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作者简介:

吴晓峰(1997—),男,甘肃白银人,在读硕士研究生,从事页岩油提高采收率技术研究。E-mail:xiaofeng970408@163.com。

通讯作者:

盛家平(1962—),男,江苏丹阳人,教授,博士。E-mail:shengjiaping@cup.edu.cn。

中图分类号:TE357

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2022)04-0109-07

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.202105035

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目录contents

    摘要

    页岩油藏基质渗透率极低,注气吞吐是一种有效的页岩油提高采收率技术。由于人工裂缝与天然裂缝的存在,矿场试验表明注气吞吐过程中邻井气体窜流严重。注入泡沫可有效降低气体流度,增大吞吐波及体积,抑制气体在裂缝中的窜流。通过室内实验,筛选4种起泡剂,对其起泡能力和稳泡能力进行评价,优选泡沫综合性能最好的起泡剂,继而探究页岩裂缝岩心注气吞吐过程中的气窜规律,明确裂缝岩心注入泡沫后的封堵性能,以探究泡沫防窜对页岩岩心注气吞吐提高采收率的应用潜力。结果表明:质量分数为0.4%的AOS起泡剂稳定性最好;气液同注后产生的泡沫气体封堵压差增至6.67 MPa,气体突破时间增加了13.72倍;在泡沫封堵的基础上,进行5个轮次的吞吐可使总采收率提高6.58%。

    Abstract

    The matrix permeability of shale oil reservoirs is extremely low,and gas huff-n-puff is an effective technology for enhanced oil recovery(EOR)of shale oil. Due to artificial and natural fractures,field tests showed that gas channeling from adjacent wells was serious during huff-n-puff gas injection. Injecting foam can reduce gas fluidity,increase the swept volume of huff-n-puff,and inhibit the gas channeling between fractures. Four foaming agents were screened through labora- tory experiments. The foaming ability and foam stabilization were evaluated to select the foaming agent with the best com- prehensive performance,and then the gas channeling law during huff-n-puff gas injection in the fractured shale core was explored. In addition,the plugging performance in the fractured core after foam injection was studied,and the potential of foam channeling control for EOR by huff-n-puff gas injection in shale cores was explored. The results demonstrate the AOS foaming agent with a mass fraction of 0.4% shows the optimal stability;the pressure difference of foamed gas plugging generated after the simultaneous injection of gas and liquid grows to 6.67 MPa,and the gas breakthrough time increases by 13.72 times;based on foam plugging,five cycles of huff-n-puff can enhance the total recovery factor by 6.58%.

  • 随着国际油气资源形势的不断变革,各国积极参与和深入研究非常规能源,2008年威利斯顿盆地 Bakken致密油实现规模化开发,强力逆转了北美石油产量持续走低的趋势[1]。中国的页岩油、页岩气等非常规油气资源的开发潜力巨大[2-3],探究其开发方式显得尤为重要。中国页岩油气资源量丰富,以准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷二叠系芦草沟组页岩油勘探效果最为显著[4-7]。吉木萨尔页岩油储层物性差,属于特低渗透储层,纳米级孔喉占比大,以微细孔喉为主,排驱压力平均约为 4 MPa,渗流条件偏差,不压裂无产能。开发试验初见成效,水平井大规模压裂后产能递减快,采收率一般低于 5%,提高采收率潜力巨大。

  • 对于页岩油藏,气驱和注气吞吐是提高其采收率手段。SHENG对页岩储层进行注气与注水对比,发现气驱波及体积远大于水驱,提出页岩储层中注气提高采收率方法的主要机理是维持压力,而注气吞吐具有最高的产油潜力[8]。由于页岩油藏储层的特殊性,常规的开采方式及评价标准等并不适用,主要的开发方式建立在储层压裂改造之后,而压裂技术会形成大量的压裂裂缝,与此同时,页岩油藏普遍发育不同开度的天然裂缝,水力压裂过程中较高的压力在形成人工裂缝的同时会使部分天然裂缝打开。在某些程度上,裂缝对储层渗透率及产能的贡献明显[9]。张树翠等开展了页岩储层非均质性及各向异性影响水力压裂裂纹扩展规律的研究[10]。考虑到页岩油基质物性差,为实现基质孔隙原油的充分动用[11],目前页岩油藏井距一般为100~200 m,压裂规模越来越大,邻井之间缝网交错叠置,造成注入气体很容易沿着裂缝窜逸,气体遇到裂缝后主要沿裂缝流动对基质中的原油动用程度低,一旦形成气窜,注入压力增幅减缓,注气体积增大,造成注入气体的浪费,导致气体无效循环,甚至会影响到邻井生产,严重降低了开发效果[12]

