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作者简介:

解慧(1986—),女,青海西宁人,工程师,硕士,从事油藏工程研究工作。E-mail:495802268@qq.com。

中图分类号:TE344

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2022)04-0150-09

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.202107028

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目录contents

    摘要

    缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏的储层非均质性强、流体分布复杂,产能预测相关参数往往难以获取,为单井产能准确预测带来较大困难。通过对常见的地震参数进行优选,提出了一种单井产能预测新方法。基于建立基质-裂缝-溶洞三重介质模型,利用Spearman和Pearson相关系数法优选出影响单井产能的地震参数,进而建立优选地震参数与窜流系数和弹性储容比的关系式,将其引入三重介质产能方程中,从而对不同地质背景下的缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏单井产能进行预测。以新疆某缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏实际生产数据及前期测试资料为基础,利用新方法对断裂区、暗河区、明河区及复合岩溶区4个区域134口油井进行产能预测和误差分析,结果表明:该方法对暗河区油井产能预测精度最高,可达87%;对明河区和复合岩溶区预测精度较低,为80%;同时,该方法的平均预测精度为83%,高于多元线性回归、BP神经网络、支持向量机等方法的预测结果。新方法充分利用已有地震资料,进一步提高了产能预测精度,为复杂缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏产能预测提供了新思路。

    Abstract

    Fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs have strong heterogeneity and complex fluid distribution. It is often difficult to obtain parameters related to productivity prediction by conventional methods,which brings a great challenge for accurate- ly predicting the single well productivity. This paper proposes a new method for predicting the single well productivity by selecting optimized common seismic parameters. After establishing a matrix-fracture-cave triple medium model,this paper optimizes seismic parameters affecting the single well productivity by Spearman and Pearson method,establishes the rela- tionships between the optimized seismic parameters and the interporosity flow coefficient and storativity ratio,and introduc- es it into the triple medium productivity equation to predict the single well productivity of the reservoirs with different geo- logical conditions. Based on the actual production data and preliminary test data of a fracture-cavity carbonate reservoir in Xinjiang,this paper uses the new method to predict the productivity of 134 oil wells in four areas(fault areas,underground river areas,aground river areas,and composite karst areas)and analyze errors. The results show that this method has the highest accuracy in predicting the productivity of oil wells in underground river areas,up to 87%,and for oil wells in aground river areas and composite karst areas,the prediction accuracy is low and is about 80%. The average prediction ac- curacy of this method is 83%,which is higher than those of multiple linear regression,BP neural network,and support vec- tor machine. The new method makes full use of the existing seismic data,further improves the productivity prediction accu- racy,and provides a new idea for predicting the productivity of complex fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs.

  • 碳酸盐岩油气藏储量占世界油气总储量的 50% 以上,产量占世界油气总产量的 60% 以上,是全球重要的油气勘探开发领域之一[1-2]。碳酸盐岩油气藏储集体可分为孔隙型、裂缝-孔隙型及缝洞型 3 种类型,储集空间具有尺度差异大、结构复杂、非均质性强等特征[3-6],常规产能预测方法所需参数难以获取,导致传统的油气藏产能预测方法已不再适用,如何准确预测缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏单井产能是亟需解决的重要课题之一。

  • 目前,用于缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏的单井产能预测方法主要有以下3类:第一类是机器学习方法,主要包括支持向量机方法和神经网络方法等,该类方法通过学习已知样本点的单井产能与影响因素之间的潜在规律,对未知样本点做出预测和判断[7-10]; 第二类是离散介质数值模拟方法,离散介质模型能够精确描述孔隙、裂缝和溶洞的连通性以及流体在各种流动通道中的流动规律[11-15],但这类方法对计算机硬件和数值模拟技术的要求比较苛刻,目前尚未在油田进行大规模应用;第三类是等效连续介质数值模拟方法,该方法在连续介质理论的基础上将储层裂缝和溶洞等效为具有对称渗透率张量的各向异性连续介质[16-19],通过等效处理大大简化了数值计算,但是该方法并不适用于复杂地质特征的缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏,并且等效连续介质模型无法准确描述裂缝和溶洞的局部渗流特征,不能准确反映储层油水驱替的真实状态[20]。以上几种方法都是基于储层渗流相关参数(如渗透率、孔隙度、毛管压力和相对渗透率曲线)来进行产能预测。通常情况下,这些参数通过单井测井解释、岩心分析和室内实验手段来获取。然而,由于缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层的复杂性,准确获取其相关参数的难度较大,尤其是对井间参数的推断更是存在极大的不确定性,从而影响预测结果的准确性。为解决缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏单井产能预测方法的局限,基于新疆塔河油田现场生产及测试资料,以三重介质模型为基础,利用 Spearman 和 Pearson 相关系数法优选地震参数,提出了一种基于地震参数的单井产能预测新方法。

