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作者简介:

胡浩(1987—),男,湖北黄冈人,工程师,硕士,从事开发地质学研究工作。E-mail:676569615@qq.com。

中图分类号:TE132.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2022)04-0025-10

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.202105001

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目录contents

    摘要

    四川盆地自贡地区是目前下志留统龙马溪组页岩气勘探的重点区块,针对该区部署的第1批水平井测试效果不理想,平均单井测试日产气量仅为7.6×104 m3 /d。后期通过地质工程一体化相结合,综合评价目的靶层,有针对性地调整水平井靶体位置,实现了最新批次水平井测试产气量的大幅度提升。针对自贡地区龙马溪组高硅质页岩段定量评价及靶体调整的主要研究思路为:①基于地质工程一体化进行甜点层评价,进一步明确研究区龙一1 1 小层为水平井部署的最佳甜点层。②根据高硅质页岩段划分标准,创新性地将龙一1 1 小层纵向上划分为顶部、中部和底部 3个层段,并重点针对高硅质页岩段进行精细储层评价,明确高硅质层段在含气性、脆性和可压性等方面具有明显的优势,可作为最优靶体部位。③对比靶体调整前后单井日产气量提升2.6倍,调整前测试日产气量为7.64×104 m3 / d,调整后测试日产气量为20.01×104 m3 /d,充分论证了研究区以富碳高硅质页岩段为靶体调整目标的最优解。以水平井靶体调整的方向为主线,系统分析了龙一1 1 小层中下部高硅质页岩段的储层条件,并通过下沉靶体部位实现了产气量的提升。

    Abstract

    Zigong area of Sichuan Basin is the main battlefield of shale gas exploration in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi For- mation. The test results of the first batch of horizontal wells deployed in this area are not ideal,and the average test produc- tion of a single well is only 7.6×104 m3 /d. The test production of the latest batch of horizontal wells has been greatly im- proved by employing geology-engineering integration,conducting a comprehensive evaluation of target layers,and pointed- ly adjusting the target position. The following are the main research ideas for the quantitative evaluation and target adjust- ment of the high-silica shale sections of Longmaxi Formation in Zigong area. Firstly,the“sweet spot”layers are evaluated on the basis of geology-engineering integration,and Long1 1 sublayer is confirmed to be the best“sweet spot”layer for hori- zontal well deployment. Secondly,according to the classification standard of a high-silica shale section,Long1 1 sublayer is innovatively divided into an upper section,a medium section,and a lower section vertically. Fine reservoir evaluation is conducted mainly on the high-silica shale sections. It is clarified that the high-silica sections,with obvious advantages in gas-bearing property,brittleness,fracturing ability,etc.,can be used as the optimal target position. Thirdly,the single-well daily gas production after target adjustment is 20.01×104 m3 /d,which is 2.6 times the value before target adjustment(7.64× 104 m3 /d). This result fully demonstrates that the carbon-rich and high-silica shale sections are the optimal solutions of tar- get adjustment in this area. With the target adjustment direction of horizontal wells as the thread,this paper systematically expounds the reservoir conditions of the high-silica shale sections in the middle-low Long1 1 sublayer and increases the gas production by lowering the target position.

  • 页岩气作为一种新型非常规清洁能源备受全球关注。继在北美成功获得效益开发之后,页岩气被列为中国“十三五”规划非常规天然气开发的突破重点[1-4]。中国页岩气已经逐步走上大规模效益开发之路,中国石油在川南地区建成国内最大页岩气生产基地,页岩气有望成为中国天然气核心增长点。

  • 当前中国页岩气勘探开发主要集中在四川盆地的涪陵、长宁—威远等地区的五峰组—龙马溪组[5-6]。目前针对龙马溪组页岩气主要围绕优质页岩储层进行评价,包括从页岩的含气性、储集性、脆性等方面详细阐述优质页岩段的储层特征[7-8],也有学者从地质工程一体化的角度得出龙马溪组的龙一1 1 小层为最优的甜点层[9-10]。张磊夫等开展页岩储层精细地质建模,为页岩气甜点的定量化表征奠定基础[11]。赵培荣通过精细结合地质评价和工程优化,综合优选“地质+工程”甜点,结合工程实施难度与试气效果,确定水平井穿行最佳轨迹[12]。目前针对优质页岩储层评价和甜点预测开展了大量工作,但是针对优质页岩甜点的层段级精细刻画和水平井靶体的优选缺乏研究,缺少从高硅质页岩段角度分析其对水平井靶体调整的影响,包括高硅质页岩段的划分依据及靶体调整结果等。为此,笔者以四川盆地川南地区 Z201 井区上奥陶统五峰组— 下志留统龙马溪组为研究对象,综合评价龙一1 1 小层各储层参数特征,进而根据龙一1 1 小层内部纵向矿物组成元素含量变化趋势,细化高硅质页岩段和中硅质页岩段的分段标准,定量评价高硅质页岩段的优质条件,以期为后期的水平井靶体选段提供依据。