  • 泡沫是一种气液两相体系,具有“堵大不堵小、堵水不堵油”的选择性封堵性能,以及扩大宏观扫油面积和微观波及体积、提高洗油效率等作用机理[13-15]。1956 年,FRIED 最早通过室内泡沫驱研究以及现场试验应用,发现泡沫能迅速降低气相相对渗透率,延缓了气体的突破,进而提高原油采收率[16]。之后的几十年里,外国学者先后开展了空气泡沫、氮气泡沫、二氧化碳泡沫等室内实验和矿场应用评价。ROMERO 等进行了孔隙尺度的可视化实验,研究了泡沫在多孔介质中的流动[17]。DI等使用纳米二氧化碳开展二氧化碳泡沫驱油研究,大幅度提升了原油采收率[18]。SINGH 等采用共同注入的方式将发泡剂和氮气注入 Berea 砂岩,形成了纳米颗粒—表面活性剂泡沫[19]。中国学者对泡沫在油田开发中的应用研究愈加细致。王玉斗等对泡沫渗流机理及其模型的研究[20]。张作安概述了泡沫驱油的驱油机理,并提出了泡沫驱油的发展方向[21]。杜朝锋等就长庆油田低渗透油藏开展室内实验,原油采收率提高了 6.85%[22]。万雪对泡沫的气液比和段塞组合进行了优化[23]。李松岩等提出超临界 CO2泡沫能有效增加裂缝中的渗流阻力,控制流体在裂缝中的窜流[24]。邹高峰等开展了低界面张力的超微CO2泡沫的制备方式优选[25]。刘双星等考察了气泡粒径对驱油用泡沫体系的稳定性和在多孔介质中渗流特征的影响[26]。HAO 等提出将 N2泡沫用于非均质边水油藏来解决CO2吞吐开采过程中的水窜问题[27]

  • 目前对于页岩油藏中应用泡沫来解决注气吞吐中的气窜问题仍鲜有关注,为此笔者选取吉木萨尔页岩油藏岩心,在对页岩岩心进行注气吞吐开采的基础上,基于岩心尺度研究了裂缝岩心在注气吞吐过程中的气窜规律,将泡沫注入裂缝岩心,探究其在裂缝岩心中抑制气窜的作用效果,以明确页岩油藏注气吞吐过程中泡沫防窜封堵能力,并分析了其对裂缝性页岩油藏的提高采收率潜力。

  • 1 实验器材与方法

  • 1.1 材料与仪器

  • 实验材料包括阴离子起泡剂 α-烯烃磺酸钠 (AOS,艾科试剂有限公司生产)、十二烷基苯基磺酸钠(SDBS,麦克林试剂有限公司生产)和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS,麦克林试剂有限公司生产),阳离子起泡剂为十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB,麦克林试剂有限公司生产);实验用水为模拟地层水,根据吉木萨尔页岩油藏某区块地层水组成配制;实验用油为新疆地面脱气原油与煤油按照一定比例配制的模拟油,其密度约为 0.845 g/cm3,气源为高纯氮气(纯度>99.9%,来自北京城信顺兴气体原料销售公司)。

  • 实验仪器包括 XHF-DY 型高速搅拌器、ZYB-2 型真空加压饱和装置、烘箱、METTLER-TOLEDO ME204E 型电子天平、UPUMP-100D 型恒速恒压驱替泵、V-0.67/8 空气压缩机、Brooks5850E 气体流量控制器、岩心夹持器、手摇泵、压力传感器和数据采集等。

  • 实验采用吉木萨尔页岩油藏某区块岩心(表1),由于实际取心时很难获得带有裂缝的岩心,本实验通过线切割方式在岩心轴线位置进行切割获得人工裂缝,将切割后的两部分岩心合并即可获得带有裂缝的岩心模型。

  • 1.2 实验方法

  • 1.2.1 起泡剂筛选实验

  • 针对泡沫体系性能的评价有诸多方法[28-32],目前普遍应用 Waring Blender 法来实现泡沫的生成和评价[33],起泡剂性能主要通过起泡能力和稳定性来进行评价,即最大起泡体积和泡沫的析液半衰期。

  • 表1 实验用岩心参数

  • Table1 Core parameters for experiments

  • 实验步骤主要包括:①使用100 mL配制好的模拟地层水,将其倒入烧杯,加入定量的起泡剂,通过磁力搅拌达到充分混合,实验用起泡剂分别为 AOS,SDBS,SDS 和 CATB。②打开 XHF-DY 型高速搅拌器电机,设定转速为 8 000 r/min,搅拌时间为 3 min,充分起泡。③搅拌结束后立即读取泡沫的最大起泡体积,即可判断出起泡剂的起泡能力。④同时记录液体从泡沫中析出一半所需要的时间,即泡沫的析液半衰期,就可以判断出泡沫的稳定性。⑤ 换不同浓度的其余试剂重复上述过程。