  • 1 高精度三维地震反射特征

  • 塔河油田位于新疆维吾尔自治区库车县和轮台县境内,主力勘探开发层系为奥陶系[21-22],是典型的缝洞型碳酸盐岩油气藏。塔河油田典型储层岩心表现出多重介质属性,包括基质型、裂缝型及溶蚀孔洞型等(图1)。

  • 图1 塔河油田典型储层岩心

  • Fig.1 Typical reservoir cores of Tahe Oilfield

  • 高精度三维地震是大范围探测碳酸盐岩储层特征的关键技术,其地震反射可以分为“串珠状”反射、杂乱强反射、片状反射和弱反射等[23],通过地震资料可以方便地获得空间距离、串珠面积、频率衰减百分比、振幅变化率等地震参数。其中,“串珠状”反射的反射能量和振幅最强,具有横向延伸范围小、纵向分布差异大的特点,当储层内部的岩石性质(含有大量油气、较大的岩溶洞穴和孔隙度)与周围岩石性质差距较大时,就会形成“串珠状”反射,在地震剖面上变密度显示为红黑相间的珠状或者颗粒状[24]。采用高精度三维地震技术进行塔河油田缝洞型碳酸盐岩油气藏勘探,发现存在大量的 “串珠状”地震反射(图2)。

  • 图2 塔河油田“串珠状”反射地震解释结果

  • Fig.2 Diagram of beadlike seismic reflection waves in Tahe Oilfield

  • 实践发现,塔河油田缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏中高产井的位置很好地对应了“串珠状”反射[25],因此 “串珠状”反射是缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏部署井位的重要参考[26]。高精度三维地震资料虽然可以辅助确定井位,但是无法直接预测单井产能,若能将地震参数信息与单井产能之间直接建立联系,那么不仅能够为描述碳酸盐岩储层复杂渗流条件提供途径,而且将绕过常规单井产能预测方法中参数难以获取的桎梏,为缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏单井产能预测带来便捷。

  • 2 考虑地震参数的产能预测模型

  • 根据缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层特点,将该类储层的储渗空间简化为三重介质模型,包括基质、溶洞和裂缝,基本假设条件如下:①储层均质无限大且渗透率各向同性。②油井为定压生产。③储层流体为单相流体。④渗流规律满足达西定律,压缩系数为常数。

  • 以吴玉树等提出的基质-溶洞-裂缝型油藏模型[27] 为基础,建立三重介质数学模型,基质、溶洞、裂缝这3种渗流介质的控制方程分别为:

  • ϕ1C1p1t=α1K1μp3-p1
    (1)
  • ϕ2C2p2t=α2K2μp3-p2
    (2)
  • ϕ3C3p3t=K3μ2p3-α1K1μp3-p1-α2K2μp3-p2
    (3)
  • 定义无因次变量为:

  • rD=rrw
    (4)
  • tD=-K3tμrw2ϕ3C3+ϕ1C1+ϕ2C2
    (5)
  • pDjrD,tD=2πK3hμpi-pj(r,t)j=1,2,3
    (6)
  • tD做Laplace变换并化简得:

  • 2p~D3rD2+1rDp~D3rD-ω1sλ1ω1s+λ1+ω2sλ2ω2s+λ2+1-ω1-ω2sp~D3=0
    (7)
  • ωjλj定义如下:

  • ωj=ϕjCjϕ1C1+ϕ2C2+ϕ3C3
    (8)
  • λj=αjKjrw2K3j=1,2
    (9)
  • 对于无限大储层,Laplace空间内的井底定产压力解为:

