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作者简介:

吴伟(1987—),男,四川营山人,高级工程师,博士,从事非常规页岩气成藏及富集规律研究。E-mail:wwei06@petrochina.com.cn。

中图分类号:TE122.2+3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2022)04-0035-11

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.202108062

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目录contents

    摘要

    为了研究页岩储层演化对其分形维数的影响,以鄂尔多斯盆地延长组低成熟度陆相页岩、松辽盆地沙河子组高成熟度陆相页岩、川南地区龙马溪组高—过成熟度海相页岩为例,利用 X射线衍射分析、地球化学分析、氮气吸附实验等手段,结合FHH与热力学模型,研究不同分形维数的演化特征,利用灰色关联系数法分析不同演化阶段分形维数的控制因素。结果表明:低成熟度陆相页岩分形维数较低,高成熟度海相、陆相页岩具有较高的分形维数。高—过成熟度海相页岩中,较高的孔表面积与孔体积会造成孔隙复杂程度明显增高,但这种关系在低成熟度陆相页岩并不明显,可能是滞留烃造成微孔阻塞或覆盖孔隙表面,使分形维数下降。随着演化程度的增加,页岩储层分形维数的主要影响因素逐渐从矿物组成变成总有机碳含量。

    Abstract

    This study is conducted to explore the influence of the evolution of shale reservoirs on their fractal dimensions. Specifically,three examples are selected for the case study,namely,the terrestrial shale with low maturity of Yanchang For- mation in Erdos Basin,the terrestrial shale with high maturity of Shahezi Formation in Songliao Basin,and the marine shale with high and excessive maturity of Longmaxi Formation in the southern Sichuan region. On this basis,the evolution charac- teristics of different fractal dimensions are studied by means including X-ray diffraction(XRD),geochemical analysis,and nitrogen adsorption experiments in combination with the Frenkel-Halsey-Hil(FHH)and thermodynamic models. More- over,the grey relational analysis(GRA)was performed to analyze the controlling factors of fractal dimensions in different evolution phases. The results reveal that the terrestrial shale with low maturity has low fractal dimensions,whereas the ter- restrial and marine shale with high maturity has high dimensions. In the marine shale evolved from high maturity to exces- sive maturity,a high pore volume and surface area have a significantly positive relationship with the pore complexity,but this relationship is not prominent in the terrestrial shale with low maturity. The reason might be that the occluded hydrocar- bon causes micropore blocking or covers the surface of pores,which reduces the fractal dimensions. As the evolution in- creases,the main influencing factor of the fractal dimensions of shale reservoirs gradually changes from the mineral compo-sitions to the total organic carbon(TOC).

  • 页岩储层是页岩气生成、储集的重要空间,其孔隙结构对气体赋存状态、渗流机理、解吸扩散等具有明显的控制作用[1-3]。目前已经通过多种技术手段证实页岩储层也是一种特殊的多孔介质,具有较高复杂性与不规则性质[4]。近年来的勘探实践表明,如何定量且高效的研究孔隙结构的非均质程度,已经成为储层评价和提高页岩气采收率的关键性问题之一。

  • 分形理论是 1967 年由 MANDELBROT 所提出,区别于传统的欧式几何学,该理论常常用于分析具有自相似性特征的物质[5]。大量研究表明分形维数是一个定量描述孔隙结构复杂程度、不规则性质的重要参数。近年来,分形理论已经被广泛应用在非常规油气储层(页岩、煤、致密砂岩等)领域,并取得了一系列成果[46-11]。分形理论的广泛应用可以弥补常规孔隙结构参数单一,造成描述储层孔隙结构特征参数不足的问题,实现了微观储层非均质性的定量评价。中外学者常常利用 SEM 图像、氮气吸附、高压压汞、小角散射以及核磁共振等方法开展分形理论研究,利用不同孔隙的分形维数与孔隙结构、页岩组成等开展相关性分析,研究分形维数的主要控制因素,建立评价储层孔隙均质程度的模型[6-15]

