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作者简介:

韩杨(1994—),男,江苏宿迁人,助理工程师,硕士,从事油气成藏及生烃动力学研究。E-mail:hanyang123@petrochina.com.cn。

通讯作者:

蒋文龙(1987—),男,江苏宜兴人,高级工程师,博士。E-mail:jwl@petrochina.com.cn。

中图分类号:TE121.1

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2022)05-0049-09

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.202110030

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目录contents

    摘要

    准噶尔盆地南缘深部资源是近年来天然气勘探的热点,其中位于南缘中段霍玛吐背斜带的侏罗系烃源岩资源潜力巨大,但由于研究区勘探程度较低,烃源岩热演化史与成藏条件的匹配关系尚不清晰。基于实测地震解释、热史温标数据,应用盆地模拟方法对南缘中段中—下侏罗统烃源岩热演化史进行恢复,并结合烃源岩地球化学特征分析,对天然气生成、运聚以及与构造演化的耦合关系进行系统研究。结果表明:南缘中段发育中—下侏罗统主力烃源岩,其关键生气时期为早白垩世早期(距今99.6 Ma)和晚白垩世末期(距今65.5 Ma),现今中—下侏罗统烃源岩处于高成熟—过成熟阶段,尚具一定生烃潜力;该区具有晚期抬升型次生气藏和持续埋深型高成熟气藏2种天然气成藏模式,天然气分布受烃源岩和构造双重控制。

    Abstract

    In recent years,deep resources in the southern margin of Junggar Basin have been a hot spot for natural gas ex- ploration. Among them,in the middle of the southern margin,the Jurassic source rocks in Huomatu anticline zone have huge potential resources. However,due to the low degree of exploration,the relationship between the thermal evolution of source rocks and the gas accumulation conditions is still unclear. Based on the seismic interpretation and thermal history data,a basin simulation system was applied to restore the thermal evolution histories of Middle and Lower Jurassic source rocks in the southern margin of Junggar Basin. Furthermore,combined with the geochemical characteristics of Jurassic source rocks,the generation and accumulation of gas and the coupling relationships with structural evolution were systemat- ically studied. The research showed that the Middle and Lower Jurassic source rocks developed in the middle of the south- ern margin. Moreover,the gas mainly generated in the early stage of the Early Cretaceous Epoch(99.6 Ma)and the late stage of the Late Cretaceous Epoch(65.5 Ma),respectively. Now,the Middle and Lower Jurassic source rocks are in the stage of high and over maturity and still have hydrocarbon generation potential. At the same time,two hydrocarbon accumu- lation models have been formed in the area,and they are secondary accumulation with late uplift and high-mature accumu- lation with continuous buried depth. In addition,the gas distribution has been controlled by the evolution of the source rocks and the structure.

  • 准噶尔盆地南缘勘探潜力巨大,目前已成为中国西部天然气勘探的一个热点区域。历经半世纪的勘探研究,准噶尔盆地南缘发现了独山子油田、齐古油田、呼图壁气田等多个油气田,特别是高探1 井和呼探 1 井的相继突破,显示了该区丰富的天然气资源潜力。而南缘中段与多个主力生烃凹陷毗邻,且背斜发育、成藏配置条件完善[1-2],是寻找规模天然气、储量突破的重点勘探区域。

  • 近年来,针对准噶尔盆地南缘油气地球化学特征及油气成藏方面的研究不断深入。陈建平等在南缘进行了大量的油气地球化学实验和对比研究,将天然气分为煤型气、混合气与油型气3类,提出南缘中段油气主要来源于侏罗系烃源岩,并含有少量混源气的特征[3-4];朱明等通过油源对比等手段,对南缘西段的四棵树凹陷烃源岩热演化及差异成藏规律进行了研究,判断四棵树凹陷的生烃中心位于南部山前[5-6];胡瀚文等通过对老油区进行研究,提出了四棵树凹陷烃源岩的大量生烃时期为新近纪,关键成藏时期为晚新生代[7-8];靳军等基于大量实测温压数据,系统分析了南缘下组合现今温压场特征[9-10]。可以看出,针对南缘烃源岩的研究主要集中在南缘西段的四棵树凹陷,且烃源岩及油气地球化学的研究方法多以现今实测数据为主,无法从时间、空间上反映烃源岩与储盖组合、圈闭保存条件等成藏配置的耦合关系,这也使南缘中段天然气成因及成藏模式尚不清晰,尤其是烃源岩热演化与构造格局的配置关系亟待解决。为此,笔者应用盆地模拟方法,结合烃源岩地球化学研究结果,对南缘中段的天然气生成、成藏模式及与生气时期匹配问题进行分析,旨在找出南缘中段“源-断”控制背景下的天然气关键成藏时期,为下一步油气勘探部署提供依据。