  • p~wD3=K0(sf(s))ssf(s)K1(sf(s))
    (10)
  • 其中:

  • f(s)=as+ξ1s+ξ2s+δ1s+δ2
    (11)
  • ξj=12ab+(-1)jb2-4ac
    (12)
  • δj=λjωj
    (13)
  • a=1-ω1-ω2b=λ2ω21-ω1+λ1ω11-ω2c=λ1λ2ω1ω2
    (14)
  • s很小时,可以得到长时近似解:

  • p~wD3=-1s[ln(sf(s))+0.5772-ln2]
    (15)
  • 根据杜哈美原理,油井定压产量解q~D与定产井底压力解p~wD的关系式为:

  • q~D=1s21p~wD3
    (16)
  • 将(15)式代入(16)式可得缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏单井产能预测方程为:

  • q~D=-1s[ln(sf(s))+0.5772-ln2]
    (17)
  • 弹性储容比和窜流系数是(17)式中非常重要的 2 个变量,但这 2 个变量的准确数值通常难以获取。试图通过建立地震参数与弹性储容比、窜流系数之间的函数关系,将地震参数引入缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏单井的产能方程中。

  • 假设弹性储容比、窜流系数与地震参数存在多元线性关系:

  • ω1=a1X1+a2X2++anXn
    (18)
  • ω2=b1X1+b2X2++bnXn
    (19)
  • λ1=c1X1+c2X2++cnXn
    (20)
  • λ2=d1X1+d2X2++dnXn
    (21)
  • 于是,缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏单井产能评价方程可写为:

  • q=fX1,X2,,Xn,a1,a2,,an,b1,b2,,bn,c1,c2,,cn,d1,d2,,dn
    (22)
  • 3 优选地震参数产能预测方法

  • 新疆塔河油田根据不同的储层地质背景划分为 4 个区域,分别是断裂区、明河区、暗河区和复合岩溶区。由于不同地质背景下单井产能主控因素不同,所以在对不同区域进行预测时,选用的地震参数也应不同。为了优选适合每个区域的地震参数,采取统计学中的相关系数法(Correlation coeffi⁃ cient)进行变量的相关性分析,最常用的有 Pearson 和Spearman相关系数法。

  • Pearson 相关系数法(Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient)即应用 Pearson 相关系数度量 2 个变量之间的线性关系[28]。设有 n 个数据对( aibi)( i = 1,2,···,n),则 Pearson 相关系数计算公式为:

  • rP=i=1n ai-a-bi-b-i=1n ai-a-2i=1n bi-b-2
    (23)
  • 其中:

  • a-=1ni=1n ai
    (24)
  • b-=1ni=1n bi
    (25)
  • Pearson相关系数的取值范围为:rP1rP为正值说明两变量正相关,否则为负相关,| rP |越大两者相关性越强。

  • Spearman 相关系数法即应用 Spearman 等级相关系数(rank correlation)的单调方程评价 2 个统计变量的相关性[29],其中Spearman等级相关系数是衡量 2个变量依赖性的非参数指标。设 n对变量值的 X值和Y值分别从小到大排序,把n对变量值转换成n 对秩次,各对秩次之差记为 Dii = 1,2,···,n), Spearman相关系数计算公式为:

  • rs=1-6i=1n D2nn2-1
    (26)
  • Spearman 相关系数的取值范围为:| rS | ≤ 1,rS为正值说明两变量正相关,否则为负相关,| rS |越大两者相关性越强。

  • Pearson 和 Spearman 相关系数法从不同的空间维度衡量2个变量之间的关系紧密性。在本次研究中影响单井产能这一目标因素的主要地震参数包括:距主断裂距离/距明河距离/距暗河距离(X1)、均方根振幅(RootMean Square Amplitude,RMS)(X2)、频率衰减百分比(X3)、“串珠”面积(X4)、振幅变化率 (X5)、“甜点”最小值(X6)和“甜点”最大值(X7)。采用 Spearman 和 Pearson 相关系数法,分析地震参数对油井产能的影响程度。首先统计研究区134口油井产量数据,并提取单井的主要地震参数值;然后将地震参数与生产井产能进行相关性分析,分别优选出断裂区、明河区、暗河区和复合岩溶区相关性最强的 3 个地震参数;最后建立基于地震参数的产能预测方程,进行产能预测。

