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作者简介:

韩月卿(1992—),女,山西高平人,副研究员,硕士,从事沉积储层研究工作。E-mail:hanyq2018.syky@sinopec.com。

通讯作者:

郝运轻(1973—),女,河北无极人,高级工程师,博士。E-mail:haoyq.syky@sinopec.com。

中图分类号:TE122.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2022)06-0012-10

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.202204044

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目录contents

    摘要

    近期,川东南地区多口井在中二叠统茅口组一段(茅一段)眼球状灰岩中见到良好的油气显示,但其成因机理一直颇有争议。基于重点钻井岩心和野外露头观察,通过岩石薄片、扫描电镜和微量元素分析,结合区域地质背景,探讨眼球状灰岩的特征及成因机理。结果表明:川东南地区茅一段眼球状灰岩发育卷曲变形构造、液化底劈、液化脉、热液脉和生物壳体反扣等现象,具有地震震动改造的特征。眼球状灰岩主要由方解石、石英、白云石、滑石、黄铁矿以及有机质组成,滑石以交代生屑或呈星点状、团块状、纤维放射状、岩流产状等形态赋存。微量元素分析结果表明“眼皮”形成于比“眼球”更为缺氧的环境中,沉积时期受火山活动的影响。茅一段眼球状灰岩是在峨眉山大火成岩省地质背景下由地震活动与沉积-成岩综合作用形成的,地震活动会引起较为动荡的瞬时水流,间歇性破坏碳酸盐岩的稳定沉积条件,造成不同组分的混合形态不同,使得沉积物的成分和产状存在差异,从而形成具有特殊沉积构造的眼球状灰岩。

    Abstract

    Recently,a number of drilling wells in the southeast Sichuan Basin have good oil and gas display in eyeballshaped limestones in the First Member of the Middle Permian of Maokou Formation(Mao1),but the genetic mechanism of the eyeball-shaped limestone has been controversial. Based on the observation of key drilling cores and field outcrops,as well as thin sections of rocks,scanning electron microscopy and microelement analysis,the characteristics and genetic mechanism of the eyeball-shaped limestones are explored,combined with the regional geological background. The results show that the eyeball-shaped limestones of Mao1 in the southeastern Sichuan Basin develop curl deformation structure,liq- uefied diapir,liquefied veins,hydrothermal veins,and biological shell convex-down,which have the characteristics of earthquake vibration modification. In addition,eyeball-shaped limestones are mainly composed of calcite,quartz, dolomite, talc,pyrite and organic matter. Talc exists as metasomatic bioclasts or in the form of star points, agglomerates,fibrous radia- tions and rock flowage. The microelement analysis results indicate that the“eyelids”were formed in a more anoxic environ- ment than the“eyeballs”,which are both influenced by volcanic activities during the deposition period. The Mao1 eyeball-shaped limestones were formed through seismic activities and deposition-diagenesis under the geological background of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province. Seismic activities could cause turbulent instantaneous water flow and intermittently de- stroy steady carbonate deposition conditions,which resulted in different mixing patterns of different components,leading to differences in composition and occurrence of deposits, and thus the eyeball-shaped limestones with special sedimentary structures were formed.

