多类储集空间耦合发育,储层所呈现出的非均质性特征往往是沉积、构造、成岩等多种地质因素综合作用(尤其是深部地质作用过程)的结果,复杂非均质性的形成在地质历史过程中往往具有阶段性、继承性等特点。揭示深层海相碳酸盐岩储层缝-孔-喉系统形成、发育及耦合机理,认识储层多尺度非均质性形成机理及发育特征,是开展精细储层描述、认识油气藏开发规律、进行油气藏挖潜和调整的基础和关键。

  • 目前有关海相碳酸盐岩储层非均质性形成机理的研究多从缝、孔(洞)等单一储集空间类型成因的角度进行,分析地质历史过程中不同地质作用对孔(洞)、缝的形成及演化的影响。而实际上,深层碳酸盐岩储层“孔(洞)-缝”系统的形成具有强烈的相关性及其耦合特征,如储层早期孔隙较为发育且由于其改变了储层的岩石力学性质会影响后期天然裂缝的发育程度,而天然裂缝较为发育的储层在后期深埋改造过程中,会为深部热液等流体提供渗流通道而进一步增强储层的溶蚀作用进而增加储层有效储集空间,这种复杂地质作用的最后结果,就是造成了储层非均质性特征的复杂性。因此,要揭示深层碳酸盐岩储层非均质性形成机理,就必须要从地质作用全过程的角度出发,充分利用各类分析测试手段,挖掘各类地质作用及其演化信息,采用正演与反演相结合的方法,将储层中发生的“地质故事”讲清楚、讲完整。

  • 3.3 需进一步建立储层非均质性预测和表征方法

  • 基于叠前、叠后地震等多信息的融合,采用直接或间接方法开展储层非均质性预测和表征虽然能够获得储层中单一非均质性参数或非均质单元的空间分布,但在精度上仍难于满足目前油气田开发的实际需要。传统地震预测方法基于储层岩性、多尺度裂缝发育程度、储层储集空间类型及流体等信息与地震响应之间的关系来开展各类非均质性参数分布预测,但由于各类地质信息与地震响应的关系非常复杂且往往呈现强非线性特征,在不考虑各类非均质地质信息耦合对地震响应特征的情况下开展各储层非均质性参数的分布预测,结果往往存在一定的不确定性。因此,在现有的技术条件下,需要有效解耦地震信息中的岩性、裂缝发育、孔隙结构、流体等非均质信息,提取可靠的地震响应并建立合理的方法来开展各类非均质性参数预测,才能进一步提高深层海相碳酸盐岩储层非均质性空间分布的预测和表征精度。

  • 在通过地震资料开展非均质性分布预测以后,往往要将预测结果转化为基于网格的非均质性参数空间分布信息,进而开展油气藏流体流动模拟。由于非均质性具有多尺度特征,在表征过程中如何确定合理的网格步长以能够表达最主要的储层非均质性是需要首先被考虑的问题,这需要充分考虑各类非均质性的属性特征和分布特点来进行确定。另外,在表征过程中,由于各类非均质性参数既有标量也有矢量,除了要准确表征各类非均质性参数数值大小的空间分布以外,还应准确表征各类矢量参数的各向异性特征(如渗透率各向异性),各向异性是储层非均质性的最主要体现内容之一,它决定了储层内部不同单元之间的连通程度,是影响储层性质和渗流规律的关键性信息。实现基于合理网格系统的多尺度非均质性参数三维空间表征,是开展高精度油气藏数值模拟的基本前提。

  • 4 研究展望

  • 总结目前储层非均质性的研究现状,并根据深层海相碳酸盐岩储层非均质性自身的形成特点及目前研究中存在的问题,对深层海相碳酸盐岩储层非均质性研究提出以下展望。

  • 第一,在揭示深层海相碳酸盐岩储层多重介质形成及耦合机理的基础上,要重点对多重介质系统耦合控制下的多尺度非均质性形成机理开展研究,建立多尺度非均质性发育模式。储层中目前呈现的非均质性特征是多尺度、多重介质空间分布的耦合结果,要明确多尺度非均质性成因机制及分布特征,就首先要对储层中孔、洞、缝等各类介质的形成、保持、改造及耦合发育机理进行研究,建立各类介质的成因演化序列,阐明控制各类介质演化的主控因素,要重点对多尺度、多重介质耦合下的多尺度非均质性成因机制进行分析和特征描述,建立储层多尺度非均质性的成因模式。

  • 第二,建立具有适用性的深层海相碳酸盐岩储层非均质性层次(类型)划分方案,弄清不同类型非均质性介质及其耦合的岩石物理响应机理,结合新技术手段不断提高多尺度非均质性空间分布预测及表征的精度和可靠性。对多尺度非均质性形成机制的揭示有助于开展非均质性层次(类型)方案的划分,结合多尺度、多重介质耦合下的非均质性成因机制,研究不同尺度、不同介质非均质性特征及其耦合特征,建立微观、小观、中观、宏观、巨观等层次的多尺度非均质性分类方案。对多重介质耦合下的多类多尺度非均质性地球物理响应进行解耦,建立具有针对性的岩石物理模型,发展与大数据、人工智能相结合的复杂非均质性测井识别、地震预测及地质建模技术,提高非均质性参数刻画的精度和可靠性。

  • 第三,研究多尺度非均质性渗流机理,阐明多尺度非均质性对油气藏流体流动的控制作用,明确储层非均质性对油气藏开发的影响。深层海相碳酸盐岩储层非均质性的多尺度性决定了储层渗流机理的复杂性,要从不同尺度的角度对储层渗流机制进行研究,明确不同尺度非均质性的耦合渗流机理,弄清控制油气藏流体流动的主要非均质性和次要非均质性,阐明不同尺度非均质性在油气藏开发不同阶段所起的作用及对开发效果的影响,为油气藏的高效开发提供指导。

  • 符号解释

  • AB —— 经验系数,取值多为 A =84%,B =50%;或 A = 50%,B =16%;

  • C ——回归待求系数;

  • C adv——突进系数;

  • C div——参差系数;

  • C grad——级差;

  • C v——变异系数;

  • D fa——分数维值;

  • e ——归一化偏心率;

  • ij ——循环次数;

  • n ——样品数;

  • Nδ)——测井曲线穿过的网格数;

  • V DP——Dykstra-Parsons变异系数(对数正态曲线变异系数);

  • V LC——劳伦兹系数(基尼系数);

  • Xi ——第i个样品的待评参数值;

  • X max——样品待评参数最大值;

  • X min——样品待评参数最小值;

  • X-——样品待评参数的平均值;

  • {X}——样品待评参数集;

  • δ——测井曲线纵向网格等分数。

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