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作者简介:

宫亚军(1984—),男,甘肃庆阳人,副研究员,硕士,从事区域油气成藏研究。E-mail:278365907@qq.com。

中图分类号:TE112.3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2022)05-0067-08

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.202108019

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目录contents

    摘要

    运移速率是控制地质介质中油气等流体运移特征的重要参数,但目前仍未形成统一的速率模型来描述具有典型孔隙介质特征的砂体输导层中油气等流体的非线性渗流规律。基于现有常规的孔隙介质流体运移速率模型,结合油气运移的非线性动力特征,得到了砂体输导层油气运移速率新模型。以准噶尔盆地车排子地区沙湾组等输导层为例,验证了新模型的计算步骤、参数表征以及资源评价应用。研究结果表明,砂体输导层油气运移速率具有极强的非线性动力特征,运移速率随阻力梯度与动力梯度比的增加呈幂律减小,运移速率是动力机制与运聚量之间的关键环节,砂体输导层中油气运聚量受控于运移速率、等效输导通道以及充注时间,研究为砂体输导层中油气运移定量分析和资源潜力评价提供了新思路和方法。

    Abstract

    The migration flux is a crucial parameter controlling the migration of hydrocarbon and other fluids in geological media,whereas there is no still unified rate model for describing non-linear flow of hydrocarbon and other fluids in sand- body transport layer with characteristics of typical porous media. Combining with the non-linear dynamics characteristics of hydrocarbon migration,we construct a new migration rate model for calculating the hydrocarbon migration rate in sand- body transport layers based on the main existing rate models of fluids in porous media. Moreover,taking transport layers of Shawan Formation etc. at Chepaizi area in Junggar Basin as an example,this paper illustrates the calculation steps,parame- ter characterization and resource evaluation application of the new model. The studies show that the hydrocarbon migration rate in sandbody transport layer has very strong non-linear dynamic characteristics. The migration rate,which is the key link between the dynamic mechanism and the migration and accumulation volume in sandbody transport layer,decreases as a power function with increase of the ratio of the resistance gradient to the dynamic gradient. The new model suggests the hydrocarbon migration and accumulation volumes in sandbody transport layers are controlled by the migration rate,the equivalent transport channel,and the charging time. The study provides a new analytical method for hydrocarbon migration analysis and resource potential evaluation in sandbody transport layers.

  • 砂体输导层作为盆地内油气重要的横向运载通道,可将油气运移数十米到数百公里,并最终聚集成储量巨大的远源油气藏[1-4]。以砂体为代表的孔隙介质内油气运移是受孔隙网络、地层水、烃类流体等相互作用的复杂动力学过程,油气的非达西渗流特征使运移速率与压力梯度之间不再满足线性达西公式[5-7]。自 1856年线性达西公式提出以来的百余年间,学者们提出了多种描述非达西渗流的非线性经验公式,如 Izbash 公式[8]、Hansbo 公式[9]、 Swartzendruber 公式[10]、Cee and Xiao 公式[11]、Forch⁃ heimer公式[12] 及 Plümper公式[13]。速度(场)模型是油气运聚成藏和开发动用的一个关键技术环节,但目前仍未形成统一的模型来描述运移速率与动力梯度之间复杂的非线性渗流规律[14]。据李明诚统计,实验测定砂体输导层的油气运移速率为 5×106~300×106 km/Ma,但实验速率与地质条件下油气运移速率难以有效匹配[15]。地质条件下砂体输导层中油气运移速率、运移距离及运聚量等尚不清楚。为此,分析砂体输导层中油气运移速率特征,给出了基于达西公式的油气运移速率新模型,并进行了实例应用分析及探讨。

  • 1 现有油气运移速率模型

  • 达西公式被广泛应用于描述孔隙介质内流体运移速率特征,即渗流速率与压力梯度线性相关,其表达式为:

  • v=Kdi
    (1)
  • 地质条件下孔隙介质渗流是流体性质、温压环境、孔喉结构及固液界面作用等的综合表现,故多属非达西渗流[715-16]。基于对前人大量的非达西渗流实验总结,SONI 等划分了达西渗流、前达西渗流及后达西渗流 3 种主要流态[17],后两者也分别称为低速非达西渗流和高速非达西渗流[18],达西渗流仅存在于雷诺系数为0.06~0.12的有限范围内[16]

  • 为描述孔隙介质中流体的非达西渗流特征,IZ⁃ BASH 提出渗流速率与压力梯度幂律相关,其表达式为[8]