  • 川东南地区中二叠统茅口组多种类型碳酸盐岩储层已获得勘探突破,包括热液白云岩储层、岩溶缝洞型储层等。近期,PQ1,MY1和DS1等井在茅口组一段(茅一段)眼球状灰岩中见到良好的油气显示,展现了较好的勘探潜力。茅一段眼球状灰岩在整个扬子地区广泛分布,其成因机理是目前研究的热点,前人主要有沉积成因和成岩成因2种观点。沉积成因观点强调环境变化导致沉积产物不同,如上升流成因[1-2]、风暴作用成因[3-4] 等。罗进雄等认为上升流作用导致沉积环境与物质供应间歇性变化,从而形成眼球状灰岩[2]。风暴重力流成因观点强调眼球状灰岩形成于碳酸盐岩的斜坡相,为碎屑流作用的产物[3-4]。生物生产力成因观点认为高生物生产力造成了海洋缺氧环境,解释了“眼皮”缺氧环境的形成,但部分学者对于“眼球”与“眼皮”中生物生产力的高低存在争议[5-6],尚需深入研究。成岩成因观点强调后期的成岩作用,如压溶成因[7]、成岩分异成因,认为眼球状灰岩的原始沉积物是均质分布的。压溶成因观点强调埋藏过程中局部应力场形成的缝合线切割了原始沉积物,钙质聚集成“眼球”,而压敏性较差的黏土残留富集形成“眼皮”[7-8]。成岩分异成因强调成岩过程中孔隙水化学性质的改变造成文石发生溶解,方解石局部沉淀胶结形成 “眼球”[9]。随着埋深增大,“眼皮”在差异压实作用下发生塑性流动,使得“眼球”也随之形成连续或杂乱排列的形态。由此可见,眼球状灰岩的特征和成因机理还存在较大的争议。为此,笔者对川东南地区重点井岩心及野外露头资料进行分析,利用岩石薄片、扫描电镜及微量元素分析等方法,精细描述 “眼球”与“眼皮”的各项特征,结合区域地质背景,探讨川东南地区茅一段眼球状灰岩的成因机理及其油气地质意义,以期为这种特殊类型的储层提供勘探开发理论指导。

  • 1 区域地质概况

  • 四川盆地位于上扬子地台西北缘,可划分为川西北低平褶皱带、川西低隆褶皱带、川中平缓褶皱带、川西南低陡褶皱带、川南低陡褶皱带和川东高陡褶皱带。研究区位于川东高陡褶皱带上并发育多条北东—南西向与北西—南东向断裂,北东向断裂与北东向褶皱展布方向基本一致(图1a)。二叠系茅口组沉积早期,四川盆地经历了一次广泛的海侵,发育一套碳酸盐岩缓坡相[10],研究区主要位于碳酸盐岩外缓坡亚相。其茅口组自下而上可分为三段(图1b):茅一段岩性以深灰色、灰黑色灰泥灰岩与灰色颗粒灰岩为主,又称眼球状灰岩;茅二段岩性以灰色含泥灰岩为主,生屑较为发育;茅三段岩性以浅灰色、灰色颗粒灰岩为主,生屑含量较高,是白云岩储层[11]和岩溶储层[12]的有利发育层位。茅一段在整个四川盆地分布较为稳定,在川东南地区的厚度约为 116~130 m[10],由北西向南东呈逐渐增厚的趋势。发生于中二叠世末期的峨眉山大火成岩省热事件(ELIP)是整个华南地区十分重要的一次热地质事件[13],造成茅口组差异抬升,也控制了多种类型储层的发育。

  • 图1 川东南地区中二叠统茅一段区域构造位置与地层综合柱状图

  • Fig.1 Rregional structural position and comprehensive strata histogram of Mao1 in southeast Sichuan Basin

  • 2 沉积特征

  • 基于川东南地区石柱冷水溪剖面以及 MY1, YH1,PQ1,PQ2和 DX1等井资料,通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定以及扫描电镜分析,对眼球状灰岩的沉积构造、岩石学和矿物学特征进行研究。

  • 2.1 沉积构造特征

  • 眼球状灰岩由“眼球”与“眼皮”组成,野外露头上可见“眼球”包卷于“眼皮”中,呈眼球状或透镜状,因此又称瘤状灰岩,瘤体长度为 10~30 cm,成层分布,层厚为 20~50 cm,层面波状起伏,风化面凹凸不平(图2a)。“眼皮”新鲜面呈灰黑色,部分具有页理特征。研究区茅一段发育多种层内构造变形等非正常沉积现象,如卷曲变形构造、液化底劈、液化脉、热液脉、生物壳体反扣等。

  • 2.1.1 卷曲变形构造

  • 卷曲变形构造是指未固结的软沉积物因振动液化发生明显弯曲而形成的一系列小型揉皱、褶曲等同生变形构造。深灰色“眼皮”与浅灰色“眼球” 互相包卷,呈包卷状、波状或槽状起伏[14] (图2b)。卷曲变形构造规模大小不等,形态不规则且无明显定向性,与构造应力造成的褶皱具有明显区别。