  • 前人开展了大量热模拟实验,研究热演化过程中储层孔隙结构的变化,但存在演化过程中微纳米孔隙结构非均质程度表征不足、不同热演化阶段控制储层非均质性的影响因素不明等问题[16-17]。因此,笔者选择不同成熟度样品来分析不同演化程度页岩的孔隙结构和分形特征,实现了微观储层演化过程中非均质性的定量评价,可以更清楚地研究页岩的结构特征和非均质性,有助于认识页岩气运移、富集和勘探开发。

  • 1 实验方法及理论

  • 1.1 样品及实验方法

  • 为了充分研究成熟度演化过程对孔隙结构以及分形特征的影响,本次研究选择了 3 个典型研究区的累积24块样品,包含鄂尔多斯盆地延长组低成熟度陆相页岩、松辽盆地沙河子组高成熟度陆相页岩和川南地区龙马溪组高—过成熟度海相页岩。利用矿物组成分析、地球化学研究、扫描电镜观察、氮气吸附等实验,结合FHH与热力学分形模型以及灰度关联分析法,开展岩石参数分析、定性及定量化的孔隙结构表征、孔隙分形特征及影响因素等研究。

  • 1.2 分形维数计算

  • 作为表征储层非均质程度的一种手段,利用不同实验手段,采用适合的FHH模型、Menger模型、热力学模型、毛细管力模型、Seirpinski 模型等开展多孔介质(页岩、煤层、致密砂岩)孔隙非均质性的研究,并取得一系列成果[6-718-21]。目前,FHH 模型能很好地表征煤层不同尺度孔隙的分形特征。页岩储层分形维数均介于2~3,其数值越高,说明孔隙系统具有较高的复杂性与不规则程度[246-7]

  • FHH模型可以描述为:

  • lnV=C+(D-3)lnlnp0p
    (1)
  • 以 lnlnp0/px 轴,lnVy 轴做散点图,在相对压力为 0~0.5和 0.5~1两个区间,分别利用最小二乘法原理拟合趋势线,获得D1D2

  • 热力学模型由 NEIMARK 在 1990 年提出,是一种利用毛细冷凝阶段吸附—解吸等温吸附线来分析多孔介质表面不规则程度的模型[22-23]。计算公式为:

  • logSlgpp0=C-D3-2logrcpp0
    (2)
  • Slgpp0利用Kiselev方程[24] 表示为:

  • Slgpp0=(RT/σ)NNmax lnp0pdN
    (3)
  • rcpp0可以由Kelvin方程计算[23],具体公式为:

  • rcpp0=2σvmRTlnp0p
    (4)
  • 2 实验结果

  • 2.1 岩矿及地化特征

  • XRD 实验结果显示(表1,图1),延长组和沙河子组陆相页岩矿物组成主要是石英和黏土矿物,钙质矿物含量较少,多数低于 10%,石英含量平均分别为 33.2% 和 36.8%,黏土矿物含量平均分别为 48.3%和56.4%。与陆相页岩矿物组成相比,龙马溪组海相页岩脆性矿物含量更高,石英含量主要为 24%~46%,平均为 28.36%,方解石和白云石含量平均分别为16.08%和15.7%。3种页岩总有机碳含量 (TOC)和成熟度(Ro)均有一定的差别。延长组页岩具有较高的TOC值(平均为4.44%)和较低的成熟度 (0.75%~1.10%);而沙河子组页岩成熟度为 1.69%~2.44%,TOC 值平均仅为 1.96%;龙马溪组页岩成熟度最高,达到3.0%左右,TOC值平均为2.62%。

  • 表1 3种页岩地化参数及矿物组成统计

  • Table1 Statistics of geochemical parameters and mineral compositions of shale samples from three different regions

  • 图1 不同页岩矿物组成三角图

  • Fig.1 Mineral composition triangle of shale samples from different regions

  • 2.2 吸附曲线分析

  • 孔隙结构不仅决定页岩的储集能力,同时也控制着气体运移、渗流等性质[1-3612-13]。本次研究利用氮气吸附实验来研究页岩储层的孔隙形态特征,并且定量研究不同成熟度页岩储层孔隙结构及非均质程度。实验结果(图2)显示,3种页岩整体氮气吸附曲线呈现反“S”形态,但不同成熟度页岩的吸附曲线形态存在较大差异,说明演化过程中成岩作用和生烃作用共同控制了孔隙形态的变化特征。