  • 利用 Pearson 和 Spearman 相关系数法对塔河油田4个区域的现场资料和地震参数进行单井初期产能相关性分析。相关系数绝对值越接近于 1,表示两者相关性越强。由结果(表1)可知,断裂区单井产能与“串珠”面积、振幅变化率、距主断裂距离具有较好相关性;暗河区单井产能与“串珠”面积、振幅变化率、“甜点”最小值具有较好相关性;明河区单井产能与“串珠”面积、振幅变化率、“甜点”最小值具有较好相关性;复合岩溶区单井产能与振幅变化率、“串珠”面积、频率衰减百分比具有较好相关性。

  • 表1 地震参数与单井初期产能相关性分析

  • Table1 Correlation analysis of seismic parameters and initial productivity data

  • 通过各区域优选地震参数的差异不难发现, “串珠”面积在各地质分区内均与产量有较强的相关性,这是由于“串珠状”反射是地下介质性质发生变化的反映,一般代表该位置含有油气[30],因此“串珠”面积与产量的相关性符合开发的基本认识。其次,断裂区生产井产量与主断裂表现出较强的相关性,这是由于裂缝是碳酸盐岩主要的渗流介质,是高产的必要条件,主断裂附近产生的次级裂缝和微裂缝能够为生产井提供更加丰富的渗流通道;明河区和暗河区与河道的相关性总体较弱,或与河道沉积填充物存在较多泥质含量有关[31],对生产的促进作用有限,但两相比较而言,明河区河道对生产井产量影响稍大。此外,振幅变化率是表征地震波动力学特征的重要参数,地震波振幅异常能反映储层波阻抗、地层厚度、孔隙度及流体的异常变化,是判定有利储集区的重要地震参数之一,而频率衰减百分比可以预测岩性和砂泥比,通过检测高频成分吸收衰减的异常响应,可有效预测缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层沉积条件[32],振幅变化率与频率衰减百分比通常指示较为优质的储集和渗流条件,是单井高产的重要影响因素。综上分析,Pearson和Spearman相关系数法计算结果符合现场经验和缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层渗流规律的认识,具有合理性。

  • 根据前期目标区内典型井试井解释结果,统计 4个区域溶洞弹性储容比和窜流系数计算数学平均值(表2)。

  • 为充分利用已有产能计算理论,将各区优选地震参数数据与表2 结果代入(18)—(21)式进行拟合,建立油田断裂区、暗河区、明河区、复合岩溶区弹性储容比、窜流系数与优选地震参数之间的关系方程,各拟合回归系数见表3。

  • 将通过地震参数计算得到的弹性储容比和窜流系数分别代入(10)—(14)式和(17)式,将单井产能预测新方法得出的结果与实际生产数据进行对比(图3)。

  • 表2 塔河油田4个区域典型井试井解释数据统计

  • Table2 Well-testing interpretation data of typical well in four areas of Tahe Oilfield

  • 样本数据预测精度的计算式为:

  • (27)
  • 按照(27)式计算各区预测精度,计算得到断裂区 33 口“串珠状”反射井样本数据的预测精确度达 85%;暗河区48口“串珠状”反射井样本数据预测精确度达87%;明河区23口“串珠状”反射井样本数据预测精确度达80%;复合岩溶区30口“串珠状”反射井样本数据预测精确度达 80%。据统计,由产量预测误差范围频率分布直方图(图4)可见,误差满足正态分布,标准差为0.18。

  • 4 产能预测结果及对比

  • 为进一步分析新方法的有效性,在众多单井产能预测方法中,选取3种最为常用的方法进行对比:一是多元线性回归方法,即多个影响因素作为自变量对于因变量进行线性表示的方法[33-34];二是BP神经网络方法,即包括输入层、隐含层和输出层,属于非线性回归的一种方法[35-36];三是支持向量机方法[37],即建立在统计学习理论的基础上,根据有限的样本信息在模型的复杂性和学习能力之间寻求最佳折中,以求获得最好推广能力的方法[38-39]。根据新疆塔河油田实际数据,分别运用以上 3 种主流方法预测单井产能,得到的结果与单井产能预测新方法结果进行对比,通过表4 可以看出在油田 4 个区域中本文所建立的单井产能预测新方法精度最高,适用范围最广。

