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作者简介:

陈子慧(1990—),女,山东聊城人,助理研究员,博士,从事微生物采油技术机理研究。E-mail:t-chenzihui.slyt@sinopec.com。

中图分类号:TE357.9

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2022)04-0083-08

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.202105042

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目录contents

    摘要

    微生物采油机理包括嗜烃降黏、乳化、润湿、产气等,其中微生物润湿机理为微生物及代谢产物通过对储层界面改性实现提高洗油效率和改善原油渗流能力的目的。总结了现阶段中外对微生物及代谢产物在润湿改性中的作用及微观机理研究进展,提出了微生物采油技术在润湿改性方面需要深化研究的问题及发展方向。目前研究证实微生物菌体、代谢产物都具备不同程度的改变岩石表面润湿性的能力,而引起该现象的原因可能是:①微生物代谢产生的生物类表面活性剂通过清洗机理或覆盖机理吸附在岩石表面,从而改变岩石表面的润湿性;②微生物菌体通过生长繁殖在油水或油固界面上形成一层黏弹性的生物膜,进而完成润湿性改变。由于微生物采油机理具有多机理协同作用的复杂性,微生物润湿改性机理在提高采收率中的贡献及油藏适应性等问题尚未明确。因此需要进一步深化微生物及代谢产物润湿改性机理研究,明确其作用范围、稳定性及油藏适应性,为提高微生物采油现场应用效果提供理论支撑。

    Abstract

    Microbial oil recovery mechanisms include hydrocarbonophilic viscosity reduction,emulsification,wettability al- teration,and gas production. In the microbial wettability mechanism,microorganisms and metabolites modify the reservoir interface to improve oil displacement efficiency and crude oil percolation capacity. The current research progress in the role and micro-mechanism of microorganisms and metabolites in wettability modification was summarized,and the problems and development directions of microbial oil recovery technology,which require in-depth research for wettability modifica- tion,were presented. Current studies have confirmed that the microbial cells and metabolites can change the wettability of the rock surface to varying degrees,and the reasons for this phenomenon may be as follows:①The biological surfactant pro- duced by microbial metabolism is adsorbed on the rock surface through the cleaning or covering mechanism,thereby chang- ing the wettability of the rock surface. ②Microbial cells grow and multiply on the oil-water or oil-solid interface to form a viscoelastic biofilm,thereby completing wettability alteration. Due to the complex multi-mechanism synergistic reaction of the microbial oil recovery mechanism,the contribution of the biological wettability mechanism to enhanced oil recovery and the adaptability of oil reservoirs have not yet been clarified. Therefore,it is necessary to deepen the research on the wettabil- ity mechanism of microorganisms and metabolites and clarify its scope of action,stability,and reservoir adaptability to pro- vide theoretical support for improving the field application of microbial oil recovery.

  • 微生物提高原油采收率技术(Microbial En⁃ hanced Oil Recovery,简称 MEOR)可分为内源微生物驱和外源微生物驱,主要是指单独注入营养液激活油层内微生物或将地面分离培养的微生物菌液注入油层,通过其生长代谢活动来改变油层中的界面性质或增强原油的渗流能力,并达到提高采收率的目的[1-3]。与其他采油方法相比,微生物采油技术不仅具有施工成本低、增产效果持续时间长、对环境污染少等优势[4-5],还具有广泛的应用范围,比如高含水油藏、稠油油藏[6]、低渗透油藏[7] 和化学驱后油藏[8] 等。所以,在目前低油价时期,微生物采油技术显示出了巨大的应用潜力。

  • 前期研究证实,微生物采油技术同时具备提高洗油效率以及扩大水驱波及体积的作用[9-11]。比如,微生物代谢产物中的生物酶和生物表面活性剂分别通过嗜烃降黏以及降低油水界面张力、提高油水乳化能力的方式改善洗油效率[412-13]。此外,生物气在原油中的易溶性使得原油体积增大,油层压力增加,进而降低原油黏度[14]。另一方面,在油藏高渗透区,微生物生长繁殖后形成的生物团或代谢活动中产生的多糖聚合物和生物源矿物沉淀可有效堵塞大孔道,从而控制油水流度比,最终扩大水驱波及面积[15]