  • 2.1.2 液化底劈

  • 液化作用主要是指外力触发时(如地震),沉积物的孔隙水压力升高,有效压力降低而导致沉积物由固态转化为液态的作用。液化作用会使沉积物颗粒排列更为紧密,并发生排水作用[15]。由于上覆“眼球”的差异挤压,下伏“眼皮”沿受压相对小的通道泄出时形成液化底劈,呈现出火焰状、锥状等形态(图2c)。“眼皮”灰泥火焰与围岩界线清楚,火焰下端相连于液化灰泥灰岩,火焰内部见液化灰泥流动时形成的纵向纹线[16]

  • 图2 川东南地区中二叠统茅一段眼球状灰岩沉积构造

  • Fig.2 Sedimentary structures of Mao1 eyeball-shaped limestones in southeastern Sichuan Basin

  • 2.1.3 液化脉

  • 地震活动发生时,地层受瞬时影响而形成一系列裂缝,软沉积物在液化泄水过程中充填裂缝即形成液化脉,液化脉在地震现象中最为常见[17]。研究区茅一段液化脉以灰泥脉为主,一般宽度为 0.2~1 cm,长度为1 cm至十几厘米,产状直立,两端或一端因受裂缝内阻力呈收敛变尖形态[18] (图2d)。灰泥脉源自母岩灰泥灰岩层,是地震活动时灰泥侵入下伏颗粒灰岩的构造裂缝中形成的。

  • 2.1.4 热液脉

  • 热液脉与液化脉不同,主要由来自深部岩浆的热液流体经断裂挤压上拱形成。研究区热液脉主要由巨晶方解石、白云石及石英等矿物充填,脉体近直立发育且具有定向特征,基质灰岩发生破裂 (图2e)。

  • 2.1.5 生物壳体反扣

  • 灰泥灰岩中可见大量壳类生屑堆积,这些壳类生屑多数呈凸起向下的形态(图2f,图2g),而这种产状不可能形成于沉积水体中(包括风暴浪等震荡水体)。SEILACHER认为这种生物壳体反扣现象与地震活动有关[19],地震产生的震动使表层松散的沉积物悬浮,随后沉重的生物壳体优先在基本平静的水体中沉降下来,从而形成了凸起向下的形态。

  • 古地震成因并不是以上沉积构造特征的唯一解释,单个特征反映的成因机制或具有多解性。然而,结合区域地质背景以及典型特征在空间上的组合规律,地震作用是解释上述变形构造最可靠的驱动力,是触发软沉积物变形构造形成的主要因素,其主要通过地震波的震动液化含水、未固结或半固结的海底沉积物[19]。软沉积物在沉积期或早成岩期受到扰动变形而发生液化作用,从而形成上述变形构造。受地震改造的沉积物表现出不同原岩成分对震动过程的不同响应,也反映了地震活动剧烈、减弱直至停止的过程[14]

  • 2.2 岩石学特征

  • “眼球”岩性以灰泥颗粒灰岩为主,颗粒含量大于 50%,主要由砂屑、生屑等组成,见腹足类、有孔虫等,腹足类体腔内见示顶底构造(图3a),体腔孔下部为暗色泥晶方解石,是孔隙形成后不久由上覆水体中呈悬浮状态的灰泥沉积形成的;上部为后期充填的浅色亮晶方解石,两者界面近平直,可指示岩层顶底。填隙物以灰泥为主,局部为亮晶方解石 (图3a),表明间歇动荡的沉积环境。部分亮晶胶结物发生白云石化,形成细-中晶白云石(图3b,图3c),呈半自形-它形,部分晶面弯曲呈鞍形特征,表明可能受过热流体改造[20]。“眼皮”岩性以生屑质灰泥灰岩为主,灰泥含量大于 50%,生屑含量为 25%~50%,主要为腕足类、介壳类等,具有定向排列的特征(图3d),部分生屑发生滑石化(图3e),单偏光下呈褐黄色。生屑颗粒间主要由灰泥及细晶白云石充填,白云石呈自形-半自形,且部分生屑发生白云石化(图3f)。

  • 图3 川东南地区PQ2井中二叠统茅一段眼球状灰岩显微照片

  • Fig.3 Photomicrographs of Mao1 eyeball-shaped limestones of Well PQ2 in southeastern Sichuan Basin

