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作者简介:

冯雪钢(1991—),男,湖北荆州人,在读博士研究生,从事提高采收率实验方面的研究。E-mail:explorer_fxg@163.com。

通讯作者:

岳湘安(1957—),男,湖南宁乡人,教授,博士。E-mail:yuexa@139.com。

中图分类号:TE357.44

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2022)02-0094-06

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.2022.02.011

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参考文献 17
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目录contents

    摘要

    基于润湿指数(WI)为-0.7~0.7的2种具有可对比性的特低渗透和中高渗透人造仿真岩心,探讨润湿性对其水驱特性影响的主要差异。研究结果表明,特低渗透与中高渗透均质岩心相比,润湿性对水驱特性影响趋势相似;岩心的亲油性和亲水性越强(越偏离中等润湿),水驱前缘突破速度越快,平均含水上升速率越大,水驱平衡压力梯度越高,无水驱油效率和极限驱油效率越低。特低渗透与中高渗透岩心润湿性对水驱特性影响的差异体现在特征参数量值的影响幅度上:润湿指数对特低渗透岩心平均含水上升速率、水驱平衡压力梯度、极限驱油效率等的影响幅度远高于中高渗透岩心。与中高渗透油藏相比,特低渗透油藏的水驱特性对润湿性更敏感;特低渗透油藏的润湿性从油湿向中等润湿转变对于提高水驱油效率的技术潜力远大于中高渗透油藏。

    Abstract

    In this paper,two kinds of synthetic cores with a wettability index(WI)in the range of−0.7-0.7 are comparative- ly used to explore the main difference in the influence of wettability on waterflooding characteristics of ultra-low permeability and medium-high permeability cores. The results reveal that for the homogeneous cores with ultra-low and medium-high permeability,the influence trend of wettability on waterflooding characteristics is similar. Specifically,stronger lipophilicity and hydrophilicity of cores(more deviated from the medium wettability)are accompanied by the faster breakthrough of wa- terflooding front,a higher rising rate of average water cut,a higher waterflooding equilibrium pressure gradient,and lower water-free oil displacement efficiency and ultimate oil displacement efficiency. The difference is reflected in the magnitude of the influence of the characteristic parameter values. Compared with the medium-high permeability cores,the ultra-low permeability cores are much more susceptible to the influence of the wettability index on aspects including the rising rate of average water cut,equilibrium pressure gradient,and ultimate oil displacement efficiency. The waterflooding characteris- tics of ultra-low permeability reservoirs are more sensitive to wettability compared with those of medium-high permeability reservoirs. The transition of wettability from oil-wet to medium-wet in ultra-low permeability reservoirs has much greater technical potential for improving oil displacement efficiency than that in medium-high permeability reservoirs.

  • 储层润湿性对水驱油效率的影响一直以来是石油开采领域备受关注的热点问题,其基本规律的认识在长期研究中逐渐清晰。KYTE等利用实际储层岩心进行水驱实验,发现强水湿岩心水驱油效率高于中等润湿岩心[1]。部分学者对中等润湿(或弱水湿)岩心与强水湿岩心水驱油效率差异进行对比,得到与 KYTE一致的实验结果[2-7]。据此传统主流观点认为在中等润湿(或弱水湿)至强水湿范围,储层亲水性越强,水驱油效率越高。RATHMELL等得到了不同的实验结果,即中等润湿岩心水驱油效率明显高于强水湿岩心[8-9]。笔者认为导致这 2 种看似矛盾认识的原因是受当时实验条件所限,关键是实验用岩心的润湿性无法准确控制,评价岩心润湿性的指标参数尚未实现统一量化和精确测量,所使用亲水和强水湿的概念实际上均为很宽的润湿性范围。MORROW 等采用原油浸泡方法制作润湿指数(WI)为-0.48~0.88 的岩心进行水驱实验,首次提出从油湿到水湿范围内水驱油效率随润湿指数变化的非单调相关规律,发现水驱油效率峰值对应的临界润湿指数在 0 附近(中等润湿至弱水湿)[10-11]。大量实验结果验证了水驱油效率与润湿指数的非单调相关规律[12-16],并确定水驱油效率峰值对应的临界润湿指数约为0.2(弱水湿)[17]