  • 考虑泡沫起泡能力和析液半衰期对泡沫性能的综合影响,引入泡沫的综合指数FCI[34] 概念,其计算公式为:

  • FCI=34Vmaxt12
    (1)
  • 1.2.2 裂缝岩心气窜实验

  • 实验步骤主要包括:①选用长度分别约为50和 100 mm 的 2 种裂缝岩心(Y-1 和 Y-2)进行对比,将其放在80℃的烘箱中烘干6 h。②将烘干后的岩心装入岩心夹持器,为了减小岩心夹持器中裂缝位置的影响,放置岩心时确保人工裂缝的断面保持水平,通过手摇泵施加围压,围压设定为 10 MPa。③ 在岩心夹持器左端连接 Brooks5850E气体流量控制器来控制注气速度,设定范围为 0.5~4 mL/min。④ 岩心夹持器两端连接压力传感器来记录岩心两端压差,通过对比不同长度、不同注气速度下的岩心压差曲线,来探究裂缝岩心的气窜规律。实验装置如图1所示。

  • 1.2.3 裂缝岩心泡沫封堵实验

  • 实验步骤主要包括:①选用制备好的长度约为 100 mm的裂缝岩心Y-3,将其放在80℃的烘箱中烘干 6 h。②将烘干后的岩心冷却一段时间,称其干重,保证质量差在合理范围。③将岩心放入 ZYB-2 型真空加压饱和装置进行抽真空(图2),时间为 8 h,抽真空结束后,对岩心进行饱和油,每隔 0.5 h 加压 5 MPa,直至压力升至 30 MPa,饱和时间为 48 h。 ④将饱和完油的岩心使用电子天平进行称重,即湿重,保证质量差在合理范围。⑤将岩心装入岩心夹持器,放置岩心时确保人工裂缝的断面保持水平,通过手摇泵施加围压为 10 MPa。⑥在气液的注入方式上,诸多学者认为气液同注的方式要优于气液交替注入[2435-36],所以本实验采用气液同注的方式将泡沫注入裂缝岩心,注液速度为2 mL/min,注气速度分别为 1,2 和 4 mL/min,从而得到不同气液比分别为 1∶2,1∶1和 2∶1,记录岩心两端的压差,观察不同气液比下的封堵规律和效果,得到最佳气液比 (图3)。⑦使用上述步骤得到的最佳气液比,选用岩心 Y-4进行气体突破实验,得到气体突破泡沫封堵时的压力和时间。

  • 图1 裂缝岩心气窜规律实验装置

  • Fig.1 Experimental device for gas channeling law in fractured cores

  • 1.2.4 泡沫封堵提高采收率潜力实验

  • 选取岩心 Y-5 和岩心 Y-6,开展裂缝岩心注气吞吐和泡沫辅助注气吞吐对比实验,注气速度保持一致,泡沫通过气液同注的方式注入裂缝岩心,注入时间为2 min,采用最佳气液比,其余条件不变,进行 5 个轮次的注气吞吐实验,通过对比岩心每个轮次的周期采收率和总采收率,对比没有注入泡沫和注入泡沫后的采出程度,从而明确泡沫防窜对于页岩注气吞吐的提高采收率应用潜力。

  • 图2 真空加压饱和装置

  • Fig.2 Vacuum pressure saturation device

  • 图3 裂缝岩心泡沫封堵规律实验装置

  • Fig.3 Experimental device for foam plugging law in fractured cores

  • 2 结果分析

  • 2.1 起泡剂筛选及稳定性评价

  • 对比 AOS,SDBS,SDS 和 CATB 等 4 种起泡剂的起泡能力和稳泡能力,由实验结果(图4,图5)可知,相同条件下,4种起泡剂的起泡体积各不相同,但均在 300 mL 以上,其中 SDBS 的起泡能力最好,AOS, SDS 和 CATB 的起泡体积接近。4 种起泡剂的析液半衰期相差较大,其中起泡表现较好的 SDBS析液半衰期最短,AOS 的析液半衰期较长一些,泡沫稳定性相对较好。按照(1)式计算得出 4 种起泡剂的泡沫综合指数(图6),综合比较各起泡剂的性能,可以得出:质量分数为 0.4%的 AOS起泡剂的泡沫稳定性最佳,故拟采用质量分数为 0.4%的 AOS 作为起泡剂。