  • v=Mim
    (2)
  • Izbash公式中,幂指数m取值与渗透状态有关:当 m=1 时,则为达西公式;当 m>1 时,Izbash 公式用来描述前达西渗流;当 m<1时,则对应后达西渗流,目前该公式被主要应用于描述低速非达西渗流现象。

  • 在界面效应十分显著的多相渗透的孔隙介质中,低速非达西渗流十分普遍,达西渗流和低速非达西渗流之间存在临界压力梯度,并具有启动压力梯度,且随渗透性降低或黏度增加,启动压力梯度增大。基于 Izbash 公式,HANSBO 考虑了临界压力和启动压力梯度对于渗流速率的影响,给出了渗流速率与压力梯度之间的关系[9]

  • (3)
  • m=1,io=0时,则为达西公式。

  • Hansbo公式中3个相互独立的常数需要实验确定,而对于连续的流体渗流行为,要通过2个公式确定适用于不同状态(线性和非线性)的3个参数极为困难。另外,Hansbo公式对于低速非达西渗流较为理想,而对于高速非达西渗流偏差较大[9]。为此, SWARTZENDRUBER 提出了基于达西公式的非线性指数公式[10],其表达式为:

  • v=Mi-I1-e-iI
    (4)
  • Swartzendruber 公式中,I 是与启动压力有关的常数。当 I 趋近于 0 时,或流体为理想的牛顿流体时,即为线性渗流;随水力梯度的增大,e-i/I趋近于0,两者再次变为线性关系,则(4)与(3)式(iiI)的形式一致,这意味着相对于(3)式,(4)式可以很好地处理达西线性渗流段和低速非达西渗流段的连续性问题。

  • 另外,为保证 i=iI处流体渗流的连续性和公式在该点的连续可微计算,进一步改进了(3)式,并用于描述界面效应十分显著的孔隙介质的渗透,其表达式为[11]

  • (5)
  • 对于高速非达西渗流,速率计算主要采用 Forchheimer公式[12]

  • v=ai2+bi+c
    (6)
  • 在(6)式中,渗流速率与压力梯度符合二次公式,公式的一次项为流体黏滞作用,二次项为流体的惯性作用,增列常数 c 是为更好地拟合公式。由于(6)式中各项具有明确物理意义,因此,可较好地处理孔隙介质中的高速渗流问题[14]

  • Izbash 公式、Hansbo 公式、Swartzendruber 公式, Cee and Xiao公式及 Forchheimer公式均是对压力驱动下孔隙流体渗流特征的经验描述,但对于纳米级孔隙网络,随孔隙减小、比表面增加及表面电荷作用力的增强,孔隙网络中产生新运移模式[19],前述的几种压力驱动的连续速率模型将不能很好地描述小孔隙中流体渗流特征,为此,PLÜMPER 等给出了纳米尺度上基于压力梯度、浓度梯度及电位梯度的流体运移速率公式[13]

  • v=-Kpi-KcκBTlnC-KvΦ
    (7)
  • (7)式对于致密层、泥页岩层等非常规储层中油气的非达西渗流描述具有重要意义。

  • 基于上述基本速率模型,近年来开展了大量关于孔隙介质渗流特征的研究工作,并取得了重要进展:一是获取现有各模型在不同渗流条件下的参数及其数学解,进而得到孔隙介质中流体运动特征[20-23],借助于孔隙成像技术及有限元算法等手段,得到了孔隙尺度上速率场分布特征[23]。二是试图建立一般化的速率与压力梯度模型,进而使公式能涵盖更大范围的非达西渗流特征,LIU 等给出了 Swartzendruber公式的一般形式[24],特别是考虑到渗流过程中“非局部化或记忆特征”,即其他地区对本区或过去状态对现今状态的影响,能更好地描述高速或低速非达西渗流的速率公式微积分形式[25-26]。三是提出或改进新模型,如 Plümper 公式[13]。每种模型都具有适用条件和不确定性,孔隙介质中流体的渗流规律在不断的改进和探索中,目前仍未有统一的公式来更好地描述孔隙介质中渗流特征。

  • 2 基于达西公式的新模型

  • 现有的非达西模型中常数的确定及速率求解过程较为复杂[27],如Cee and Xiao公式中有3个常数需要实验确定,而实验确定的参数往往难以匹配地下地质条件,这导致勘探上很难计算油气成藏过程的运移速率大小[15]。鉴于达西公式的广泛应用性和计算的简洁性,以达西定律为基础,建立新速率模型。