  • 以往有关润湿性对水驱油效率影响的研究,多数以中高渗透油藏为对象,实验用岩心的渗透率为 100~2 000 mD[3-11]。仅有少数学者进行了低渗透岩心润湿性对水驱油效率影响的实验[18-19],所得定性结果与高渗透岩心一致,中等润湿或弱水湿低渗透岩心水驱油效率高于亲水性和亲油性低渗透岩心[18-20]。而大量开采实践表明低(特低)渗透油藏水驱特征及效果与中高渗透油藏具有明显差异,其中低(特低)渗透油藏润湿性对水驱特性的影响与中高渗透油藏是否存在差异,迄今尚未见相关研究。为此,笔者应用岩心润湿性模拟专利技术[21-22],制作润湿指数为-0.7~0.7 的岩心,开展特低渗透岩心和中高渗透岩心水驱油的对比实验,探讨特低渗透与中高渗透岩心的润湿性对水驱特性影响的主要差异,以期为特低渗透油藏的开采技术提供依据。

  • 1 实验器材与方法

  • 1.1 实验器材

  • 设计润湿指数分别为 0.7,0.4,0.1,-0.4 和-0.7的强水湿、弱水湿、中等润湿、弱油湿和强油湿均质岩心(表1),其中 1#—5#岩心渗透率属中高渗透率,约为200 mD;6#—10#岩心渗透率属特低渗透率,约为2 mD。

  • 表1 岩心基本参数

  • Table1 Basic core parameters

  • 实验用油为中国某油田脱气脱水原油与煤油配制而成,原油黏度为1.8 mPa•s。实验用水为某油田模拟地层水,总矿化度为 12 875 mg/L;Mg2+,Ca2+, Na+ 和 Cl-质量浓度分别为 201.31,334.26,4 526.75 和 7 813.34 mg/L。实验温度为 50℃。实验仪器包括恒温箱、岩心驱替装置和双缸泵等。

  • 1.2 实验方法

  • 水驱实验具体步骤包括:①对岩心抽真空 4~6 h,饱和地层水并测定孔隙体积和孔隙度。②实验用油及岩心在50℃的恒温箱中恒温4 h。③饱和原油,计算含油饱和度。④以0.5 m/d的注入速度进行水驱(图1),水驱至没有原油产出且累积注入 2 PV 的水时结束,记录水驱油过程中压力和含水率并计算水驱油效率。

  • 图1 水驱实验装置

  • Fig.1 Devices for waterflooding experiment

  • 2 实验结果与分析

  • 2.1 不同岩心润湿性对含水特性影响的差异

  • 通过水驱实验获得3种润湿指数的特低渗透和中高渗透岩心的含水率,由图2 可以看出含水率随着注入量的增加先快速上升后趋于稳定。特低渗透与中高渗透岩心的润湿性对含水特性影响的差异由与含水率相关的 3 个特征值来分析:一是表征水驱油过程中含水率上升快慢的平均含水上升速率;二是表征水驱前缘突破速度快慢的水驱前缘突破注入量;三是表征特高含水期开采时间的特高含水期注入量。

  • 图2 不同润湿性岩心含水率随注入量的变化

  • Fig.2 Variation of water cut of cores with different wettability with injection volume

  • 2.1.1 平均含水上升速率

  • 依据实测含水率可计算平均含水上升速率,其表达式为:

  • Vw=fw¯I0
    (1)
  • 其中:

  • fw¯=0I0 fwdII0
    (2)
  • 为统一对比标准,所有岩心水驱实验计算平均含水上升速率的注入量上限值取 1.0 PV。由图3可以看出,润湿性对特低渗透和中高渗透岩心平均含水上升速率影响趋势相似,中等润湿(WI =0.1)岩心的平均含水上升速率低于强水湿(WI =0.7)和强油湿 (WI =-0.7)岩心;岩心润湿性越偏离中等润湿,即润湿指数的绝对值越大,平均含水上升速率越大。润湿性对特低渗透岩心平均含水上升速率的影响幅度与中高渗透岩心差异较大。特低渗透岩心润湿性对平均含水上升速率的影响幅度较小,仅为 3.4%。中高渗透岩心润湿性对平均含水上升速率的影响幅度较大,高达 21.5%。中等润湿特低渗透岩心的平均含水上升速率远高于中高渗透岩心,这一现象与实际油藏水驱开采特性一致。