  • 1 区域地质概况

  • 准噶尔盆地南缘是构造条件最为复杂的褶皱带,二叠纪以来可分为前陆盆地、陆内坳陷盆地、再生前陆盆地 3 个阶段,历经海西末期、印支期、燕山期和喜马拉雅期等多期构造运动[11],现今构造呈现出东西分段、南北分带的特征(图1)。南缘中段西起四棵树凹陷,东至阜康断裂带,南接依林黑比尔根山,北延伸至沙湾凹陷-莫南凸起-阜康凹陷交界处,面积约为 45 000 km2,最大沉积厚度为 15 000 m,由南向北大致可划分为三排背斜带和三排向斜带。研究区深部地层自下而上发育二叠系、三叠系、侏罗系和白垩系,目前钻揭侏罗系八道湾组 (J1b)、三工河组(J1s)、头屯河组(J2t)和喀拉扎组 (J3k)以及白垩系吐谷鲁群(K1tg)清水河组(K1q)底部 5套规模储层,且吐谷鲁群包括清水河组、呼图壁河组(K1h)、胜金口组(K1s)和连木沁组(K1l),发育 500~2 000 m的巨厚泥岩盖层,具有良好的储盖配置条件[11],从而该区具备形成规模天然气藏的条件。

  • 图1 准噶尔盆地南缘构造单元划分及地层综合柱状图

  • Fig.1 Structural division and comprehensive strata diagram of southern margin of Junggar Basin

  • 2 烃源岩地球化学特征

  • 准噶尔盆地南缘主力烃源岩为中—下侏罗统的八道湾组和西山窑组,研究区广泛发育滨浅湖亚相暗色泥岩含煤层。南缘中段钻揭侏罗系烃源岩较少,考虑到沉积时期、物源基本一致,本次研究烃源岩地球化学参数的统计范围包括整个南缘。统计结果表明,八道湾组烃源岩总有机碳含量(TOC) 为 0.43%~39.96%,平均值为 9.43%;生烃潜量(S1+ S2)为 0.08~127.42 mg/g,平均值为 37.11 mg/g。西山窑组烃源岩总有机碳含量为 0.46%~3.51%,平均值为 1.26%;生烃潜量为 0.4~9.0 mg/ g,平均值为 1.9 mg/g。此外,煤层在八道湾组和西山窑组皆有分布,认为其是研究区天然气的主要来源,八道湾组煤层的总有机碳含量为 15.1%~91.9%,平均值为 50.1%; 生烃潜量为29.6~189.2 mg/g,平均值为94.2 mg/g;西山窑组煤层的总有机碳含量为 15.7%~79.9%,平均值为 56.6%;生烃潜量为 7.38~98.4 mg/g,平均值为 68.9 mg/g。镜质组反射率(Ro)测试结果表明,侏罗系烃源岩现今成熟度为 0.62%~1.08%,由于测试样品深度较浅,推测深部侏罗系烃源岩现今处于成熟—过成熟演化阶段,以生气为主。由图2 可以看出,侏罗系八道湾组和西山窑组烃源岩的品质为中等—好,有机质类型主要为Ⅱ2—Ⅲ型[12-13] (图2b),其中八道湾组生烃条件较好。

  • 图2 准噶尔盆地南缘侏罗系八道湾组和西山窑组烃源岩地球化学特征

  • Fig.2 Geochemical characteristics of source rocks of Jurassic Badaowan Formation and Xishanyao Formation in southern margin of Junggar Basin