  • 油气运移具有两相非线性渗透特征,故渗流力学上用相对流度取代达西公式中的单相流度以反映更为复杂的多相渗透特征。更重要的一点是,实际油气运移是受静浮力、水动力、启动压力及毛细管力等共同作用控制[71528]。不同孔隙网络内主控的动力机制有所差异,且各作用力具有非连续性特征[1320],如重力与浮力共同引起的静浮力,在超压地层中压力是油气运移重要的动力条件[29-30],启动压力在低渗透孔隙中或流体黏度较大时是不能忽略的,毛细管压力对油气运移始终有影响,故用静浮力、水动力、毛细管力及启动压力等取代达西公式中的压力梯度。

  • 综合上述考虑,基于达西定律的新速率公式为:

  • v=KμΔpL=KKor μif+iw+io+ic
    (8)
  • 根据各作用力在油气运移过程中作用的不同,可合并为总阻力梯度和总动力梯度,进一步写成总阻力梯度与总动力梯度比值的形式,其表达式为:

  • v=KKor μ1-iripip
    (9)
  • irip时,运移速率为 0;当 irip时,其值越小,运移速率越高;当 ir <<i pir/ip≈0),即为达西公式,该速率模型较好地反映了两相渗流的非达西渗流特征,其中,总阻力梯度与总动力梯度比(ir/ip)是渗流动力与阻力综合作用的结果,控制了油气运移速率大小。

  • 由于运移速率相当于单位面积、单位时间内的运聚量,故油气成藏过程中砂体输导层内运聚量表达式为:

  • Q=KKor μ1-iripipAt
    (10)
  • 由模型可知,运移速率随 ir/ip增加呈幂律减小,即ir /ip极小变化可导致运移速率极大改变,进而影响砂体输导层中运聚量,故运移速率是联系动力机制与运聚量之间的关键环节。

  • 3 实例应用

  • 据新模型原理,开展砂体输导层潜力评价,计算步骤包括:①在砂体输导层基本地质特征分析的基础上,得到油气运移的相对流体阻力与动力梯度比,据(9)式计算油气运移速率。②以运移速率为基础,刻画油气运移的等效输导通道及充注时间,据(10)式计算输导层油气运聚量。③基于上述参数,可分析不同输导层运聚量,进而评价研究区各目的层相对潜力。

  • 3.1 砂体输导层基本地质特征

  • 准噶尔盆地西缘车排子地区是以石炭系为基底的继承性古凸起,是沙湾凹陷油气运移的有利指向区(图1)。自下而上依次发育侏罗系、白垩系、古近系、新近系及第四系,新近系沙湾组(N1s)为区域砂体输导层,该输导层与红车油源断层配置,形成 “断-砂”输导体系[31]。来自沙湾凹陷的油气沿红车断裂带向 N1s 输导层充注,并沿该套输导层向凸起长距离横向运移[432-33],油气多位于输导层尖灭线附近(图1)。N1s输导层现今埋深小于1 800 m,孔渗条件好,孔隙度为 9.1%~37%,平均为 28%,渗透率为 0.9~1 020 mD,平均为61.4 mD,横向输导条件好,沿砂体输导层横向长距离运移成藏特征为本次研究提供了理想的分析对象。

  • 图1 过排浅4—车30井地质剖面

  • Fig.1 Cross section from Well Paiqian4 to Well Che30

  • 3.2 阻力和动力梯度构成及大小

  • 研究区地质特征决定 N1s输导层油气运移的基本动力环境。N1s处于浅埋藏的常压环境,浮力是油气运移的主要动力,输导层整体倾向凹陷,具有与油气运移方向相反的水动力条件。同时,油气运移始终受输导层毛细管力作用,且油气本身具有一定的启动压力。故浮力、水动力、启动压力及毛细管力等构成油气运移的阻力和动力环境。

  • 浮力梯度是静浮力与油柱高度的比值,计算结果为 0.000 69~0.002 65 MPa / m,平均为 0.001 45 MPa/m;毛细管力梯度用毛细管力与其临界油柱高度比来表征,其值为0.000 85~0.001 04 MPa/m,平均为 0.001 02 MPa/m;启动压力梯度通过流度与启动压力梯度的幂律关系计算[34-35],其值为 0.000 16~0.002 38 MPa/m,平均为 0.000 76 MPa/m;水力梯度是沿渗流途径上的水头损失与渗流途径长度的比值[15],其值为 0.000 02~0.000 1 MPa / m,平均为 0.000 028 MPa/m。对比来看,浮力梯度与毛细管力梯度处于同一数量级,较启动压力梯度大 0~1 个数量级,较水力梯度大2个数量级。