  • 图3 润湿性对平均含水上升速率的影响

  • Fig.3 Effect of wettability on rising rate of average water cut

  • 2.1.2 水驱前缘突破注入量

  • 润湿指数对特低渗透和中高渗透岩心的水驱前缘突破注入量影响趋势一致(图4):中等润湿岩心的水驱前缘突破注入量高于强水湿和强油湿岩心;岩心润湿性越偏离中等润湿,即润湿指数绝对值越大,水驱前缘突破注入量越小,水驱前缘突破速度越快。由此推断,特低渗透和中高渗透均质油藏,在不考虑其他因素的条件下,亲油性和亲水性越强,水驱前缘突破速度越快。润湿指数为-0.7~0.7时,特低渗透岩心的水驱前缘突破注入量均明显低于中高渗透岩心,即特低渗透油藏水驱前缘突破速度明显高于中高渗透油藏。

  • 图4 润湿性对水驱前缘突破注入量的影响

  • Fig.4 Influence of wettability on breakthrough injection volume of waterflooding front

  • 2.1.3 特高含水期注入量

  • 按照通常的划分标准,含水率高于 90%的开采阶段为特高含水期。在相同注入速度条件下,以岩心水驱实验含水率为 90%~98% 时的注水量即特高含水期注入量可作为特高含水期开采时间的表征参数。由图5 可见,特低渗透岩心润湿性对特高含水期注入量影响的趋势与中高渗透岩心差异较大,中高渗透岩心的特高含水期注入量与润湿指数呈明显的凸型非单调相关性,而特低渗透岩心特高含水期注入量与润湿指数呈单调递增关系。

  • 图5 润湿性对特高含水期注入量的影响

  • Fig.5 Influence of wettability on injection volume in ultra-high water cut period

  • 特低渗透岩心润湿性对特高含水期注入量的影响幅度较小,从强油湿至强水湿,特高含水期注入量增加了 0.2 PV;中高渗透岩心润湿性对特高含水期注入量的影响幅度较大,润湿指数为-0.7~0.7 时,影响幅度高达 196.7%。实验结果表明,中高渗透中等润湿岩心水驱油过程中特高含水期开采时间较长,而特低渗透中等润湿岩心水驱的特高含水期开采时间较短。这与特低渗透油藏和中高渗透油藏水驱开采特性一致。

  • 2.2 不同岩心润湿性对水驱压力梯度影响的差异

  • 特低渗透和中高渗透岩心水驱油过程中实测压力梯度随着注入量的增加先升高到峰值再下降并趋于平缓(图6),变化曲线有 2个典型特征值:一是水驱峰值压力梯度即整个水驱油过程中的最大压力梯度;二是水驱平衡压力梯度即水驱至残余油饱和度状态的压力梯度平稳值。特低渗透岩心润湿性对水驱压力梯度的动态特征,特别是对水驱平衡压力梯度的影响规律和幅度与中高渗透岩心有明显的差异。

  • 图6 水驱压力梯度随注入量的变化

  • Fig.6 Variation of waterflooding pressure gradient with injection volume

  • 由表2可以看出特低渗透和中高渗透岩心的水驱峰值压力梯度随着岩心亲水性的增强而降低;润湿性对特低渗透岩心水驱峰值压力梯度影响较小,强油湿岩心的水驱峰值压力梯度比强水湿岩心高 5%;润湿性对中高渗透岩心水驱峰值压力梯度影响较大,强油湿岩心的水驱峰值压力梯度比强水湿岩心高32%。

  • 表2 不同润湿性岩心的水驱峰值压力梯度和水驱平衡压力梯度

  • Table2 Peak waterflooding pressure gradient and equilibrium waterflooding pressure gradient of cores with different wettability