  • 3 热演化史模拟

  • 3.1 模拟方法

  • 应用 PetroMod 盆地模拟系统对烃源岩热演化史进行模拟,研究过程中所需参数为地层格架、岩石热导率以及边界条件。首先综合地震解释及克里金插值等地球物理方法,结合准噶尔盆地及外围第四次油气资源评价建立研究区的地层格架;再依据实际录井资料及勘探研究成果对软件内置的岩性模块进行混合岩性定义;最后结合地史研究恢复地层剥蚀量,并将中—下侏罗统镜质组反射率实测数据作为古温标,绘制镜质组反射率与深度拟合曲线,进而得出研究区烃源岩热演化史。

  • 3.2 模拟过程

  • 3.2.1 边界条件确定

  • 烃源岩热演化史模拟所需的边界条件主要包括沉积时水界面温度、大地热流及古水深。沉积时水界面温度(SWIT)可根据全球平均地表温度模板在 PetroMod 软件内进行标定。大地热流主要结合前人研究成果和实际资料获得,邱楠生等对准噶尔盆地古-今地温及大地热流特征进行了研究,同时利用实验测得的岩石热导率综合分析了研究区不同沉积时期的地温梯度[14-16]。根据全国大地热流汇编(第四版)以及现今地温拟合曲线(图3)与前人研究成果,可知准噶尔盆地南缘中段属于低温区,现今大地热流为(36.2±9.8)mW/m2,现今地温梯度为 18.2℃/km[17]。古水深主要依据地层沉积和海平面升降进行估算。早二叠世准噶尔盆地南缘中段沉积环境以半深湖-深湖为主,古水深为 40~80 m;三叠纪开始,盆地由断陷向坳陷转化,整体抬升及迅速充填作用使水域大为缩小;晚三叠世盆地大范围发生湖侵,沉积环境以滨浅湖-半深湖为主,古水深为20~40 m;侏罗纪至古近纪受到燕山运动的影响,盆地整体表现为陆内坳陷,沉积环境以三角洲-滨浅湖为主,古水深为0~40 m;新近纪以来,喜马拉雅运动使南缘中段快速且大幅度地隆升,湖泊面积缩小,水体变浅,古水深多为0~20 m。

  • 3.2.2 剥蚀量恢复

  • 晚侏罗世末期燕山运动Ⅱ幕的构造抬升对研究区侏罗系烃源岩的热演化影响十分明显,该时期构造运动使侏罗系与白垩系之间形成区域不整合面,以致烃源岩热演化处于停滞状态。为此,采用地层趋势法并结合前人研究成果对该时期地层剥蚀量进行恢复和厘定[18]。该方法认为地层沉积具有继承性和持续性,利用剥蚀地层和未剥蚀地层在横向变化趋势上的相关性,以邻层作为参考层,厘定剥蚀量在侧向上的变化规律并进行估算,得出研究区侏罗系剥蚀量为 200~400 m,其中安集海背斜剥蚀量为 300 m,玛纳斯背斜剥蚀量为 400 m,霍尔果斯背斜剥蚀量为250 m,呼图壁背斜剥蚀量为350 m,吐古鲁背斜剥蚀量为400 m。

  • 图3 准噶尔盆地南缘中段现今地温拟合曲线

  • Fig.3 Fitting curve of current ground temperature in middle of southern margin of Junggar Basin

  • 3.2.3 热史参数拟合

  • 针对热史的研究,目前中外采用的主要方法为地球动力学模型法和古温标法。结合上述 2 种方法,将中—下侏罗统镜质组反射率实测数据作为古温标,拟合得到镜质组反射率与深度的关系曲线 (图4)。采用常用的 EASY%Ro模型,选取相关化学反应动力学参数,结合沉积埋藏史和不同沉积时期大地热流值计算 Ro值,并与实测值进行对比,通过调整参数使之与实测值基本一致,其表达式为:

  • Ro=exp-1.6+3.7Fk
    (1)
  • 4 热演化特征

  • 4.1 热演化时期

  • 基于地史、热史参数的厘定与模拟,利用邻区及高部位已知探井对无井区域开展虚拟井模拟,考虑到研究需要全层系、深埋藏的背景,在南缘中段的玛纳斯背斜建立模拟 1 井,分析 2 套烃源岩在不同沉积时期的热演化特征。由图5 可见,研究区八道湾组烃源岩在侏罗纪末期(距今 145 Ma)已进入成熟生油阶段(0.8%<Ro<1.5%),开始大量生烃;晚白垩世早期(距今 99.6 Ma),烃源岩达到生烃高峰,进入高成熟生湿气阶段(1.5%<Ro<2.0%),开始大量生成湿气;演化至今,烃源岩多处于高成熟—过成熟阶段(1.8%<Ro<2.3%),以生气为主。西山窑组烃源岩在早白垩世早期(距今139.8 Ma)进入成熟生油阶段(0.8%<Ro<1.5%),开始大量生烃;白垩纪末期 (距今 65.5 Ma),烃源岩进入生气高峰(1.5%<Ro<2.0%),开始大量生成湿气;现今,烃源岩多在高成熟阶段末期(Ro=1.8%),以生湿气为主。

  • 图4 准噶尔盆地南缘中段热史温标拟合曲线

  • Fig.4 Fitting curve of thermal history temperature scale in middle of southern margin of Junggar Basin

  • 从烃源岩热演化史可以看出,研究区中—下侏罗统烃源岩经历了完整的生烃演化阶段,白垩纪是八道湾组、西山窑组烃源岩的主要生烃高峰时期,八道湾组烃源岩生气强度最高可达 2.3×106 t/km3,西山窑组烃源岩生气强度最高可达 2.1×106 t/km3,说明这2套烃源岩具有良好的生烃能力。

  • 图5 准噶尔盆地南缘中段侏罗系烃源岩热演化特征

  • Fig.5 Thermal evolution characteristics of Jurassic source rocks in middle of southern margin of Junggar Basin

  • 4.2 区域热演化特征

  • 结合准噶尔盆地南缘构造格架,建立了南缘中段侏罗系三维盆地热演化模型,使之更为直观地反映烃源岩平面热演化展布特征(图6)。整体来看,研究区中—下侏罗统烃源岩现今都已达到成熟— 高成熟阶段,热演化程度自西向东依次升高,其中霍玛吐背斜带的中—下侏罗统烃源岩演化阶段完整,模拟结果显示烃源岩皆已达到高成熟—过成熟生气阶段,且随着演化程度的加深,天然气成熟度自西向东逐渐变高,这与该区天然气地球化学特征十分吻合[19-21],即南缘中段天然气多呈现湿气-干气的特征,气源显示均为侏罗系烃源岩,并且天然气自西向东呈现出逐渐变干的趋势,进一步证实了本次热演化模型的准确性。

  • 此外,综合地史、热史的模拟结果认为构造运动对于准噶尔盆地南缘烃源岩成熟度的影响主要有 2 个方面。第一,南缘烃源岩成熟度受到燕山运动构造格局的影响[22-26],呈现出热演化差异性。垂向上,八道湾组烃源岩成熟阶段要明显早于西山窑组;平面上,烃源岩成熟度在白垩纪前也呈现出东高西低的特征(图6)。第二,若将分析尺度进一步精确到南缘中段,燕山运动以来,中—下侏罗统烃源岩热演化史为一个持续埋深成熟的过程,生烃演化的关键时期为白垩纪,此后喜马拉雅运动造成南缘东部地层剧烈抬升,但此时南缘中段的中—下侏罗统烃源岩多已进入高成熟—过成熟阶段,因此该时期构造抬升并非是造成烃源岩热演化差异性的主要原因。

  • 5 热演化史对天然气成藏的影响

  • 5.1 天然气成藏模式

  • 综合分析烃源岩热演化特征与构造演化的耦合关系,准噶尔盆地南缘中段侏罗系天然气具有晚期抬升型次生气藏和持续埋深型高成熟气藏2种天然气成藏模式,以过 TW1 和 LT1 两口重点探井的 AA’剖面(图7)为例进行分析。

  • 准噶尔盆地南缘中段发育三排构造带,其中齐古断褶带为第一排构造带,早在燕山运动时期就已形成低缓背斜,白垩纪末期,侏罗系烃源岩达到成熟阶段,开始生成少量的低成熟—成熟气,在背斜带聚集成藏。古近纪以来,烃源岩逐渐达到高成熟阶段,以生湿气为主,受到上覆白垩系巨厚盖层的影响,侏罗系天然气仅向上侏罗统齐古组(J3q)、喀拉扎组运聚。新近纪末期,喜马拉雅运动在天山北缘发生强烈的逆冲推覆作用,导致齐古断褶带先存的气藏遭受破坏,油气随断裂运移至浅层二次成藏,因此在齐古断褶带发现的天然气具有中—低成熟与高成熟气共存的特点。喜马拉雅运动晚期,随着构造抬升加剧,先存油气沿断裂向上运移至浅层紫泥泉子组(E1+2z),研究区受由南向北的逆冲推覆作用,气藏进行了进一步调整,形成晚期抬升型次生气藏(图7)。