  • 1 地质概况

  • 川南地区 Z201 井区位于川中古隆平缓构造区威远构造西南部,主要分布于自贡市荣县、内江市威远县境内。五峰组—龙马溪组沉积早期,研究区以浅海陆棚相为主,整体处于水动力较弱的低能沉积环境,沉积一套黑色、黑灰色泥页岩。研究区优质页岩储层厚度为 18~48 m(总有机碳含量大于 2%),根据岩石学、沉积构造、古生物和电性等特征,将五峰组—龙马溪组含气页岩段(即五峰组—龙一段 1 亚段)分为五峰组、龙一1 1、龙一1 2、龙一1 3 和龙一1 4 共5个小层(图1),从含气性、储集性等方面,优选有利的页岩气储层段。

  • 2 含气页岩段甜点层优选

  • 2.1 页岩段储层评价

  • 2.1.1 岩石学特征

  • 研究区五峰组—龙一段岩性以黑色钙质页岩、黑色硅质页岩、黏土质硅质页岩、黑色页岩、黑色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩为主(图2),发育大量形态各异的笔石群,页理发育,富含黄铁矿结核及黄铁矿充填水平缝,厚度为 36~48 m。龙马溪组底界面在地震剖面上表现为弱振幅、高连续波谷反射特征,区域上可连续进行追踪、对比。从研究区地层露头和岩心描述结果来看,龙马溪组下伏地层主要为含生屑碳质页岩,发育 Hirnantia-Dalmanitina动物群化石,可见大量腕足类和棘屑化石;龙马溪组上覆地层为碳质页岩,笔石化石丰富,另见较多硅质放射虫及硅质海绵骨针。

  • 2.1.2 有机地球化学特征

  • 有机质丰度的表征参数主要包括总有机碳含量(TOC)、氯仿沥青“A”和总烃含量[13-16]。笔者主要采用总有机碳含量对五峰组—龙一段1亚段含气页岩的有机质丰度进行评价。统计分析研究区4口井 181 块岩心样品,TOC 值为 2.0%~5.2%,平均为 2.9%;其中,龙一1 1 小层 TOC 值最高,一般分布于 4.3%~5.4%,平均为 5.1%;龙一1 3 小层次之,TOC 值为 2.1%~3.7%,平均为 2.7%;龙一1 2 小层 TOC 值为 2.5%~3.2%,平均为 2.6%;龙一1 4 小层 TOC 值为 1.7%~2.2%,平均为 2%。五峰组 TOC 值为 1.1%~3.1%,平均为2.3%。

  • 2.1.3 页岩矿物组成

  • 前人研究表明,石英、长石、碳酸盐及黄铁矿含量即脆性矿物含量越高,蒙脱石含量越低,在外力作用下更易于形成天然裂缝和诱导裂缝[17-18]。研究区 X 射线衍射分析结果表明,五峰组—龙一段整体脆性指数较高,且具有从下至上逐渐减小的变化特征。五峰组脆性矿物含量为53.2%~85.9%,平均为 72.4%;龙一1 1 小层脆性矿物含量为 54.6%~75.0%,平均为 66.6%;龙一1 2 小层脆性矿物含量为 55.2%~7 5.5%,平均为 65.0%;龙一1 3 小层脆性矿物含量为 54.5%~73.8%,平均为 62.1%;龙一1 4 小层脆性矿物含量为42.8%~72%,平均为57.8%。

  • 图1 川南地区Z201井区A井综合柱状图

  • Fig.1 Comprehensive column of Well A in Z201 Area of southern Sichuan Basin

  • 2.1.4 储集空间特征

  • Z201井区9口已钻井五峰组—龙一段1亚段测井孔隙度分析结果表明,各小层孔隙度整体较高,单井实测平均值为4.7%~6.0%,测井解释平均值为 5.1%~6.8%。总体上,各小层孔隙度平均值均在 4.0%以上,其中龙一1 1 和龙一1 3 小层孔隙度最高,其次为龙一1 2、龙一1 4 小层和五峰组。