  • 润湿性对特低渗透岩心水驱平衡压力梯度的影响较大,润湿性越偏离中等润湿,水驱平衡压力梯度越高;特低渗透强油湿岩心的水驱平衡压力梯度比中等润湿岩心高 30%,强水湿岩心的水驱平衡压力梯度比中等润湿岩心高 12%。中高渗透岩心在强油湿至中等润湿区间,润湿性对水驱平衡压力梯度的影响较明显,增幅为 25%;而在中等润湿至强水湿区间,润湿性对中高渗透岩心水驱平衡压力梯度的影响不明显,增幅仅为4%。

  • 2.3 不同岩心润湿性对采油特性影响的差异

  • 特低渗透与中高渗透岩心的水驱油效率随着注入量的增加先快速上升后趋于平衡,3 种不同润湿性岩心的水驱油效率变化曲线在形态和高度上均存在着差异(图7)。

  • 结合含水率、注入量以及水驱油效率可得到 3 个特征值来分析特低渗透与中高渗透岩心润湿性对采油特性影响的差异:一是无水驱油效率即含水率为 0 的无水开采期内,水驱前缘突破注入量对应的水驱油效率;二是特高含水期采油量占比即含水率大于90%的特高含水期内,采油量在总采油量中所占的比例;三是极限驱油效率即含水率达到100%的水驱油效率。

  • 图7 水驱油效率随注入量的变化

  • Fig.7 Variation of oil displacement efficiency with injection volume

  • 2.3.1 无水驱油效率

  • 特低渗透和中高渗透岩心润湿性对无水驱油效率影响(图8)具有相似趋势:中等润湿岩心的无水驱油效率高于强水湿和强油湿岩心;岩心润湿性越偏离中等润湿,即润湿指数的绝对值越大,无水驱油效率越小。可见特低渗透和中高渗透均质油藏,润湿性越趋近中等润湿,无水驱油效率越高。润湿指数为-0.7~0.7 时,特低渗透岩心的无水驱油效率均明显低于中高渗透岩心,即强油湿、中等润湿和强水湿特低渗透油藏的无水驱油效率明显低于中高渗透油藏。

  • 图8 润湿性对无水驱油效率的影响

  • Fig.8 Influence of wettability on water-free oil displacement efficiency

  • 2.3.2 特高含水期采油量占比

  • 特低渗透和中高渗透且润湿指数接近于0的岩心特高含水期采油量占比均低于强油湿和强水湿岩心(图9)。特低渗透和中高渗透均质油藏,在不考虑其他因素的条件下,润湿性越偏离中等润湿,特高含水期采油量占比越高。

  • 图9 润湿性对特高含水期采油量占比的影响

  • Fig.9 Influence of wettability on percentage of oil production at ultra-high water cut stage

  • 2.3.3 极限驱油效率

  • 润湿性对特低渗透和中高渗透岩心水驱极限驱油效率的影响(图10)具有相似趋势:中等润湿岩心极限驱油效率最高;强水湿和强油湿岩心的极限驱油效率明显低于中等润湿岩心。润湿性对特低渗透岩心极限驱油效率影响幅度与中高渗透岩心差异较大。特低渗透岩心润湿性对极限驱油效率的影响幅度较大,中等润湿与强油湿相比,极限驱油效率相对增幅为44.4%。中高渗透岩心润湿性对极限驱油效率的影响幅度较小,中等润湿与强油湿相比,极限驱油效率相对增幅仅为 17.4%。由此可见,润湿性对特低渗透油藏水驱油效率的影响比中高渗透油藏更加敏感。在特低渗透油藏实现润湿性从油湿向中等润湿转变,提高水驱油效率的潜力远大于中高渗透油藏。

  • 图10 润湿性对极限驱油效率的影响

  • Fig.10 Influence of wettability on ultimate oil displacement efficiency

  • 3 结论

  • 特低渗透和中高渗透岩心的润湿性越偏离中等润湿,水驱前缘突破速度越快,平均含水上升速率越大;润湿性对特低渗透岩心影响幅度远高于中高渗透岩心。弱水湿特低渗透岩心的特高含水期开采时间比弱水湿中高渗透岩心短;润湿性对中高渗透岩心特高含水期开采时间的影响幅度远大于特低渗透岩心;润湿性对特低渗透岩心水驱平衡压力梯度的影响较大,润湿性越偏离中等润湿水驱平衡压力梯度越高;润湿性对中高渗透岩心水驱平衡压力梯度的影响不明显。