  • 图6 准噶尔盆地南缘中段侏罗系烃源岩平面热演化展布特征

  • Fig.6 Planar thermal evolution characteristics of Jurassic source rocks in middle of southern margin of Junggar Basin

  • 霍玛吐背斜带为靠近凹陷区的二、三排背斜带,相较齐古断褶带具有烃源岩成熟早、构造形成晚的演化特征。白垩纪末期,侏罗系烃源岩整体进入高成熟生湿气阶段,但此时背斜带尚未形成,缺少保存条件,导致天然气在此处未能有效成藏。此后,燕山运动导致研究区形成侏罗系与白垩系之间的区域不整合面,为后期天然气运聚提供了良好的保存条件。喜马拉雅运动以来,霍玛吐背斜带逐渐形成,侏罗系烃源岩此时已处于高成熟—过成熟阶段,大量生成的天然气经断层输导作用以及盖层的遮挡作用在侏罗系顶部及白垩系清水河组储层聚集成藏,形成持续埋深型高成熟气藏(图7)。

  • 5.2 天然气分布探讨

  • 结合烃源岩关键生气时期和构造运动对准噶尔盆地南缘中段的天然气成藏进行动态演化分析,认为南缘中段霍玛吐背斜带侏罗系顶部及白垩系清水河组为天然气有利分布区域。原因之一是燕山运动形成的断裂为深部油气运移至侏罗系顶部及白垩系清水河组提供了良好的运移通道,同时区域不整合面与后期形成的白垩系巨厚盖层也为天然气成藏提供了良好的遮挡和保存条件,有利于天然气在侏罗系顶部及白垩系清水河组中聚集。再者,喜马拉雅运动的构造挤压作用主要造成了齐古断褶带浅层油气的大量散失,对于南缘中段霍玛吐背斜带深部的先存油气藏起到了二次运移和调整的作用。受制于研究区勘探程度尚低,针对侏罗系—白垩系储层的发育特征与储集性能尚未进行有效地分析和系统研究。目前,部分学者在对该区侏罗系顶部至白垩系清水河组的研究中已经揭示了该层段发育优质储层[27-28]。由此可见,在“源-断” 控藏模式的基础上,南缘中段霍玛吐背斜带深部侏罗系—白垩系资源潜力巨大,可作为下一步天然气有利勘探目标。

  • 图7 准噶尔盆地南缘中段天然气运移与成藏模式(剖面位置见图1)

  • Fig.7 Gas migration and accumulation in middle of southern margin of Junggar Basin(Profile position can be seen in Fig.1)

  • 6 结论

  • 准噶尔盆地南缘中段中—下侏罗统烃源岩的关键生气时期为白垩纪,下侏罗统八道湾组在晚白垩世早期达到生气高峰,中侏罗统西山窑组在晚白垩世末期达到生气高峰,现今烃源岩多处于高成熟—过成熟阶段。多期构造运动与烃源岩演化的时空匹配关系共同控制了南缘中段天然气聚集与分布,天然气成熟度自西向东呈逐渐变高的趋势。白垩纪以来,烃源岩的持续供气与喜马拉雅期的构造抬升在研究区形成了晚期抬升型次生气藏和持续埋深型高成熟气藏2类天然气成藏模式。南缘中段霍玛吐背斜带深部侏罗系—白垩系具有良好的成藏条件,笔者认为下一步研究应重点聚焦侏罗系顶部至白垩系清水河组有利储层的分布特征,形成 “源-储-盖”一体的成藏模式,为该区天然气勘探提供指导。

  • 符号解释

  • Fk——地层底界面第 k个埋藏点的化学反应程度,取值为0~0.85;

  • k——埋藏点序号;

  • Ro——镜质组反射率拟合值,%。

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