  • 图2 川南地区Z201井区A井矿物含量分布

  • Fig.2 Mineral content distribution of Well A in Z201 Area of southern Sichuan Basin

  • 威远地区发育大量微孔隙,按其成因可分为粒间孔、晶内溶孔、生物体腔孔、有机孔等。粒间孔的孔径一般在几十纳米至几微米之间(图3a)。晶内溶孔仅在研究层段较粗粒的方解石胶结物和白云石中有少量分布,对储层的储集性能改造不明显,孔径主要为0.2~5 μm(图3b)。页岩储层中有机孔发育,孔径介于 5~200 nm,主体在 150 nm 左右;其中微孔和小孔所占比例较大,对页岩的比表面积和孔隙体积贡献较大,为吸附态赋存天然气的主要储集空间;通过扫描电镜观察证实,有机孔在研究区龙马溪组页岩内主要呈分散状、串珠状或蜂窝状分布。

  • 图3 川南地区Z201井区Z204井扫描电镜图片

  • Fig.3 SEM photos of Well Z204 in Z201 Area of southern Sichuan Basin

  • 2.1.5 含气量特征

  • 页岩含气量是页岩气综合评价的一项重要指标。Z201井区测井资料显示,测井解释单井平均含气量一般为 1.0~5.6 m3 / t,相对较高。纵向上,龙一1 1 小层含气量最高,测井解释平均值为6.0 m3 /t; 其次为龙一1 3 小层,测井解释平均值为 4.8 m3 /t,龙一1 2小层测井解释平均值为 4.5 m3 /t;五峰组和龙一1 4 小层含气量相对较低,测井解释平均值分别为 3.8和4.1 m3 /t(表1)。

  • 表1 Z201井区测井解释单井平均含气量统计

  • Table1 Logging interpretation of average single-well gas content in Z201 Area

  • 2.2 甜点层优选

  • 前人研究表明,主要通过地质条件和工程条件 2 个方面进行含气页岩段甜点层的优选,页岩的 TOC 值直接影响页岩储层的孔隙度、吸附能力与含气性[19-20],可以指示有利的页岩段甜点层。脆性矿物含量或脆性指数是反映储层压裂品质的重要参数,杨氏模量、泊松比及最大、最小主应力差,很大程度上决定页岩储层压裂的难易程度和压裂缝的形态[21]

  • 综合地质条件与工程条件认为,研究区龙一1 1 小层以硅质页岩为主,TOC、孔隙度和含气量最高,地质条件最好,且其脆性矿物含量高,具有高杨氏模量、低泊松比的岩石力学特征,龙一1 1 小层即富碳高硅质页岩段为Z201井区纵向上最有利的甜点层。

  • 3 高硅质页岩段甜点层评价

  • 研究区龙一1 1 小层高硅质页岩段是指富含硅质的页岩层段,前人从不同角度剖析高硅质页岩段页岩气富集机理。牛杏指出硅质页岩的脆性较泥质页岩高,硅质含量越高,页岩的脆性指数越高,越有利于后期的压裂改造,且硅质页岩的微孔结构参数与总有机碳含量呈正相关关系,说明有机质的富集对页岩微孔的形成具有重要贡献[22]。李卓等提出富有机质硅质页岩的微孔比例高,对比表面积贡献大,孔隙体积和孔隙比表面积最大,有利于页岩气富集[23]

  • 截至 2020年底,Z201井区水平井均以龙一1 1 小层为目的层。在页岩气部署的第1批井中,均以钙质层作为靶体位置,但试气效果没有达到方案预期效果,平均单井日产气量为7.6×104 m3 /d。基于后期对硅质页岩段的重新认识和评价,最新的靶体位置确定为龙一1 1 小层中下部的高硅质页岩段,通过下沉水平井靶体位置,大幅度提升了单井测试产气量。