  • 2.3 矿物学特征

  • DX1井茅一段眼球状灰岩X射线衍射全岩分析结果表明,“眼球”与“眼皮”矿物组成差异较大(图4)。“眼球”矿物组分主要为方解石,含少量石英,其中方解石含量为 64.5%~99.3%,石英含量为 0.7%~5.1%;“眼皮”矿物组分主要为方解石和黏土矿物,含少量石英和白云石,其中方解石含量为 29.1%~87%,低于“眼球”,黏土矿物含量为 29.1%~62.8%,石英含量为2.1%~11.7%。

  • 图4 川东南地区DX1井中二叠统茅一段眼球状灰岩矿物组成

  • Fig.4 Mineral compositions of Mao1 eyeball-shaped limestones of Well DX1 in southeastern Sichuan Basin

  • 研究区茅一段眼球状灰岩的黏土矿物以含不等量滑石为特征。滑石在岩心上呈条带状或透镜状产出,单偏光下呈褐黄色,以交代生屑或自生矿物赋存,滑石化程度不一。显微镜下可见滑石交代腕足类、介壳类、棘皮类等生屑(图5a—5c),生物的壳壁发生滑石化。生屑具有定向排列的特征,颗粒间发育自形-半自形细晶白云石和条带状有机质 (图5c)。除交代生屑外,滑石还以自生矿物形态呈星点状、团块状产出(图5d)。裂缝中的滑石位于巨晶方解石与基质灰泥灰岩之间(图5e),具有岩流产状,呈团块状、纤维放射状集合体(图5f),颜色呈褐色、褐黄色。扫描电镜观察显示部分滑石交代生屑体腔使生屑类型难以分辨(图5g),部分滑石呈片状顺层分布于方解石与白云石的晶间孔中,滑石缝保存完整且结构清晰,呈张开状,与有机质伴生(图5h),且方解石颗粒与黄铁矿集合体及微裂缝伴生 (图5i)。根据滑石的星点状或岩流产状等不均匀分布的特征,判断其为非沉积成因。结合区域沉积构造背景,认为滑石的成因与二叠纪富镁富硅的热地质环境有关[21]

  • 3 微量元素特征

  • 前人研究认为 V/(V+Ni)和 V/Cr 值可作为指示缺氧与富氧古环境的地球化学标志[22]。川东南地区中二叠统茅一段眼球状灰岩微量元素分析结果显示,“眼球”V/(V +Ni)值为 0.32~0.74,平均值为 0.49;V/Cr 值为 0.08~1.11,平均值为 0.68。“眼皮”V/ (V +Ni)值为 0.36~0.82,平均值为 0.60;V/ Cr 值为 0.17~2.8,平均值为0.78。依据缺氧与富氧环境的地球化学判识指标[23] 可以得出:V/(V+Ni)值表明“眼球”总体为常氧-贫氧环境的产物,“眼皮”总体为厌氧-贫氧环境的产物;V/Cr 值表明“眼球”总体为常氧-贫氧环境的产物,“眼皮”总体也为常氧-贫氧环境的产物。综上所述,“眼皮”沉积环境比“眼球”的缺氧程度高。这2项指标的判识结果虽然不完全相同,但都表明“眼皮”与“眼球”的古氧环境存在差别,“眼皮”形成于比“眼球”更为缺氧的环境中。

  • 4 成因机理探讨

  • 4.1 前人观点分析

  • 关于扬子地区茅口组眼球状灰岩的成因,前人主要提出沉积成因和成岩成因 2 种观点:沉积成因包括上升流、风暴重力流和生物生产力等;成岩成因包括压溶、成岩分异和差异压实等。

  • 4.1.1 沉积成因

  • 现代大洋中的上升流沉积普遍富磷,而川东南地区茅一段眼球状灰岩的磷含量非常低,本次实验测得“眼球”与“眼皮”的磷含量均小于 0.006 μg/g,故不符合上升流沉积富磷的特征[24]。此外,现代大洋中上升流沉积(如安哥拉海盆)发育长度近 100 km的缺氧带[25],但古代上升流作用是否能够形成扬子地区如此大范围的缺氧沉积还需考证。