  • 特低渗透和中高渗透均质油藏润湿性越偏离中等润湿,无水驱油效率和极限驱油效率越低,特高含水期采油量占比越高。润湿性对特低渗透油藏水驱油效率的影响比中高渗透油藏更加敏感;特低渗透油藏润湿性从油湿向中等润湿转变,提高水驱油效率的潜力远大于中高渗透油藏。

  • 符号解释

  • f w——含水率,%;

  • I ——注入量,PV;

  • I 0——某一个特定的注入量,PV;

  • V w——平均含水上升速率,%;

  • WI ——润湿指数,无量纲。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] KYTE J R,NAUMANN V O,MATTAX C C.Effect of reservoir en⁃ vironment on water-oil displacements[J].Journal of Petroleum Technology,1961,13(6):579-582.

    • [2] BOBEK J E,BAIL P T.Model studies of oil displacement from thin sands by vertical water influx from adjacent shales[J].Jour⁃ nal of Petroleum Technology,1961,13(9):950-954.

    • [3] DONALDSON E C,THOMAS R D,LORENZ P B.Wettability de⁃ termination and its effect on recovery efficiency[J].Society of Pe⁃ troleum Engineers Journal,1969,9(1):13-20.

    • [4] ANDERSON W G.Wettability literature survey-part6:The effects of wettability on waterflooding[J].Journal of Petroleum Technolo⁃ gy,1987,39(12):1 605-1 622.

    • [5] RAZA S H,TREIBER L E,ARCHER D L.Wettability of reservoir⁃ rocks and its evaluation[J].Producers Monthly,1968,32(4):2-7.

    • [6] MUNGAN N.Enhanced oil recovery using water as a driving fluid3.Interfacial phenomena and oil recovery:capillarity[J].World Oil,1981,192(5):149-150,155.

    • [7] OWENS W W,ARCHER D L.The effect of rock wettability on oilwater relative permeability relationships[J].Journal of Petroleum Technology,1971,23(7):873-878.

    • [8] RATHMELL J J,BRAUN P H,PERKINS T K.Reservoir water⁃ flood residual oil saturation from laboratory tests[J].Journal of Pe⁃ troleum Technology,1973,25(2):175-185.

    • [9] WANG F H L.Effect of wettability alteration on water/oil relative permeability,dispersion,and flowable saturation in porous media [J].SPE Reservoir Engineering,1988,3(2):617-628.

    • [10] MORROW N R.Wettability and its effect on oil recovery[J].Jour⁃ nal of Petroleum Technology,1990,42(12):1 476-1 484.

    • [11] JADHUNANDAN P P,MORROW N R.Effect of wettability on wa⁃ terflood recovery for crude-oil/brine/rock systems[J].SPE Reser⁃ voir Engineering,1995,10(1):40-46.

    • [12] 宋新旺,程浩然,曹绪龙,等.油藏润湿性对采收率影响的实验研究[J].石油化工高等学校学报,2009,22(4):49-52.SONG Xinwang,CHENG Haoran,CAO Xulong,et al.The effects of wettability on oil recovery efficiency[J].Journal of Petrochemi⁃ cal Universities,2009,22(4):49-52.

    • [13] 蒋明煊.油藏岩石润湿性对采收率的影响[J].油气采收率技术,1995,2(3):25-31.JIANG Mingxuan.Effect of wettability of reservoir rocks on oil re⁃ covery[J].Oil and Gas Recovery Technology,1995,2(3):25-31.

    • [14] 彭珏,康毅力.润湿性及其演变对油藏采收率的影响[J].油气地质与采收率,2008,15(1):72-76.PENG Jue,KANG Yili.Effects of wettability and its evolution on oil reservoir recovery[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Effi⁃ ciency,2008,15(1):72-76.

    • [15] 刘中云,曾庆辉,唐周怀,等.润湿性对采收率及相对渗透率的影响[J].石油与天然气地质,2000,21(2):148-150.LIU Zhongyun,ZENG Qinghui,TANG Zhouhuai,et al.Effect of wettability on recovery and relative permeability[J].Oil & Gas Geology,2000,21(2):148-150.