  • 在相对压力较低时(p/p0<0.3),吸附量增加速率较快,吸附从微孔充填和单分子层吸附向多分子层吸附逐渐过渡;中等压力下,吸附量缓慢增加,此阶段主要为多分子层吸附;在压力较高时,吸附量急剧增加,但没有达到吸附饱和,说明氮气发生毛细管凝聚作用[25]。在相对压力为 0.45~0.9 时,吸附曲线与解吸曲线不重合,产生吸附滞后[26-27],这主要是由于中孔-宏孔发生毛细管冷凝作用[28]。值得注意的是,龙马溪组和沙河子组部分页岩样品的解吸曲线中(相对压力≈0.5)观察到一个被称为 K 点的拐点,通常是流动液体的压力突然变化造成在压力相对较低的地方形成充满蒸汽的极小空泡[2628]

  • 前人研究表明利用滞后环的形状可以定性说明孔隙形态[2-329-30]。依据国际理论与应用化学联合会(IUPAC)对滞后环的 4 种分类,不同地区页岩孔隙形态特征存在一定差异,延长组滞后环形状多为 H3与 H4型,表明孔隙形态主要为单边狭缝型与平行板状(图2a);沙河子组滞后环形状多为 H2 与 H4 型,其孔隙形态多为墨水瓶与单边狭缝型,表明该地区黏土矿物对孔隙形态起控制作用(图2b);龙马溪组主要发育墨水瓶型孔隙,同时含有少量的平行板状孔隙(图2c),研究结果和前人的相似[1-26-730-32]

  • 利用 BJH 方法获得不同地区页岩孔体积及孔表面积(图3)和孔径(图4)分布,龙马溪组页岩以中孔和微孔为主,平均孔体积分别占总孔体积的 59.2% 和 22.6%(图3a)。前人研究显示,由于吸附模型的影响会在4 nm处产生假峰[33],因此龙马溪组页岩孔径在 1.50 nm 附近呈现单峰特征。延长组页岩以中孔和宏孔为主,占比分别达到 55.2% 与4 3.2%,孔径呈现多峰特征,峰值主要分布在 1.0~10.0 nm(图4a)。沙河子组页岩的孔体积均较小,并且微孔和宏孔比例较低,中孔比例偏高,孔径主要分布在 3.0 nm 附近(图4b)。海相页岩中的微孔明显比陆相页岩中更发育,低成熟度陆相页岩受压实作用影响较小、有机质未二次生烃,宏孔得以保留下来[61734]。高成熟度陆相页岩可能由于生烃物质阻塞较小的微孔,并且压实作用造成宏孔快速减少,导致中孔占比较大,达到91.5%。高成熟度海相页岩有机质二次生烃产生的微孔比陆相页岩更为发育[63034]。由基于 BET 方法获得的孔表面积参数 (图3b)可见,整体微孔和中孔占比较高,特别是高成熟度海相页岩微孔提供的孔表面积平均达到 63%,而低成熟度延长组页岩平均仅占 13.8%,表明有机质生烃作用产生大量微孔,并且较高的微孔能够提供大量孔表面积,提供更多的吸附位点,增强页岩气吸附能力[3032]。低成熟度延长组页岩宏孔占表面积的 6.63%,而高成熟度海相与陆相页岩宏孔所占表面积比例下降为 5% 以下,可能是一方面随着压实作用的增强,宏孔大量减少,其次可能是宏孔本身所提供的表面积有限。

  • 2.3 SEM图像分析及定量评价

  • 有机质孔隙是页岩的主要储集空间和渗流通道,并且内部复杂的结构极大地增大了页岩孔体积和孔表面积[3235-36]。页岩有机质丰度与热演化程度决定有效生气量[37]。目前,依据有机质的成因通常可分为沉积有机质和迁移有机质,其中沉积有机质为未发生过迁移的有机质,紧密地与陆源碎屑相结合;而迁移有机质多为外地迁移的有机质,通常随着成熟度增加,可以变为固体沥青以及焦沥青[323538]

