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作者简介:

张学才(1967—),男,山东巨野人,高级工程师,博士,从事油气勘探科研与管理工作。E-mail:zxcxbktxmb@163.com。

中图分类号:TE122.1

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2022)03-0001-10

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.202103021

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目录contents

    摘要

    为了揭示济阳坳陷埕岛东部地区断层特征对新近系油气富集差异性的控制作用,以断层类型和断层活动性分析为基础,利用三维地震数据及钻井、测井资料,使用断层活动速率法,重点分析油气成藏期断层活动特征及其与新近系油气富集的关系。研究结果表明,埕岛东部地区发育油源Ⅰ型断层、油源Ⅱ型断层和调节断层共 3种类型断层;油气主成藏期(明化镇组沉积时期)3种类型断层的活动性存在较大差异,油源Ⅰ型断层活动速率多大于 15 m/Ma,油源Ⅱ型断层活动速率为10~15 m/Ma,调节断层活动速率多小于10 m/Ma。研究区油源断层控制了新近系油气的富集程度和空间分布差异,桩海断裂带发育较多活动速率大于10 m/Ma的油源Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型断层,且断-盖配置有利,为典型的断层输导-垂向运移模式,新近系油气富集程度高;而埕岛东部斜坡带油源断层分布少,断层活动性较弱,断层活动速率为10~12 m/Ma,为断层-砂体输导-阶梯式运移模式,新近系油气富集程度低,油气多分布于新近系下伏储层。

    Abstract

    Fault types and activities were analyzed to reveal the control of fault characteristics on differences of oil and gas enrichment in the Neogene in the eastern Chengdao area,Jiyang Depression. On this basis,3D seismic data,as well as log- ging and drilling data,were utilized to study the fault activities during hydrocarbon accumulation and their relationships with the Neogene oil and gas enrichment in terms of the fault activity rate. Studies have shown that three types of faults are in the eastern Chengdao area,i.e.oil source typeⅠ,oil source typeⅡ,and adjustment faults. There are obvious differences in the activities of the three types of faults during the main accumulation period(Minghuazhen period):the activity rates of most oil source typeⅠfaults,oil source typeⅡfaults and most adjustment faults are more than 15 m/Ma,10-15 m/Ma and less than 10 m/Ma respectively. The oil source faults in the study area control the differences in enrichment and spatial dis- tribution of oil and gas in the Neogene. Zhuanghai fault zone has developed many oil source typeⅠand typeⅡ faults at an activity rate greater than 10 m/Ma,and the fault-caprock assemblage is favorable. A typical fault transport-vertical migra- tion mode can be found,and the degree of oil and gas enrichment is high in the Neogene. In addition,oil source faults are few in the east slope of Chengdao area,with weak fault activities(10-12 m/Ma),following a fault-sand body transportstepped migration mode. The degree of Neogene oil and gas enrichment is low,and they are mostly distributed in the under- lying reservoirs.

  • 断裂控烃、控运、控圈、控聚等理论在陆相断陷盆地油气勘探中起到了重要作用[1-5]。埕岛东部地区是济阳坳陷的断裂发育区,其断层活动性及成因机制复杂,新近系作为主力产油层系,具有它源成藏的特殊性[6-7],但沟通源-储的断层特征与新近系油气富集的内在关系尚未揭示,制约了研究区新近系油气勘探的进程。为此,笔者利用三维地震数据及钻井、测井资料,基于烃源岩时空分布与断-盖配置关系,重点分析埕岛东部地区油源断层及其成藏期活动性,探讨断层与新近系油气差异富集的本质关系,以期为研究区下步的油气勘探提供依据。

  • 1 区域地质背景

  • 埕岛东部地区位于济阳坳陷的东北部,是沾化凹陷与黄河口凹陷分界隆起带的一部分,勘探面积约为150 km2。其北部以埕北断层为界,与埕岛东部斜坡带相邻,东部与黄河口凹陷相接,西部与埕北凹陷相隔(图1)。研究区自下而上依次发育太古界、古生界、中生界和新生界,缺失元古界、上奥陶统、志留系、泥盆系、下石炭统、上二叠统和三叠系等地层[8-9]。研究区紧邻渤中、黄河口和埕北凹陷,发育沙三段、沙一段和东营组3套烃源岩,具有多洼多元供烃的油源条件[10-11]。已发现太古界、古生界、中生界、古近系沙河街组和东营组、新近系馆陶组6 套含油层系,以馆陶组为主力产层,其顶部为区域性盖层,生、储、盖条件优越。