  • 表3 地震参数回归系数拟合结果

  • Table3 Fitting results of regression coefficients of seismic parameters

  • 图3 各区生产井初期产能预测情况对比分析

  • Fig.3 Comparative analysis of initial productivity prediction of oil wells in four areas

  • 图4 生产井预测产量误差分布直方图

  • Fig.4 Histogram of error distribution in production prediction of oil wells

  • 表4 多种方法产能预测精度对比

  • Table4 Comparison of productivity prediction accuracy by various methods

  • 5 结论

  • 基于三重介质模型,利用Laplace变换和杜哈美原理,得到缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏单井初期产能预测方程,并结合地震参数建立了单井产能预测新方法。

  • 针对新疆塔河油田的地质构造特征,将储层划分为 4 个区域:断裂区、明河区、暗河区和复合岩溶区。通过 Spearman 和 Pearson 相关系数法,分别优选出与 4 个储层区域相关性最强的 3 个地震参数。其中,断裂区地震参数为:“串珠”面积、振幅变化率、距主断裂距离;暗河区地震参数为:“串珠”面积、振幅变化率、“甜点”最小值;明河区地震参数为:“串珠”面积、振幅变化率、“甜点”最小值;复合岩溶河区地震参数为:振幅变化率、“串珠”面积、频率衰减百分比。

  • 对研究区 134 口油井进行产能预测,结果表明新方法对断裂区预测精度为 85%;暗河区预测精度为87%;明河区预测精度为80%;复合岩溶区拟合精度为 80%。将单井产能预测新方法计算结果与多元线性回归、BP 神经网络、支持向量机等同类方法计算结果进行比较,结果表明针对研究区域本文所建立的产能预测方法预测精度高于其他方法。

  • 符号解释

  • abc——换元变量,即在计算过程中,为了简便,令其等于某个式子;

  • a1a2anb1b2bnc1c2cnd1d2dn——方程中的待定系数;

  • a-b-——ab的样本均值;

  • Cj ——介质压缩系数,10 MPa-1

  • D——秩次之差;

  • Di ——各对秩次之差;

  • h——油层厚度,cm;

  • j——介质,包括 1,2,3,其中 1 表示基质,2 表示溶洞,3 表示裂缝;

  • Kj ——介质渗透率,μm2

  • K0x)——零阶第二类虚宗量Bessel函数;

  • K1x)——一阶第二类虚宗量Bessel函数;

  • n——井数;

  • pDj ——无因次压力;

  • pi ——原始地层压力,10-1 MPa;

  • pjrt)——瞬时地层压力,10-1 MPa;

  • pwD——无因次定产井底压力;

  • pwD3——裂缝介质无因次井底压力;

  • p1p2p3——基质、溶洞和裂缝的压力,MPa;

  • P——样本数据预测精度,%;

  • q——单井产能,t/d;

  • qi实际——单井实际产量,t/d;

  • qi预测——单井预测产量,t/d;

  • qD——无因次油井定压产量;

  • r——距生产井距离,cm;

  • rD——无因次半径;

  • rP——Pearson相关系数;

  • rS——Spearman相关系数;

  • rw——井筒半径,cm;

  • s——Laplace变量;

  • t——生产时间,h;

  • tD——无因次时间;

  • XX1X2,···,Xn)——优选的地震参数;

  • αj ——窜流系数,cm-2

  • α1——基质-裂缝窜流系数,cm-2

  • α2——溶洞-裂缝窜流系数,cm-2

  • λj ——Laplace空间窜流系数;

  • λ1——Laplace空间溶洞-裂缝窜流系数;

  • λ2——Laplace空间裂缝-基质窜流系数;

  • μ——流体黏度,mPa ⋅ s;

  • ξjδj——换元变量,等同于欧式空间中的a,在计算过程中,为了简便,令其等于某个式子;

  • ϕj ——介质孔隙度,小数;

  • ωj ——弹性储容比;

  • ω1——溶洞弹性储容比;

  • ω2——裂缝弹性储容比。

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