  • SEM 观察结果显示,海相高成熟—过成熟页岩中的有机质孔隙比陆相成熟—高成熟页岩中更发育。海相页岩中孔隙受到周围脆性矿物挤压更呈现多样形态特征,如部分有机质孔隙聚合形成较大孔隙,部分有机质为连续密集的小孔等[3239]。相比而言,陆相页岩受成熟度以及有机质组分的影响,一些有机质不发育孔隙,一些有机质充填黏土矿物层间孔[39]。利用 Image Pro plus 软件,选取 4 个不同成熟度的页岩 SEM 图像开展灰度处理,确定阈值,提取孔隙形态特征,统计孔径、圆度、周长、伸长率、面积、分形维数等参数(图5)。

  • 图2 不同成熟度页岩氮气吸附—脱附等温曲线

  • Fig.2 N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms of shale samples with different Ro

  • 图3 不同成熟度页岩孔体积与孔表面积分布

  • Fig.3 Distribution of pore volume and surface area in shale with different Ro

  • 图4 不同成熟度页岩孔体积与孔径的关系

  • Fig.4 Relationship between pore volume and pore size in shale with different Ro

  • 统计结果显示,不同成熟度页岩孔径参数变化程度较大。在Ro≈1.5%时,孔隙形态多为条带状、不规则圆形。约65%以上孔隙的孔径小于200 nm,特别是由于压实作用程度较弱,SEM 图像显示 300~500 nm 的孔径占比为 10% 左右(图5a)。Ro≈2.0% 时,孔径主要为 100~200 nm,占比达到 70% 以上。部分孔隙能够达到500 nm以上;孔隙形态多呈现不规则气泡状与长条状。由于生烃作用与压实作用,部分孔隙受挤压作用发生闭合,孔隙分形维数大于 1.2 的部分逐渐减少,主要为 1.1~1.2(图5b)。Ro≈ 3.0%时,孔径主要为50~100 nm,孔隙分形维数主要为1.1~1.2,占比达到60%以上。SEM图像显示部分孔隙形态复杂,有机质附近的脆性矿物能够有效地形成刚性骨架,阻止有机质孔隙被压实(图5c)。过成熟阶段(Ro≈3.5%),受到压实作用限制,海绵状有机质孔隙的孔径多数小于 50 nm,占比达到 80% 以上,孔隙形态呈圆形与椭圆形;此阶段由于二次生烃形成大量纳米级孔隙,面孔率相对较高,较小的孔径提供了大量的孔表面积,造成孔隙结构复杂程度增高、分形维数较大(图5d)。

  • 图5 不同成熟度页岩有机质孔隙发育特征及定量表征

  • Fig.5 Development characteristics and quantitative characterization of organic pores in shale with different Ro

  • 2.4 分形特征差异

  • 利用氮气吸附数据,结合FHH模型和热力学模型,计算延长组、沙河子组和龙马溪组页岩的分形维数[2240]。基于 FHH 模型计算所得样品的分形维数,结果显示相关系数均大于0.95,表明所有页岩样品孔隙结构具有显著的分形特征。延长组页岩分形维数均相对较低,D1D2D3平均分别为 2.299, 2.540,2.768;沙河子组页岩分形维数均相对较高,平均分别为 2.436,2.824,2.926;龙马溪组页岩平均分别为 2.461,2.790,2.761。对比 3种页岩的分形维数特征,延长组页岩的孔隙结构较为简单,而沙河子组和龙马溪组页岩的孔隙结构相对复杂,非均质性较强。FHH模型计算的D1的平均值均小于D2,表明在不同成熟度下,孔隙结构的复杂程度要高于孔隙表面的粗糙程度。基于热力学模型计算的分形维数均大于 FHH 模型的,与前人研究一致[18],可能是因为 FHH 模型对微孔结构响应较为敏感[41]。以 LMX-5样品为例,基于 2种分形维数模型的相关系数均大于 0.95(图6),表明 LMX-5 样品具有良好孔隙分形特征,根据计算的分形维数可知,LMX-5 样品的孔隙表面的粗糙程度中等。