  • 润湿性主要指的是当存在一种混相流体时,另一种流体在固体表面铺展或者黏附的倾向性[16]。油藏润湿性在很大程度上决定着孔隙中的流体分布,所以必然会影响水驱效率[17]。目前,各类室内实验结果都表明改变岩石表面润湿性可显著提高驱油效率[18],比如各类化学表面活性剂[19-20]、分子膜驱油剂[21]、碱溶液[22] 和纳米颗粒[23] 等。对于中国微生物采油技术来说,现阶段的矿场试验主要集中在胜利或大庆等油田的中高渗透水驱油藏,因此前期驱油机理研究方向主要为利用微生物乳化、产气、降黏等提高采收率。但随着近几年该技术在中低渗透油藏的应用,研究重心也开始逐步向微生物润湿改性这个方向转移[24]。前期微生物在润湿改性中的作用研究仍处于室内实验阶段,对于其微观润湿改性机理认识也不系统,因此还无法精准利用该机理进行矿场试验。因此,探讨微生物及其代谢产物在润湿改性中的作用和变化规律可进一步揭示微生物的微观润湿改性机理,从而为后续的矿场应用提供理论支撑。

  • 1 微生物润湿改性研究发展历程

  • 油藏微生物及代谢产物的润湿改性研究始于 2003年,ZEKRI等发现芽孢杆菌对天然石灰岩表面具有润湿性改变能力[25],此后挪威、伊朗、德国等国学者都相继根据各自国家和地区的油藏条件开展了不同类型的微生物、代谢产物以及其他影响因素 (如温度、矿化度、原油黏度、压力等)对岩石润湿性改变的研究。微生物润湿改性研究目前可以分为2 个阶段,第1个阶段是从2003年到2012年期间的表观现象及机理认识提出阶段。2012 年,KARIMI 等首次通过 AFM 等仪器对微生物润湿改性的微观机理进行了初步阐述[26]。此后,针对微生物不同组分对提高采收率的贡献展开研究,从 2012 年开始,微生物润湿改性研究进入到了微观机理初步研究和物理模拟提高采收率研究阶段。但由于微生物驱油机理具有协同性,因此目前以微生物润湿改性为主导的提高采收率技术的矿场试验较少,尚未进入到规模化应用阶段。综合微生物不同组分在润湿改性研究中的部分重要研究成果(表1)可以发现,微生物菌体、代谢产物以及菌液(菌体及代谢产物的混合溶液)均显示出了不同程度的润湿改性能力,而菌体在岩石表面或油水界面生长繁殖后形成的生物膜及代谢产物在固体表面的吸附可能是造成润湿性改变的主要原因。

  • 2 微生物各组分在润湿改性中的作用

  • 目前研究认为微生物及其代谢产物均具有改变岩石表面润湿性的能力,其改变程度主要取决于油藏的初始润湿状态,既可将初始油湿油藏转变为水湿油藏,也可将初始水湿油藏转变为弱水湿或中性润湿油藏[272938]

  • 表1 微生物润湿改性研究的主要发展进程

  • Table1 Main research process in microbial wettability alteration

  • 2.1 微生物菌体在润湿改性中的作用

  • 油藏作为一类典型的极端环境,具有高温(40~130℃)、高压(10~50 MPa)、高矿化度、贫营养及厌氧等特点,在该极端环境中存在着种类多样、代谢类型丰富的微生物,其中对微生物采油有利的菌株称为微生物采油功能菌,包括嗜烃氧化的不动杆菌、产表面活性剂的假单胞菌和地衣芽孢杆菌、产甲烷菌、产生物多糖的黄单胞菌等[33]。前期研究表明微生物菌体具有改变岩石表面润湿性的能力,其改性规律为将强油(水)湿岩石变为弱油(水)湿岩石[2739]。微生物菌体浓度、温度、原油含硫量以及岩石表面老化时间等因素都会影响微生物菌体在润湿改性中的作用效率。总的来说,菌体浓度越高[26]、温度越高[25]、岩石老化时间越长[26]、原油含硫量越低[25],微生物菌体作用后的岩石表面水湿程度越高[39]。但菌体浓度及环境温度对岩石表面润湿性的影响程度存在极值,一旦超过这个极值,接触角不再随着该因素的变化而变化。