  • 图5 川东南地区中二叠统茅一段滑石特征

  • Fig.5 Characteristics of Mao1 talc in southeastern Sichuan Basin

  • 风暴作用形成的重力流可能在局部地区出现,但难以解释扬子地区眼球状灰岩大面积连片成层发育的情况[23]。且川东南地区茅口组眼球状灰岩不具有典型的重力流沉积特征,无丘状交错层理伴生,也未见“眼球”大小混杂、分选性差等现象。

  • 生物生产力成因观点是以薄片上单位面积的生屑含量作为评价指标[5],认为单位面积的生屑含量高代表较高的生产力,会导致水体耗氧增加,造成缺氧环境。然而显微镜下薄片观察,“眼球”单位面积的生屑含量大部分高于“眼皮”,这与生物生产力成因观点认为的“眼皮”生物生产力高于“眼球” 的结论存在矛盾。同时高生物生产力的形成机制尚不明确,有待深入研究。

  • 4.1.2 成岩成因

  • 压溶成因以缝合线作为关键指示特征[7-8],而川东南地区野外露头和岩心上“眼球”与“眼皮”之间未见大量缝合线发育,部分“眼球”与“眼皮”界线并不清晰,为逐渐过渡的形态,故不符合压溶作用的特征。

  • 成岩分异成因强调“眼球”是由文石转化为方解石沉淀胶结而成[9],即水体性质发生周期性变化导致钙离子重新分配聚集形成“眼球”[26],而川东南地区野外露头和岩心观察发现“眼球”并不具备同心状或放射状的内部结构,所以这一观点尚不符合实际情况。除此之外,文石质的粗枝藻类在“眼球” 与“眼皮”中均大量存在,且其内部的方解石晶粒大小均匀并呈等轴状,未表现出由内向外逐渐增大的趋势,说明文石是在原地转化为方解石的,而不是粗枝藻类溶解后产生的钙离子在别处发生富集沉淀形成“眼球”[7]。安县地区茅口组米齐藻的成岩特征也表明其只遭受了机械破碎作用,且米齐藻中未见微米级文石针发育,说明文石不是灰泥的主要来源[27-28]。同时,川东南地区茅一段“眼皮”显微镜下可见生屑壳体保存完整且白云石晶体自形程度高,扫描电镜下可见滑石的微裂缝保存完整且结构清晰(图5h),说明其受压实成岩作用较弱[29]

  • 目前较为接受的观点是差异压实成因,强调 “眼球”与“眼皮”在层理、内部结构、生屑排列、成岩强度等方面的差异。其本质在于沉积过程中原始沉积物的成分差异和形态差异,成分差异即碳酸盐岩中灰泥含量的高低,而形态差异即岩石层面的起伏。然而,“眼皮”中灰泥富集反映了水动力较弱的环境,生屑含量高且层面起伏不平则反映了水动力较强的环境,二者存在矛盾。冯增昭等认为“眼皮” 可能发育于水体较深的环境中,瞬时性较动荡水流使水体变浑,从而使灰泥、钙质和生屑混杂堆积,随后沉积于较静水的条件下[30];“眼球”则形成于黏土供应少的正常稳定水体环境中。至于是何种原因造成了瞬时性较动荡水体环境,尚无定论。

  • 4.2 新观点提出

  • 朱传庆等研究钻井热流史恢复认为,距今 290 Ma时,川西南地区的热流值超过了80 mW/m2,川东北地区开江一带也存在相对高热流值(70 mW/m2),说明早二叠世峨眉山地区已经开始了拉张和岩浆活动;距今 260~259 Ma 时,峨眉山玄武岩大面积喷发引起剧烈的地壳运动[31]。因此,在这种大规模岩浆活动背景下,含硅镁质的高温上升流以及间歇性的地震活动或海啸事件对中二叠统沉积影响较大。现代的火山喷发事件(如西班牙拉帕尔马岛火山喷发)表明,火山喷发事件发生的数年前就会发生多次地震活动并伴随小型余震,导致地面严重变形[32-33]。火山活动会引起海水频繁震荡甚至海啸,从而影响海底沉积物的组成。乔秀夫等认为峨眉地裂运动除发生玄武岩喷发外,必然伴随着多次强地震的发生,其在桂西北泥盆纪灰岩中发现大量产状直立的茅口组碳酸盐岩岩墙[34-35],该类岩墙是在二叠纪强震发生时,茅口组未成岩软沉积物灌入下伏已经成岩的泥盆系灰岩裂缝中形成的,这与本次研究在岩心上发现的液化脉成因类似。一般来说,地震成因的沉积物分布范围广[36],且研究区中二叠统具有火山活动的地质背景,因此推测火山活动引起的地壳振荡是茅一段卷曲变形构造、液化底劈、液化脉、热液脉、生物壳体反扣等沉积构造形成的主要原因。