  • 图6 LMX-5样品的分形拟合

  • Fig.6 Fractal fitting of rock sample LMX-5

  • 3 讨论

  • 3.1 不同成熟度下分形特征与储层物性关系

  • 不同成熟度页岩的孔表面积和孔体积与分形维数的关系(图7)存在差异。孔体积与D1均呈一定的正相关关系,相关系数差异不明显(图7a)。孔体积与D2的关系区别较为明显(图7b):沙河子组页岩两者相关性不明显,这可能是储层内部空间较为复杂,孔体积较小,D2值均高于 2.8造成的。龙马溪组页岩由于发育大量微孔,孔体积增高,造成孔隙内部结构复杂程度上升。延长组页岩两者呈负相关关系,主要是由于延长组属于低成熟度页岩,有机质孔隙开始发育,但大量原油滞留造成孔隙内部光滑,复杂程度下降,从而呈现负相关关系(图7b)。前人研究认为基于热力学理论的分形维数可以更全面地描述整个页岩的孔径分布特征[42]。不同成熟度页岩孔体积和D3相关性均较好,并且D2D3与孔体积的关系具备一定的相似性,说明基于热力学理论的分形维数对孔隙结构的模拟更接近实际情况,分形特征更明显[43]。分形维数与孔表面积的关系显示,龙马溪组与延长组页岩不同分形维数与孔表面积相关性相似,表现出较好的一致性(图7d— 7f)。对于延长组页岩,由于处于生油高峰,原油会覆盖孔隙表面以及内部原有的粗糙面,使得表面变得较为光滑,并且原油会阻塞部分较小的孔隙,孔隙的非均质程度降低,从而显示负相关[6]。对于龙马溪组页岩,SEM 结果显示多为 100 nm 以下的孔隙,并且由于成熟度较高,有机质二次生烃形成大量微-中孔,增加孔表面积,不仅造成孔隙表面的粗糙程度增大,也造成孔隙结构的非均质程度增强[44]。相关研究与其他川南地区龙马溪组页岩结果一致[2618]

  • 图7 页岩孔体积和孔表面积与分形维数的相关关系

  • Fig.7 Plots of fractal dimensions(D1D2D3)versus pore volume and surface area in shale from different regions

  • 3.2 分形维数差异演化特征

  • 3种分形维数随成熟度增加具有相似的变化特征(图8),表明分形维数能够定量刻画不同成熟度页岩的非均质性。前人研究表明在低成熟度生油窗(Ro<0.9%)内的有机质并不发育二次裂解孔隙,延长组页岩具有较高的TOC值与较低的成熟度,并且内部有机质孔隙并不特别发育[353944],此外早期生油会阻塞微孔发育,降低孔体积与孔表面积,从而降低孔隙表面的复杂程度。此阶段的成岩作用对储层孔隙的影响也很明显,低成熟期的物理压实作用会显著降低孔体积,造成大量孔隙闭合,孔表面积减小,导致分形维数较低[6]

  • 随着页岩热演化程度增加,干酪根的热演化和新孔隙的产生将扩大孔径的分布范围,增加孔隙整体的非均质性和粗糙度,导致分形维数增加[6]。特别是陆相高成熟度页岩,黏土矿物含量较高,部分充填于黏土矿物内部的有机质孔隙更为发育,有机质与黏土形成的孔隙空间具有复杂的内部结构,使得孔隙表面、孔隙内部复杂程度均较高[7]。并且伴随成岩过程的其他物理和化学变化,如失水和芳香烃增加,也可能增加孔隙非均质性[6]

  • 高成熟度龙马溪组页岩中的干酪根经过了初次裂解生烃及液态烃类的二次裂解过程[323437]。龙马溪组页岩的有机质孔隙是在干酪根和焦沥青裂解生烃过程中形成的次生孔隙,其发育主要受海相页岩热成熟度的控制[32343844]。生烃过程中,35%的有机质消耗量可以为页岩增加约 4.9% 的有效储集空间[45]。孔隙的发育特征主要受生烃过程中新增的有机质孔隙的控制[644]。同时此阶段孔隙多发育在迁移有机质内部,并且受到周围脆性矿物的支撑作用使得有机质二次生烃所产生的大量微孔能够较完整的保存下来[3844]。由于较小的有机质孔隙快速增加,孔隙内部结构的非均质性随有机质生烃作用而增强,造成D2上升。