    • [16] TAHIR M,HINCAPIE R E,GAOL C L,et al.Flow dynamics of sulfate-modified water/polymer flooding in micromodels with mod⁃ ified wettability[J].Applied Sciences,2020,10(9):3 239.

    • [17] 鄢捷年.油藏岩石润湿性对注水过程中驱油效率的影响[J].石油大学学报:自然科学版,1998,22(3):43-46.YAN Jienian.Effect of rock wettability on oil recovery by water⁃ flooding[J].Journal of University of Petroleum,China:Edition of Natural Science,1998,22(3):43-46.

    • [18] XIAO Pufu,LENG Xiaoyong,XIAO Hanmin,et al.Investigation effect of wettability and heterogeneity in water flooding and on mi⁃ croscopic residual oil distribution in tight sandstone cores with NMR technique[J].Open Physics,2017,15(1):544-550.

    • [19] 吴天江,李华斌,刘建东.低渗透率岩石润湿性对驱油效率的影响[J].油气地质与采收率,2009,16(5):66-68,75.WU Tianjiang,LI Huabin,LIU Jiandong.Effect of wettability of low-permeability rocks on oil recovery efficiency[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2009,16(5):66-68,75.

    • [20] 李雪娇,付美龙,陈航,等.砂岩油藏智能水驱提高采收率作用机理实验[J].油气地质与采收率,2018,25(6):101-106.LI Xuejiao,FU Meilong,CHEN Hang,et al.Experimental study on mechanism of enhanced oil recovery by smart water flooding in sandstone oil reservoirs[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Effi⁃ ciency,2018,25(6):101-106.

    • [21] 岳湘安,冯雪钢,傅友君,等.一种油气储层物理模型及其润湿性全域量化模拟方法:201711223227.2[P].2020-08-11.YUE Xiang’an,FENG Xuegang,FU Youjun,et al.A physical model of oil and gas reservoir and its wettability simulation meth⁃ od:201711223227.2[P].2020-08-11.

    • [22] 岳湘安,贺杰,曹磊,等.人造储层物理模型的制备方法及其专用胶结剂:201310252919.5[P].2014-12-24.YUE Xiang’an,HE Jie,CAO Lei,et al.Preparation method of arti⁃ ficial reservoir physical model and its special cementing agent:201310252919.5[P].2014-12-24.

  • 参考文献

    • [1] KYTE J R,NAUMANN V O,MATTAX C C.Effect of reservoir en⁃ vironment on water-oil displacements[J].Journal of Petroleum Technology,1961,13(6):579-582.

    • [2] BOBEK J E,BAIL P T.Model studies of oil displacement from thin sands by vertical water influx from adjacent shales[J].Jour⁃ nal of Petroleum Technology,1961,13(9):950-954.

    • [3] DONALDSON E C,THOMAS R D,LORENZ P B.Wettability de⁃ termination and its effect on recovery efficiency[J].Society of Pe⁃ troleum Engineers Journal,1969,9(1):13-20.

    • [4] ANDERSON W G.Wettability literature survey-part6:The effects of wettability on waterflooding[J].Journal of Petroleum Technolo⁃ gy,1987,39(12):1 605-1 622.

    • [5] RAZA S H,TREIBER L E,ARCHER D L.Wettability of reservoir⁃ rocks and its evaluation[J].Producers Monthly,1968,32(4):2-7.

    • [6] MUNGAN N.Enhanced oil recovery using water as a driving fluid3.Interfacial phenomena and oil recovery:capillarity[J].World Oil,1981,192(5):149-150,155.

    • [7] OWENS W W,ARCHER D L.The effect of rock wettability on oilwater relative permeability relationships[J].Journal of Petroleum Technology,1971,23(7):873-878.

    • [8] RATHMELL J J,BRAUN P H,PERKINS T K.Reservoir water⁃ flood residual oil saturation from laboratory tests[J].Journal of Pe⁃ troleum Technology,1973,25(2):175-185.