  • 研究区经历了印支运动、燕山运动、喜马拉雅运动多幕的改造,具有复杂的断裂发育和组合特征,主要发育埕北 30 北、埕北 30 南和埕北断层共 3组基底断层;在基底断层控制基础上发育了埕北、黄河口等新生界断陷[12-13]。受埕北断层及埕北 30 南断层控制,形成了现今SW倾向背景下被2条断层分割的埕岛东部斜坡带和桩海断裂带2个构造单元 (图1c)。其中埕岛东部斜坡带位于埕北凸起的东北部,整体向南部倾伏,往北向渤中凹陷逐渐过渡,新近系油气分布有限;桩海断裂带位于埕岛地区和桩西潜山的结合部,向东逐渐延伸至黄河口凹陷,整体上具有向 WS 方向逐渐抬升的趋势,新近系油气富集程度高。

  • 图1 埕岛东部地区构造位置及构造单元划分

  • Fig.1 Structural location and division of structural units in eastern Chengdao area

  • 研究区断层较为发育,但是空间分布不均,桩海断裂带断层发育程度较高,主要发育 2 条埕北断层(F3,F4)、埕北151断层(F5)、埕北35断层(F6)及一系列如桩海 104 断层(F7)等 NEE 向派生断层,皆以正断层为主,潜山存在逆断层;而埕岛东部斜坡带断层发育较少,仅发育少量 EW 向如埕北 30北断层 (F1)等系列北掉断层及埕北30南断层(F2)(图1c)。

  • 2 断层特征

  • 2.1 断层组合特征

  • 研究区断层具有多种组合关系,平面组合样式存在斜交式、“入”字形和平行式3种,空间分布上也存在差异。其中,埕岛东部斜坡带以一条 NE 向大断层与多条近 EW 向小断层为特征,形成斜交式平面组合;桩海断裂带内发育的基底断层及伴生小断层皆为 NE 和 NEE 向,以“入”字形和平行式平面组合为主(图2a)。

  • 剖面上,埕岛东部地区断层组合样式主要有 “Y”字形、阶梯形和地垒形 3 种。“Y”字形组合样式表现为多条断层相向组合,断层间相互交错,有利于油气垂向输导和断层圈闭的形成,主要分布于桩海断裂带,典型代表为埕北35断层(图2b)。阶梯形组合样式由多条同向断层组成,地层依次下掉形似阶梯,断层纵向延伸较小且缺少沟通深浅层断层,断层及砂体组合是油气运移的重要方式,多以横向运移为主,该组合断层主要分布在埕岛东部斜坡带,典型代表为埕北30北断层(图2c)。地垒形组合样式为断层反向并列且彼此互不相交,分布范围较广,以桩海断裂带为主,典型代表为埕北断层(图2b)。

  • 2.2 断层类型划分

  • 不同类型断层的油气运移能力差异较大,其中油源断层作为油气运移的重要通道和成藏关键,通常沟通源-储,且油气成藏期具有一定的活动能力[14-16]。埕岛东部地区下伏沙三段和沙一段2套优质烃源岩,二者对新近系油气均具有供烃能力,其中沙三段烃源岩厚度大、成熟度较高,为主力烃源岩。因此,依据断层和2套烃源岩层系切割关系,将研究区断层划分为油源Ⅰ型断层、油源Ⅱ型断层和调节断层3种类型(图3)。

  • 油源Ⅰ型断层 油源Ⅰ型断层是指切穿深度较大,同时切穿沙三段和沙一段烃源岩的断层,具有发育规模大、密度大、活动时间长等特征,通常表现为地垒形组合样式(图2b)。据统计,研究区发育埕北 30 南断层等 13 条油源Ⅰ型断层,多分布于桩海断裂带(图4)。