  • 前期室内实验结果表明微生物菌液的润湿改性能力要优于单纯代谢产物溶液[34],这也就意味着微生物菌体在润湿改性中的作用不可忽视。一方面,通过原子力显微镜等仪器观测到微生物菌液处理后的疏水玻片表面上形成一层生物膜,从而大幅度降低了疏水玻片的表面粗糙度[21]。因此,目前普遍认为微生物引起岩石润湿性改变的原因在于菌体吸附在岩石表面并形成了一层生物膜,而微生物菌体能够吸附在岩石表面的原因可分为以下几点:①微生物菌体作为活体,能动性强,可以在水体中以原油为营养生存,具有靶向找油[40] (图1a)、在油水界面富集的特点[41] (图1b),所以凭借着自身“自动寻的”的特性吸附到由油膜覆盖的岩石表面[42]。②疏水性是造成微生物菌体沉淀的驱动力,由于疏水菌株的酸-碱(A-B)值是负数,疏水作用使得疏水菌株与岩石之间的总能量是负值,因此疏水菌株在岩石表面的吸附数量最多,其次是低电荷细胞,最后是低 zeta 电位的亲水细胞[43]。王修垣认为细胞表面的疏水性是影响其在界面行为上的主要原因[44],而菌体在岩石表面上吸附的稳定性取决于菌体的分子结构。ALKAN 等对于微生物润湿改性机理提出了一种新的假设[36],认为低浓度的菌体并不具有快速且大幅度改变润湿性的能力,且其实验结果也并不支持微生物菌体将原油作为碳源,通过生物降解的方式将油膜和岩石分开的说法。如图2 所示,在油水界面发现了一层由微生物和其他胞外多糖、DNA或蛋白质等物质形成的具有黏弹性的生物膜[45-46],该现象可以通过微生物自身的界面趋向性来解释[41]。由于这层黏弹性薄膜会随着时间使油滴向中心收缩,从而改变油滴在岩石表面的接触角,所以认为菌体在油水界面聚集形成的具有黏弹性的生物膜可能是造成润湿性改变的原因。

  • 图1 微生物找油及油水界面富集能力

  • Fig.1 Microbial abilities of oil seeking and enrichment on water-oil interface

  • 图2 微生物在油水界面上形成生物膜

  • Fig.2 Biofilms formed by microorganisms on water-oil interface

  • 目前研究表明微生物在油固或油水界面上形成的生物膜可能是造成润湿性改变的重要原因,但是究竟哪类生物膜是主导岩石润湿性改变的关键原因以及其作用机理仍需要进一步研究。

  • 2.2 微生物代谢产物在润湿改性中的作用

  • 油藏中的微生物会在生长代谢过程中产生各类代谢产物,包括多糖聚合物、生物表面活性剂、生物酶等,而不同的代谢产物具有不同的驱油机理。研究表明生物表面活性剂和生物酶作用后,岩石表面的润湿性均可发生改变。

  • 常见的生物表面活性剂包括脂肽和鼠李糖脂。表面活性剂的分子结构一端为亲水基团,另一端为疏水基团,可通过在溶液的表面定向排列达到降低溶液表面张力的目的。生物表面活性剂可降低表面张力、界面张力和临界胶束浓度以及增强油水乳化降黏[47-48],同时兼具了润湿改性的功能[133]。与微生物菌体一样,岩石表面润湿性改变的幅度与生物表面活性剂的浓度和作用时间成正比[26],但是温度和矿化度对于这2种生物表面活性剂在润湿改性中的作用影响却不同。对于脂肽来说,温度升高并不会抑制脂肽的润湿改性能力[3747],可是在高矿化度的环境中,脂肽的润湿改性能力却基本可以忽略不计[37]。而对于鼠李糖脂来说,温度变化对其润湿改性能力的影响较小[49],但随着矿化度的增高,鼠李糖脂处理后的亲油岩石的水湿程度进一步提高[37]

  • 一般来说,表面活性剂的润湿机理主要分为 2 类:清洗机理和覆盖机理[50-51]。如图3所示,清洗机理指的是表面活性剂通过竞争吸附的方式将胶质沥青从岩石表面脱附,从而完成润湿性改变[50]。覆盖机理则指的是表面活性剂通过在胶质沥青表面的直接吸附而完成的润湿性改变[51]。其中阳离子表面活性剂中的亲水基团可在静电力的作用下与羧酸盐基团形成稳定的离子对,从而使原油中的极性物质从固体表面脱附,因此阳离子表面活性剂的润湿机理为清洗机理[18]。对于阴离子表面活性剂来说,其疏水端通过疏水作用与吸附在固体表面上的极性分子的疏水端形成双层吸附,因此阴离子表面活性剂的润湿机理为覆盖机理[18]