  • 3.1 高硅质页岩段划分

  • 根据前人研究成果[24-26],结合硅质和钙质元素的纵向变化趋势,可以将研究区龙一1 1 小层自上而下进行三段式划分,分别为中硅低钙段、低硅高钙段和高硅低钙段(图4)。为进一步明确这三段的划分标准,统计Z201井区4口井共56块岩心样品的元素录井资料,依据硅-钙元素交会图(图5)对三段进行定量划分。其中,高硅低钙段的硅质含量大于 30%,钙质含量小于10%;中硅低钙段的硅质含量为 20%~30%,钙质含量小于 7%;低硅高钙段的硅质含量小于20%,钙质含量为10%~15%。

  • 图4 Z201井龙一1 1 小层高硅质页岩段元素特征

  • Fig.4 Element characteristics of high-silica shale section in Long1 1 sublayer of Well Z201

  • 图5 Z201井龙一1 1 小层高硅质页岩段硅-钙元素交会图

  • Fig.5 Classification standard of high-silica shale section in Long1 1 sublayer of Well Z201

  • 3.2 高硅质页岩段综合评价

  • 研究区龙一1 1 小层高硅低钙段是目前最新的靶体位置,为了更加明确高硅低钙段为优中选优的 “最甜点”,通过统计单井高硅低钙段和低硅高钙段的页岩气评价参数,对比分析总有机碳含量、孔隙度、脆性矿物含量和含气量等4个指标参数,据此证明高硅质页岩段为最优靶体位置(表2)。

  • 由表2 可知,高硅低钙段的总有机碳含量平均为6.2%~8.0%,对应含气量为4.7~9.3 m3 /t,孔隙度为 5.7%~7.0%,脆性矿物含量为 0.71~0.78。除孔隙度存在一定程度的均衡,高硅低钙段对应的总有机碳含量、脆性矿物含量和含气量都明显优于低硅高钙段,这也表明富含有机碳的高硅质页岩段可以增加页岩的脆性指数,提高靶体层段的抗压性,有利于后期的压裂改造,进而提高页岩段含气性。

  • 3.3 高硅质页岩段规模评价

  • 为进一步明确高硅质页岩段分布规模,为下步页岩气部署指明方向,笔者基于前人对龙一1 1 小层高硅质页岩段分布规模的认识[27],结合研究区单井高硅质页岩段垂向厚度变化,绘制龙一1 1 小层高硅质页岩段厚度分布连井剖面(图6),可以看出研究区高硅质页岩段厚度为0.4~2.4 m,平均约为1.2 m,整体呈现出由南向北逐渐增厚的趋势。厚度中心位于 Z203 井,达到 2.4 m。下步研究区页岩水平井部署,水平井靶体井轨迹方向可以向北部的高硅质页岩段富集区实施。

  • 4 靶体优选及实施效果

  • 4.1 靶体由高钙质页岩段下沉至高硅质页岩段

  • 针对研究区部署的第1批页岩气水平井靶体位置锁定在距离五峰组顶界 5 m 的位置,测井曲线呈高钙低硅的特征,对应上述的低硅高钙层(图7)。随着研究区钻探程度的不断深入,经过对五峰组— 龙一段 1 亚段地质条件的重新认识,龙一1 1 小层下部高硅质页岩段总有机碳含量高、脆性矿物含量高,地质力学参数更有利,易于形成复杂缝网。因此经过靶体位置的重新调整,精细锁定龙一1 1 小层中下部的高硅质页岩段,明确高硅低钙段为优中选优的“最甜点”。最终确定该区页岩气最优靶体位置为五峰组顶界以上1 m(图7)。

  • 表2 Z201井区高硅低钙段和低硅高钙段页岩气评价参数对比

  • Table2 Evaluation parameter comparison of shale gas in high-silica low-calcium section and low-silica high-calcium section in Z201 Area

  • 注:4.76.96.2表示 最小值 最大值 平均值

  • 图6 过Z204—Z211井高硅质页岩段厚度分布连井剖面

  • Fig.6 Cross-well profile of thickness distribution of high-silica shale section passing through Well Z204-Well Z211

  • 4.2 高硅质页岩段对应的钻遇率提升

  • 为了对比分析页岩气水平井靶体位置调整前后储层钻遇情况和试气效果的差异,分别统计原靶体和新靶体的钻探情况。Z201等4口井是针对原靶体低硅高钙段部署的,Z201H56-1 等 5 口井是针对新靶体高硅低钙段部署的,通过统计对比每口井的高硅质页岩段钻遇长度(图8)可以看出,针对原靶体位置部署井的高硅质页岩段的钻遇长度平均为 239 m,钻遇率仅为17.3%,水平井靶体位置调整后,高硅质页岩段钻遇率得到了很大提升,钻遇长度增至平均为 1 288 m,钻遇率增至 73.1%,充分说明靶体位置的调整可以带来高硅质页岩段钻遇长度的增加,为后期的产量提升打下了基础。