    • [9] WANG F H L.Effect of wettability alteration on water/oil relative permeability,dispersion,and flowable saturation in porous media [J].SPE Reservoir Engineering,1988,3(2):617-628.

    • [10] MORROW N R.Wettability and its effect on oil recovery[J].Jour⁃ nal of Petroleum Technology,1990,42(12):1 476-1 484.

    • [11] JADHUNANDAN P P,MORROW N R.Effect of wettability on wa⁃ terflood recovery for crude-oil/brine/rock systems[J].SPE Reser⁃ voir Engineering,1995,10(1):40-46.

    • [12] 宋新旺,程浩然,曹绪龙,等.油藏润湿性对采收率影响的实验研究[J].石油化工高等学校学报,2009,22(4):49-52.SONG Xinwang,CHENG Haoran,CAO Xulong,et al.The effects of wettability on oil recovery efficiency[J].Journal of Petrochemi⁃ cal Universities,2009,22(4):49-52.

    • [13] 蒋明煊.油藏岩石润湿性对采收率的影响[J].油气采收率技术,1995,2(3):25-31.JIANG Mingxuan.Effect of wettability of reservoir rocks on oil re⁃ covery[J].Oil and Gas Recovery Technology,1995,2(3):25-31.

    • [14] 彭珏,康毅力.润湿性及其演变对油藏采收率的影响[J].油气地质与采收率,2008,15(1):72-76.PENG Jue,KANG Yili.Effects of wettability and its evolution on oil reservoir recovery[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Effi⁃ ciency,2008,15(1):72-76.

    • [15] 刘中云,曾庆辉,唐周怀,等.润湿性对采收率及相对渗透率的影响[J].石油与天然气地质,2000,21(2):148-150.LIU Zhongyun,ZENG Qinghui,TANG Zhouhuai,et al.Effect of wettability on recovery and relative permeability[J].Oil & Gas Geology,2000,21(2):148-150.

    • [16] TAHIR M,HINCAPIE R E,GAOL C L,et al.Flow dynamics of sulfate-modified water/polymer flooding in micromodels with mod⁃ ified wettability[J].Applied Sciences,2020,10(9):3 239.

    • [17] 鄢捷年.油藏岩石润湿性对注水过程中驱油效率的影响[J].石油大学学报:自然科学版,1998,22(3):43-46.YAN Jienian.Effect of rock wettability on oil recovery by water⁃ flooding[J].Journal of University of Petroleum,China:Edition of Natural Science,1998,22(3):43-46.

    • [18] XIAO Pufu,LENG Xiaoyong,XIAO Hanmin,et al.Investigation effect of wettability and heterogeneity in water flooding and on mi⁃ croscopic residual oil distribution in tight sandstone cores with NMR technique[J].Open Physics,2017,15(1):544-550.

    • [19] 吴天江,李华斌,刘建东.低渗透率岩石润湿性对驱油效率的影响[J].油气地质与采收率,2009,16(5):66-68,75.WU Tianjiang,LI Huabin,LIU Jiandong.Effect of wettability of low-permeability rocks on oil recovery efficiency[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2009,16(5):66-68,75.

    • [20] 李雪娇,付美龙,陈航,等.砂岩油藏智能水驱提高采收率作用机理实验[J].油气地质与采收率,2018,25(6):101-106.LI Xuejiao,FU Meilong,CHEN Hang,et al.Experimental study on mechanism of enhanced oil recovery by smart water flooding in sandstone oil reservoirs[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Effi⁃ ciency,2018,25(6):101-106.

    • [21] 岳湘安,冯雪钢,傅友君,等.一种油气储层物理模型及其润湿性全域量化模拟方法:201711223227.2[P].2020-08-11.YUE Xiang’an,FENG Xuegang,FU Youjun,et al.A physical model of oil and gas reservoir and its wettability simulation meth⁃ od:201711223227.2[P].2020-08-11.

    • [22] 岳湘安,贺杰,曹磊,等.人造储层物理模型的制备方法及其专用胶结剂:201310252919.5[P].2014-12-24.YUE Xiang’an,HE Jie,CAO Lei,et al.Preparation method of arti⁃ ficial reservoir physical model and its special cementing agent:201310252919.5[P].2014-12-24.