  • 图4 起泡剂起泡体积

  • Fig.4 Foaming volumes of foaming agents

  • 图5 起泡剂析液半衰期

  • Fig.5 Half lifes of foaming agents

  • 图6 起泡剂泡沫综合指数

  • Fig.6 Composite indexes of foaming agents

  • 2.2 裂缝岩心气窜实验

  • 裂缝岩心注气时,气窜导致岩心两端压差不会持续增大,最终会存在很小的压差。由长短裂缝岩心不同注气速度下的岩心两端压差(图7)可知,注气速度为 0.5~1 mL/min 时,长岩心和短岩心的压差相近,但随着注气速度的增大,压差差距增大;在发生气窜时,不同长度的裂缝岩心会有不同压差,长裂缝岩心气窜规律更易观察,为了更好地探究裂缝岩心泡沫封堵的效果,后续评价实验均采用长度为 100 mm的岩心。

  • 图7 裂缝岩心注气时压差对比

  • Fig.7 Comparison between pressure differences during gas injection in fractured cores

  • 2.3 裂缝岩心泡沫封堵实验

  • 在注气阶段,由于气窜导致岩心两端的压差很小;注入泡沫后,对比不同气液比下的封堵压差,可以看出气液比为 1∶1 时封堵压差呈线性增加,封堵压差大于气液比为 1∶2 时的封堵压差,且在时间为 85 min 后大于气液比为 2∶1 的封堵压差,可以获得较好的封堵效果(图8),所以气液比选定为1∶1。

  • 在没有注入泡沫时,裂缝岩心注入气体时间大约为 18 min时岩心两端的压差不再发生变化,说明气体突破形成稳定的气窜通道(图8);在注入泡沫后,裂缝岩心两端的压差明显增大,封堵压差增至 6.67 MPa,气体突破时间为265 min(图9),相比于形成气窜通道的时间,气体突破时间增加了 13.72倍,说明泡沫起到了防止气体窜流的作用,在注气吞吐过程中采用泡沫进行封堵具有可行性。

  • 图8 不同气液比的封堵压差

  • Fig.8 Plugging pressure differences with different gas-liquid ratios

  • 图9 气体封堵压力和时间

  • Fig.9 Gas plugging pressure and time

  • 2.4 泡沫封堵提高采收率潜力实验

  • 从图10采收率结果可知,岩心 Y-5和岩心 Y-6 的注气吞吐过程中,随着轮次的进行,周期采收率逐渐递减,其中前 3 轮次的周期采收率对总采收率的贡献较为突出。若没有泡沫封堵,气体沿裂缝窜流,导致注入压力较低,岩心Y-5的前3轮周期采收率分别为4.06%,2.46%和1.33%,后2轮周期采收率越来越小,分别为 0.82% 和 0.28%,5 轮次注气吞吐的总采收率为仅为 9.24%。当岩心 Y-6 注入泡沫后,由于泡沫的封堵作用,将气体注入裂缝后,采收率明显提升,前 3 轮次的周期采收率分别提高了 3.06%,1.62% 和 0.95%,第 4 和第 5 轮次分别提高了 0.3% 和 0.18%。由此可见,进行泡沫封堵后总采收率从9.24%增至15.82%,采收率提高了6.58%。

  • 图10 注气吞吐和注气吞吐+泡沫周期采收率对比

  • Fig.10 Comparison of cyclic recoveries factor between huff-n-puff gas injection and huff-n-puff gas injection with foam

  • 因此,在注气吞吐过程中,注泡沫可有效抑制气窜,为注入气体进入岩心基质提供了有利条件,有效提高了裂缝性页岩油藏注气吞吐的采收率。

  • 3 结论

  • 分析裂缝对页岩油藏注气吞吐开发的影响,指出气体防窜对裂缝性页岩油藏注气开发的必要性,在此基础上提出将泡沫注入裂缝进行封堵,分析了泡沫防窜对裂缝性页岩油藏采收率的影响,评价注气吞吐中泡沫防窜的提采效果。对比各起泡剂,筛选出质量分数为0.4%的AOS起泡剂综合性能最佳。采用气液同注方式将泡沫注入裂缝,裂缝岩心两端压差增至 6.67 MPa,气体突破时间增加了 13.72 倍,说明泡沫起到了防止气体窜流的作用,在注气吞吐过程中采用泡沫进行封堵具有可行性。泡沫封堵可有效提高页岩油藏吞吐采收率,经过 5 个轮次的吞吐总采收率提高 6.58%,说明泡沫封堵在裂缝性页岩油藏中具有提高采收率的潜力。

  • 符号解释

  • FCI——泡沫综合指数,mL·min;

  • t12——泡沫的析液半衰期,min;

  • Vmax——泡沫体系的最大起泡体积,mL。

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