  • 4.3 高硅质页岩段对应的测试产量提升

  • 水平井靶体的下沉调整不仅使高硅质页岩段钻遇长度增加,更重要的是试气产量得到大幅度提升,以研究区 Z201H2-4 和 Z201H2-5 井为例。 Z201H2-4 井的目的层主要为龙一1 1 —龙一1 2 小层,其中龙一1 1 小层的钻遇率为53%,龙一1 1 小层的高硅质页岩段钻遇率仅为 20%。Z201H2-5 井的目的层主要为龙一1 1 小层中下部的高硅质页岩段,水平井靶体位置距离五峰组顶界约为1 m;该井龙一1 1 小层的钻遇率为100%,龙一1 1 小层高硅质页岩段的钻遇率为 80%。针对这 2 口井同时进行施工压裂,且压裂施工参数接近。Z201H2-4 井采用 8 mm 油嘴测试,平均压力为 24.38 MPa,日产气量为 7.64×104 m3 / d;Z201H2-5 井采用 11 mm 油嘴测试,平均压力为 23.75 MPa,日产气量为20.01×104 m3 /d,为Z201井区最高日产气量,为同平台其他井测试日产气量的2.6 倍(表3)。

  • 由表3可以看出,这2口井水平井段的龙一1 1 小层高硅质页岩段钻遇长度接近,压裂施工参数也比较接近。由于高硅质页岩段钻遇率的不同,2 口井的测试日产气量具有较大差异,充分印证了高硅质页岩段钻遇率与测试日产气量呈正相关关系。

  • 5 结论

  • Z201 井区龙一1 1 小层以硅质页岩为主,相对于五峰组—龙一段 1 亚段其他小层,具有更高的总有机碳含量、脆性矿物含量、孔隙度及含气量,且具有高杨氏模量、低泊松比的岩石力学特征。综合地质与工程条件优选,龙一1 1 小层即富碳高硅质页岩段为 Z201 井区纵向上最有利的甜点层。高硅低钙段对应的总有机碳含量、脆性矿物含量和含气量都明显优于低硅质页岩段,印证了富含有机碳的高硅质层段能够增加页岩的脆性指数,提高靶体位置所在层段的抗压性,有利于后期的压裂改造,进而提高页岩层段的含气性。通过对高硅低钙段的重新认识,对页岩水平井的靶体位置进行调整,靶体位置确定为龙一1 1 小层中下部高硅质页岩段,靶体由高钙低硅段下沉至高硅低钙段,测试日产气量得到了大幅度提升。

  • 图7 Z201井区水平井靶体位置调整对比

  • Fig.7 Target position adjustment of horizontal wells in Z201 Area

  • 图8 Z201井区单井高硅质页岩段钻遇长度统计

  • Fig.8 Single-well drilling length of high-silica shale section in Z201 Area

  • 表3 Z201H2-4和Z201H2-5井参数对比

  • Table3 Parameter comparison between Well Z201H2-4 and Well Z201H2-5

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    • [26] 邓宇,陈胜,欧阳永林,等.川西南威远地区页岩气效益“甜点区”地震综合预测方法及其应用[J].大庆石油地质与开发,2019,38(2):112-122.DENG Yu,CHEN Sheng,OUYANG Yonglin,et al.Seismic com⁃ prehensive predicting method and its application of the shale gas effect“sweet spot region”in Weiyuan area of Southwest Sichuan [J].Petroleum Geology & Oilfield Development in Daqing,2019,38(2):112-122.

    • [27] 范家维,陈孔全,沈均均,等.中扬子地区当阳复向斜奥陶系五峰组—志留系龙马溪组页岩储层特征[J].石油实验地质,2020,42(1):69-78.FAN Jiawei,CHEN Kongquan,SHEN Junjun,et al.Shale reser⁃ voir characteristics of Ordovician Wufeng-Silurian Longmaxi for⁃ mations in Dangyang synclinorium,Middle Yangtze region[J].Pe⁃ troleum Geology & Experiment,2020,42(1):69-78.

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