  • 3.3 分形维数的影响因素

  • 灰色关联系数法是通过寻找系统中各个因素的主次关系,确定影响评价指标的主要分析手段。为了分析不同成熟度页岩岩石组分与分形维数的关系,利用灰色关联系数法,定量化分析各种影响因素的权重系数[46]

  • 分析结果显示,页岩成熟度是造成孔隙分形维数差异的关键要素。对于低成熟度陆相延长组页岩而言,黏土矿物是其影响的主要因素(图9a)。主要是由于低成熟阶段有机质产生的孔隙有限,并且黏土矿物含量相对较高,黏土矿物相关孔隙较为发育,造成分形维数与黏土矿物相关程度较高。对于高成熟度陆相沙河子组页岩,分形维数主要受石英和黏土矿物相对含量联合影响,TOC 值对其影响较小,可能是由于研究样品的 TOC 值较低,产生的有机质孔隙较少(图9b)。前人有关沙河子组页岩研究也有相似的结果[7313447]。并且有关成熟度和有机质孔隙的相关研究中也显示镜质组反射率为 2.00% 的样品有机质孔隙较少[35],说明此阶段无机矿物孔隙占主要部分。对于高成熟度海相页岩,黏土矿物含量与分形维数关系较大,其次是 TOC 值。此结果与前人的研究有较大出入[630] (图9c)。主要原因可能是样品矿物组成中碳酸盐矿物含量较高,但是在分析时仅仅统计了石英含量,未统计碳酸盐矿物的影响。值得注意的是,高成熟度海相龙马溪组页岩中 TOC 值权重要比其他 2 种页岩更大,表明 TOC 值对分形维数的控制作用较为明显,此结果与前人的研究一致[2630]

  • 图8 不同页岩分形维数箱状图

  • Fig.8 Box diagram of fractal dimensions of shale samples from different regions

  • 图9 灰色关联系数法计算不同页岩权重系数热力图

  • Fig.9 Thermodynamic diagram of weight coefficients of different shale calculated by GRA

  • 4 结论

  • 基于FHH模型与热力学模型统计,延长组低成熟度页岩分形维数较低,高成熟度龙马溪组海相页岩、沙河子组陆相页岩具有较高的分形维数,表明高成熟度页岩孔隙结构复杂程度明显高于低成熟度页岩。

  • 与FHH模型相比,热力学模型计算分形维数明显偏高,但两者均与孔隙结构参数关系密切。在高成熟度海相页岩中,较高的孔表面积和孔体积会造成孔隙复杂程度明显增高,但这种关系在低成熟度页岩并不明显,可能是生成的滞留烃造成微孔阻塞或覆盖孔隙表面造成的。

  • 随着成熟度逐渐增加,页岩储层分形维数的主要影响因素逐渐从矿物组成变成总有机碳含量。

  • 符号解释

  • C——常数;

  • D——分形维数;

  • D1——孔隙表面分形维数;

  • D2——孔隙结构分形维数;

  • D3——热力学模型计算的分形维数;

  • N——当前气体吸附量,mol;

  • Nmax——相对压力p/p0趋近于1时的最大吸附量,mol;

  • p——等效压力,MPa;

  • p0——气体的饱和压力,MPa;

  • r——孔隙半径,nm;

  • rcp/p0 ——吸附质-蒸汽界面的曲率半径,nm;

  • R——理想气体状态常数,J/(mol•K);

  • S——孔表面积,nm2

  • Slgp/p0——给定等效压力下吸附质—蒸汽界面的面积, nm2

  • T——温度,℃;

  • vm——液氮摩尔体积;

  • V——等效压力下的吸附体积,cm3

  • σ——表面流体张力,mN/m。

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