  • 图2 埕岛东部地区断层平面和剖面组合样式

  • Fig.2 Composite modes of fault plane and profile in eastern Chengdao area

  • 图3 埕岛东部地区不同类型断层剖面特征

  • Fig.3 Profile characteristics of different faults in eastern Chengdao area

  • 图4 埕岛东部地区明化镇组沉积时期断层平面分布特征

  • Fig.4 Plane distribution of faults during Minghuazhen period in eastern Chengdao area

  • 油源Ⅱ型断层 油源Ⅱ型断层指切穿深度相对较浅,仅切至沙一段有效烃源岩而未切穿沙三段烃源岩的断层。在研究区主要表现为油源Ⅰ型断层的分支断层,与油源Ⅰ型断层相接形成“Y”字形组合样式(图2b)。该类断层发育规模和断层密度小于油源Ⅰ型断层,共发育5条,集中分布于桩海断裂带,例如埕北35断层(图4)。

  • 调节断层 调节断层指与油源断层伴生或在差异压实作用下形成的次级断层,通常与有效烃源岩没有切割关系,仅切至馆下段砂体,且发育规模、断层密度较小,易平行排列,构成阶梯形组合样式 (图2c),可以作为油气二次运移的断层。该类断层在研究区共发育19条,如桩海104断层等(图4)。

  • 3 油气成藏期断层活动性

  • 前人研究表明,研究区存在馆陶组沉积末期— 明化镇组沉积时期(距今 12~2 Ma)油气充注[17-18],新近系油气主成藏期为明化镇组沉积晚期至今。结合构造活动史分析,研究区在东营组沉积时期的断层活动性最强,馆陶组沉积时期的断层活动性最弱,受渤海湾盆地新构造运动影响,明化镇组沉积时期断层活动速率再次增强[2],即油气主成藏期断层存在活化现象。主成藏期油源断层的活动性对油气的垂向输导能力影响较明显,为此,分析研究区油源断层在明化镇组沉积时期的活动性及其差异。

  • 3.1 断层活动性评价方法

  • 断层活动性评价方法较多,断层生长指数、落差、活动速率等是断层活动性分析的常用方法[19-21]。本次研究采用断层活动速率评价方法,选取13条油源Ⅰ型断层、5条油源Ⅱ型断层和14条调节断层,等间距截取垂直断层的地震剖面,经时-深转换获得深度剖面,在精细解释的基础上确定断层上升盘和下降盘的地层厚度,计算落差值,并根据落差值与明化镇组沉积时期沉积时间(取3.5 Ma,即研究区上新世)的比值计算断层平均活动速率。

  • 3.2 断层活动性定量评价

  • 计算结果表明,研究区明化镇组沉积时期的断层活动强度存在明显差异,断层活动速率具有从北到南逐渐增大的变化规律,表明从埕岛东部斜坡带到桩海断裂带,断层受新构造运动影响逐渐加大 (图5)。埕岛东部斜坡带发育的断层在明化镇组沉积时期的断层活动速率较小,为 4~17 m/Ma,普遍低于15 m/Ma,平均活动速率为12.8 m/Ma,断层活动性整体较弱;桩海断裂带发育的断层活动速率较大,为 8~27 m/Ma,普遍高于 15 m/Ma,平均活动速率为 17.9 m/Ma,断层整体具有较强的活动性。此外,同一断层的不同部位也存在活动性变化差异,普遍表现为中间强两端弱的特征。例如埕北断层南部(图5中⑦号测点),断层中间的活动速率较大,最大值高于25 m/Ma;两端的活动速率较小,低于18 m/Ma。

  • 3.2.1 油源Ⅰ型断层活动性

  • 研究区油源Ⅰ型断层在油气成藏期的活动速率最大,整体大于 15 m/Ma,平均为 18.4 m/Ma,最高可达 25.8 m/Ma(图6)。不同构造单元的活动强度略有差异,表现为埕岛东部斜坡带主油源断层活动性较弱,平均活动速率为 13.8 m/Ma;而桩海断裂带的主油源断层活动性较强,平均活动速率为19.2 m/ Ma。