  • 3.3 砂体输导层油气运移速率

  • 基于研究区阻力和动力条件与输导层物性变化特征,据(9)式计算 ir/ip为 0.001~1、流度为 0.1~16mD/(mPa•s)的运移速率。由图2可知,在相同流度下,油气运移速率随ir /ip减小呈幂律减小;在相同ir /ip 下,不同流度的油气运移速率差别较大,当ir/ip=0.1,流度为0.1 mD/(mPa•s)时的速率仅为2.5 km/Ma,而流度为 16 mD/(mPa • s)时的速率则达 11 000 km/ Ma,速率相差4个数量级。

  • 考虑到油气运移的复杂性,按照新模型选取平均相对流度为 1.44 mD/(mPa•s),平均阻力梯度为 0.001 21 MPa/m,平均静浮力梯度为 0.001 67 MPa/ m,计算 N1s 输导层油气实际运移速率。由图2 可知,N1s 输导层实际运移速率为 19.68 km/Ma。其他条件不变,当最小静浮力梯度为0.001 25 MPa/m时,运移速率仅为 1.8 km/Ma。当最大静浮力梯度为 0.002 65 MPa/m 时,运移速率为 64.9 km/Ma。由于油气趋于以最大静浮力梯度、且沿最小阻力与动力梯度比的路径上运移,故在一定输导通道条件下, N1s油气运移速率可能趋于以最大速率运移。

  • 图2 油气运移速率和阻力与动力梯度比的关系

  • Fig.2 Hydrocarbon migration rate as function of ratio of resistance gradient and dynamic gradient

  • 3.4 等效输导通道及充注时间

  • 除过油气本身的运移速率,输导通道空间大小和油气充注持续时间也对输导层中运聚量有重要影响。砂体输导层中孔隙空间为油气可能充注通道空间,而其中有油气显示的空间必然是有效通道空间[1536],但有效输导通道空间复杂变化,难以刻画和表征[37-38],为此,提出用等效输导通道来表征油气有效通道。源藏分离背景下(图1),油源断层与砂体输导层配置构成油气输导格架,因此,断-砂对接部位是油气充注断面,充注断面面积乘以孔隙度为油气最大充注通道面积,最大充注通道乘以油气显示比例即为油气运移通道,即油气经过断-砂对接部位进入输导层,故可等效表征输导层中实际运移通道空间。

  • 依据上述原理,刻画 N1s输导层等效输导通道。据三维地震资料,断至 N1s 的油源断层的延伸长度为 61.8 km,N1s 砂体厚度为 7~140 m,平均厚度为 17.3 m,输导层平均孔隙度为28%,油气显示厚度为 0.1~15 m,平均为3.3 m(图3),油气平均显示厚度比为0.19。依据李明诚砂体输导层运移通道空间的计算方法[15],N1s 输导层等效输导通道空间的充注断面面积为:61.8×0.0173×0.28×0.19=0.056 8 km2。虽然实际砂体输导层往往具有若干个油气充注点,但上述方法得到的是总有效通道空间,故对油气运聚量影响不大。

  • 图3 准噶盆地车排子地区N1s油气显示厚度直方图

  • Fig.3 Histogram of hydrocarbon show thickness of N1s at Chepaizi area in Junggar Basin

  • 油气充注时间采用流体包裹体法确定。N1s输导层内与含烃包裹体共生的同期盐水包裹体均一温度为 50~60℃,据包裹体均一温度与埋藏史的关系(图4),其油气充注时间为距今 1.2 Ma,现今目的层中油气横向运移距离为 18~50 km,以此估算,其运移速率为 15~41 km/Ma,这一估算速率处于新模型计算速率范围内(1.8~64.9 km/Ma),表明新模型较为准确。受限于运移速率不同而导致的输导路径上差异聚集,N1s圈闭充满度随运移距离增加而降低[4]

  • 图4 准噶尔盆地车排子地区N1s油气充注史

  • Fig.4 Hydrocarbon charging histories of N1s at Chepaizi area in Junggar Basin

  • 3.5 砂体输导层中油气运聚量

  • 砂体输导层中总运聚量等于运移速率、等效输导通道及充注时间的乘积。N1s输导层等效输导通道面积为 0.057 km2,充注时间约为 1.2 Ma,以最大运移速率为 64.9 km/Ma计算,在充注时间内油气在砂体输导层中横向运移距离可达77.8 km,运聚量为 5.54×109 m3。以平均运移速率为19.68 km/Ma计算,运移距离为23.6 km,平均运聚量为3.61×109 m3。以最小运移速率为 1.8 km/Ma 计算,运移距离仅为 3 km,油气尚不能到达研究区。