  • 脂肽是由7种氨基酸形成的亲水基肽环和脂肪酸链组成,在静电力的作用下,脂肽的精氨酸水溶液环境呈正电性,所以极易在带负电性的岩石表面上吸附后形成一层分子膜,并将亲水基团暴露在外,使得中性润湿的岩石表面转变为强水湿或将疏水岩石转变为中性润湿[52]。鼠李糖脂是一种糖脂类表面活性剂,其分子结构包括糖环和脂肪酸链,因此在羟基氢键的作用下,鼠李糖脂在带负电性的砂岩表面形成Si—OH水化膜,而两者间的氢键作用力大于原油中极性分子与砂岩表面间的范德华力,进而将油膜从岩石上剥离下来,改变其润湿性[53]

  • 除了生物表面活性剂外[54],微生物代谢活动中产生的生物酶也具有润湿改性的能力,且不同类型生物酶的润湿改性能力不同。KHUSAINOVA 等研究发现,相较于糖酶、蛋白酶和氧化还原酶,脂肪酶具有更强的改变方解石表面润湿性的能力[55]。当将弱亲水的天然方解石放置在含有不同浓度的脂肪酸碱溶液中,油滴在方解石表面的吸附状态也随之发生了变化:随着浓度及作用时间的增加,油滴从一开始的完全吸附状态变成了完全脱附状态。这意味着脂肪酶可打破液-固界面的相互作用,直接吸附在方解石的表面,从而完成岩石润湿性的改变。

  • 图3 表面活性剂的吸附机理

  • Fig.3 Adsorption mechanism of surfactants

  • 2.3 微生物润湿改性对提高采收率的贡献

  • 目前室内已通过数学模拟或者物理模拟等手段计算和推测得出微生物润湿改性对于提高采收率具有显著贡献[333656-61]。ALKAN 等利用 CMG-STARS 预测微生物润湿改性单机理对提高采收率的贡献,分析得出若激活内源微生物7个月后,日采油速率可提高 5 倍以上,该驱油机理对提高采收率的贡献相当于其他驱油机理的总和[36]。SARAFZA⁃ DEH 等通过长岩心驱替物理模拟实验预测微生物润湿改性机理对提高采收率的功效,发现外源微生物注入后,短时间内采收率的提升是由界面张力降低引起的,而经过长时间闷井后,采收率的进一步提升是因为微生物在岩心表面进行吸附并改变其润湿性,所以微生物的润湿改性机理对于提高采收率的贡献明显高于降低界面张力[33]

  • 微生物采油矿场试验尚无法准确描述微生物润湿改性机理对提高采收率的贡献。由于微生物采油机理复杂且各机理之间存在协同性,因此现场试验中单纯微生物润湿改性机理对于提高采收率的贡献难以定量描述。已报道微生物采油技术主要应用在中高渗透水驱油藏,其调控的主要方向为嗜烃乳化降黏等机理,对于微生物润湿改性机理对提高采收率的贡献研究少且缺乏系统性,因此微生物润湿改性机理在采油中的贡献尚未充分发挥。但近几年在中低渗透油藏应用具有润湿作用的鼠李糖脂等生物表面活性剂取得良好的应用效果,使微生物润湿改性功能展现出巨大的应用潜力。

  • 3 结束语

  • 微生物菌体本身及代谢产物可有效改变岩石润湿性,从而提高原油渗流能力。而微生物本身的生物体特性及代谢产物官能团多等特点也使得其润湿改性的作用程度、作用机理和作用范围与常规润湿剂不同,显示出具有较强的独特性。

  • 虽然目前普遍认为生物膜的形成是微生物驱油过程中岩石表面润湿性改变的关键原因,但是微生物不同组分在界面上的吸附机理仍不明确,因此对于微生物润湿改性微观机理仍需要进一步深入研究。此外,目前微生物润湿改性研究主要集中在轻质原油,针对稠油作用研究较少,微生物润湿改性在不同油藏中的贡献率也不明晰。因此在明确微生物润湿改性机理的基础上,开展关于微生物驱的油藏适应性研究可为之后矿场试验的现场调控提供理论依据。

  • 东部老油田面临着含水率高、开采成本高但采收率低的难题,稠油油藏或中低渗透油藏的高效开发对于老油田的稳定发展至关重要,构建微生物润湿改性为主导的驱油体系将在这些油藏开发中发挥更大的作用。

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