  • 图5 埕岛东部地区油气主成藏期断层活动速率平面分布特征

  • Fig.5 Plane distribution of fault activity rates during main accumulation period in eastern Chengdao area

  • 3.2.2 油源Ⅱ型断层活动性

  • 研究区油源Ⅱ型断层在油气成藏期的活动速率小于油源Ⅰ型断层,主要为 10~15 m/Ma,最高可达19.4 m/Ma,平均为13.5 m/Ma,具有较强的活动性 (图6)。该类断层在油气成藏期的活动速率差异较大,其中埕北 35 断层(图5 中⑭号测点)活动性最强,其平均活动速率为 16.5 m/Ma,接近主油源断层的活动性特征;而其他测点(图5 中⑫和⑮号等)断层活动速率多小于12 m/Ma。

  • 3.2.3 调节断层活动性

  • 研究区发育的调节断层活动速率最小,多小于 10 m/Ma,最高达 11.9 m/Ma,最低至 8 m/Ma,平均为 9.6 m/Ma,具有较弱的活动性(图6)。埕岛东部斜坡带和桩海断裂带发育的调节断层的活动强度较为平均,无明显差异。

  • 图6 埕岛东部地区不同油源断层活动速率分布特征

  • Fig.6 Activity rates of different oil source faults in eastern Chengdao area

  • 4 断层特征与新近系油气富集的关系

  • 埕岛东部地区断层类型及其在油气主成藏期的活动能力是浅层它源油气成藏的关键,分析断层特征与油气富集的关系有利于揭示研究区油气分布不均的现象。

  • 4.1 断-盖配置与油气富集层系的关系

  • 油气勘探实践表明,盖层在油气的运移路径上具有垂向阻烃的重要作用,但是当盖层发育断裂时,断裂的构造演化活动会对盖层的垂向阻烃能力造成一定的影响,甚至使盖层的垂向阻烃能力完全失效,从而增强成藏期油气的垂向输导能力[22-24]。桩海地区新近系主要发育馆下段和馆上段2套良好盖层,断-盖配置是影响油气能否沿断裂突破封堵并在浅层聚集成藏的重要因素。采用断接厚度法可有效分析断-盖配置关系和油气沿断裂输导能力。

  • 统计结果表明,研究区馆上段顶部盖层的断接厚度门限为 8 m,馆下段顶部盖层断接厚度门限为 28 m。断接厚度超过该门限则代表断-盖配置关系能够形成垂向封堵,反之,油气可以穿过盖层运移至上部层系(图7)。每口井的盖层断接厚度存在差异,不仅是盖层质量的差异性所导致,还有断层的活动性影响。随着油气成藏期断层活动速率的增加,断层的错断使得两盘盖层保持对接的厚度范围减小,油气垂向运移能力增强,油气富集层系逐渐由馆下段向馆上段储层过渡。

  • 4.2 断层活动性与油气富集的关系

  • 根据单井的录井和试油资料,统计研究区油气显示最浅层位至有效烃源岩(生烃门限深度)的垂向距离。分析结果(图8)表明,研究区油气垂向运移距离与断层活动速率具有正相关性,断层活动速率大于 15 m/Ma,油气垂向运移能力具有指数增加趋势,油气可运移至馆上段 4—5 砂组;断层活动速率小于 15 m/Ma 时,油气显示最浅层位为馆下段。在空间上,埕岛东部斜坡带的断层活动速率较小,为 10~15 m/Ma,断层主要断至馆下段盖层,油气易在馆下段及以下层位富集;桩海断裂带的断层活动速率整体较大,此时馆下段断接厚度小于下限值,断层可断至馆上段4—5砂组盖层,具有较强的输导能力,为新近系馆陶组油气的主要富集区域。

  • 断层活动速率越大、活动时间越长,两盘盖层对接的厚度范围变小,浅层油气富集程度越高[25]。为了揭示研究区新近系油气富集差异与断层活动性的关系,对桩海断裂带和埕岛东部斜坡带的断层活动速率及其周围的新近系油气显示情况进行统计,绘制直方图(图9)。分析表明,桩海断裂带油源 Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型断层分布多,且断层活动速率大于14 m/ Ma的区带新近系油气富集较多;而断层活动速率小于 10 m/Ma 的区带及周缘无新近系油气富集(图9a);埕岛东部斜坡带的新近系油气富集程度相对较低,在断层活动速率大于10 m/Ma时,具有一定的富集油气能力(图9b)。