  • 为分析不同输导特征而导致的运聚量差异,采用新模型进一步评价了被同一油源断层断开的清水河组(K1q)和八道湾组(J1b)2 套输导层运聚量。各层参数取值及结果如表1 所示,评价结果表明, N1s,K1q 和 J1b 三个输导层的平均运移速率分别为 19.68,6.46 和 3.37 km/Ma,对应的平均运聚量分别为3.61×109,0.15×109 和1.37×109 m3。即使是被同一油源断层(红车断层)断穿、充注基本一致的不同输导层,具有较快的运移速率的输导层充注更快、运移距离更远、运聚量更大,比如 N1s。另据第 3 次资源评价结果,车排子凸起总资源量约为11.8×109 m3,这意味着 3 个层系的资源量分配比分别为 30%, 1.3% 和 11.6%。截至 2020 年,N1s 探明石油地质储量约为 1.2×109 m3,表明 N1s 仍有较大潜力,J1b 也有一定潜力,K1q潜力较小,另外约57%进入其他层位(如石炭系),作为基底的石炭系近来被证实具有极大的勘探潜力[38-41]

  • 表1 研究区目的层主要动力学参数和评价

  • Table1 Parameters and evaluation of sandbody transport layers at study area

  • 4 新模型特点

  • 与经验统计模型对比,新模型有以下特点:第一,模型依据地质记录表征了输导层等效时空通道,避免了对复杂运移通道的刻画,同时得到输导层中的实际油气充注量,进而解决了输导层间的油气分配比例难题。第二,模型同时采用了非线性多相渗流速率公式,如公式中包括黏吸力、相渗透率等参数,也考虑了吸附滞留对运聚量的影响,故模型得到的油气充注量为输导层中总的可动运聚量。第三,由于实例中油气充注时间晚、保存条件好,故可不考虑油气的散失情况,但在保存条件较差的地区,可以通过刻画导致油气散失的断-盖体系的运移速率和等效时空通道等参数,依据新模型计算具体层系油气散失量,进而计算最终聚集量。

  • 5 结论

  • 基于传统模型的对比分析,提出了计算油气运移速率的新模型。新速率模型建立了油气运移的阻、动力机制与运聚量之间的关键联系,砂体输导层中油气运聚量受控于油气运移速率、等效输导通道以及油气充注时间。通过定量表征参数,应用模型可评价砂体输导层中油气运聚量、运移距离及分配比例等潜力大小,车排子地区 N1s 油气运移速率为 1.8~64.9 km/Ma,运移距离为 3~77.8 km,平均运聚量约为3.61×109 m3,约占总资源量的30%。

  • 符号解释

  • abc——Forchheimer公式中的常数;

  • A——砂体输导层中油气充注横截面面积,m2

  • C——流体质量分数,%;

  • i——压力梯度,MPa/m;

  • ic——毛细管力梯度,MPa/m;

  • if ——静浮力梯度,MPa/m;

  • iI ——临界压力梯度,MPa/m;

  • io——启动压力梯度,MPa/m;

  • ip——总动力梯度,MPa/m;

  • ir ——总阻力梯度,MPa/m;

  • iw——水力梯度,MPa/m;

  • I——Swartzendruber公式中与启动压力有关的常数;

  • K——Hansbo公式和Cee and Xiao公式中常数;

  • Kc ——扩散渗透系数,m4 /(V•s);

  • Kd——水力传导系数,m/(Pa•s);

  • Kor——相渗透率系数,小数;

  • Kp ——水动力系数,m4 /(Pa•s);

  • Kv ——电渗透系数,m4 /(V•s);

  • L——流体长度,m;

  • m——Hansbo公式和Cee and Xiao公式中与启动压力有关的常数;

  • M——Swartzendruber公式中常数;

  • Q——油气运聚量,m3

  • t——油气充注时间,s;

  • T——绝对温度,K;

  • v——渗流速率,m/s;

  • κ——Hansbo公式和Cee and Xiao公式中常数;

  • κB——波尔兹曼常数,J/K或Pa•m3 /K;

  • ∇lnC——物质组分的摩尔分数梯度,1/m;

  • Ф——电位梯度,V/m;

  • Δp——流体两端压差,MPa;

  • μ——烃类黏度,mPa•s。

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