  • 4.3 断层特征与油气运聚模式

  • 研究区新近系油气的分布多与油源断层相伴,断层的输导条件决定了新近系油气富集程度的差异性,是桩海断裂带新近系油气富集而埕岛东部斜坡带新近系油气发现较少的主要原因,据此建立了 2种类型的新近系油气运聚模式。

  • 桩海断裂带断层输导-垂向运聚模式 桩海断裂带的断层密度大且断至层位深,油气运移主要通道为油源Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型断层,易形成“Y”字形和地垒形组合样式,有利于油气的垂向输导。油源断层活动速率多大于 15 m/Ma,纵向上对盖层的破坏作用强,与活动性较弱的调节断层形成有效配置,使油气运移至浅层成藏,新近系油气分布主要受成藏期断层活动性的影响(图10)。距离油源Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型断层越近、断层活动性较强(大于 15 m/Ma)的新近系圈闭为有利的油气勘探区。

  • 图7 埕岛东部地区馆陶组盖层断接厚度与油气富集关系

  • Fig.7 Relationship between fault breaking thickness of Guantao Fomation caprock and hydrocarbon enrichment in eastern Chengdao area

  • 图8 埕岛东部地区油气主成藏期断层活动速率与油气垂向运移距离的关系

  • Fig.8 Relationship between fault activity rates and vertical migration distances of oil and gas during main accumulation period in eastern Chengdao area

  • 埕岛东部斜坡带断层-砂体输导-阶梯式运聚模式 埕岛东部斜坡带的油源断层发育规模相对较小,多呈阶梯形组合样式。断层活动强度居中,活动速率多为 10~12 m/Ma,且下伏烃源岩层较薄,油气沿断层向上运移的能力有限,砂体与断层的组合关系控制了油气富集部位,经过调整运移至馆下段聚集成藏(图10)。由于与主力烃源岩的距离较远,随着与油源断层距离的增加,油气的充注动力不断减弱,油气沿砂体侧向运移并沿调整断层向浅层输导,在斜坡带的优势运移路径上及断层活动强度中-弱的新近系馆下段聚集成藏。由于埕岛东部斜坡带油源断层的垂向输导能力弱于桩海断裂带,导致其新近系油气富集层系相对较深,馆上段成藏较少。

  • 图9 埕岛东部地区油气主成藏期断层活动速率与附近新近系油气显示的关系

  • Fig.9 Relationship of fault activity rates with nearby Neogene oil and gas display during main accumulation period in eastern Chengdao area

  • 图10 埕岛东部地区油气运聚模式

  • Fig.10 Oil and gas migration and accumulation modes in eastern Chengdao area

  • 5 结论

  • 埕岛东部地区断层发育且特征复杂,基于断层规模及与有效烃源岩的切割关系,分为油源Ⅰ型断层、油源Ⅱ型断层和调节断层 3 种类型。通过计算断层活动速率,明确了油气成藏期断层的活动性强弱,其中,油源Ⅰ型断层活动速率多大于 15 m/Ma,油源Ⅱ型断层活动速率为 10~15 m/Ma,调节断层活动速率多小于10 m/Ma。

  • 成藏期油源断层活动性差异和断-盖配置关系控制了研究区油气分布层系和新近系富集程度。桩海断裂带的断层活动速率普遍高于15 m/Ma,断-盖配置有利于油气向浅层运聚,新近系油气富集程度较高;而埕岛东部斜坡带的断层活动速率整体低于15 m/Ma,活动性弱,其油气富集层系深于桩海断裂带。

  • 埕岛东部地区从埕岛东部斜坡带至桩海断裂带,油气富集层系逐渐变浅,基于油源断层特征及其输导能力,建立了 2 种类型的新近系油气运聚模式,以油源Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型断层发育为主的断层输导-垂向运聚模式和油源断层分布较少的断层-砂体输导-阶梯式运聚模式。

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