  • “眼球”与“眼皮”中发育的大量滑石以交代生屑或自生矿物形态存在,非均质性强且分布不规律,结合沉积构造及地质背景,可判断其为非沉积成因。任海侠等提出川西南地区茅一段滑石为中低温热液通过断裂上涌交代镁质碳酸盐岩而成[29]。川东南地区茅一段眼球状灰岩中的滑石与川西南地区具有类似特征,其与鞍形白云石共生,表明该区眼球状灰岩沉积时受热流体的影响。眼球状灰岩中黄铁矿的存在与微量元素分析结果表明,“眼球”与“眼皮”均发育于不同程度的常氧-缺氧环境。无论是深水成因还是浅水成因,前人关于“眼皮”是缺氧环境的产物这一认识已达成共识。同时火山活动会造成缺氧现象,如二叠纪末期的火山活动造成了生物大灭绝事件[37-38]。热液特征与缺氧现象也表明茅一段眼球状灰岩沉积时受火山活动的影响。

  • 当中二叠世茅口期火山活动伴随的地震发生时,茅口组灰岩尚处于软沉积物状态,生屑颗粒堆积且初步固结,地震波形成重力流并随海浪被搬运移动。地震成因重力流沉积是一种内力地质作用,与外力表生地质作用的风暴重力流特征有较大区别,其特征标志包括:异地浅海化石与深海化石交替出现;具滑塌、揉皱破碎构造;无丘状交错层理伴生;沉积物分布面积广,呈块状、席状且厚度较稳定[39-40]。地震作用引起的变形构造可以发生在任何沉积环境中,如斜坡相和碳酸盐岩台地等[41-42]。川东南地区茅一段眼球状灰岩均符合上述地震成因的典型特征。当地震强度减弱或停止时,随着海平面的升高或降低,沉积层状颗粒灰岩或灰泥灰岩。地震引起的水流会间歇性地破坏碳酸盐岩沉积条件,造成不同组分的混合形态不同,使得沉积物的成分和产状存在差异,这就解释了差异压实成因的水动力机制。成岩早期,在地震外力触发下,半固结的层状颗粒灰岩地层发生塑性变形,而未固结的灰泥灰岩从裂缝侵入,进一步破碎、扰动颗粒灰岩。在沉积后作用过程中,较重的颗粒灰岩卷入较软的灰泥灰岩中,同时灰泥灰岩也发生不均匀上窜,从而呈现出孤立的似枕状、椭球状、透镜状的“眼球” 以及围绕其分布的波状起伏、火焰状的“眼皮”。频繁或间歇性发生的地震活动可形成多套灰泥灰岩与灰岩韵律层。

  • 5 油气地质意义

  • 眼球状灰岩作为一种新类型的非常规储层,具有一定的有机质丰度并有良好的储集性能,分布范围非常广泛。川东南地区茅一段眼球状灰岩总有机碳含量为0.16%~1.75%,“眼皮”有机质含量比“眼球”高,其镜质组反射率为 2.42%~2.75%,处于过成熟阶段(深部高温生气阶段)。地震作用虽然会使疏松、富含水的沉积物液化后孔渗性变差,但其破坏岩层产生的裂缝却有利于油气的输导运移。眼球状灰岩总体为低孔低渗透储层[43],“眼皮”的储集空间以滑石缝、粒缘缝、有机质孔为主,具有良好的储集性能。“眼球”也发育高角度裂缝、晶间孔等使储层物性得以改善。

  • 眼球状灰岩沉积构造及成因的研究也有助于确定古环境的水动力条件、古水流与古坡度方向以及解释古气候与古地震事件[44]。地震活动是触发软沉积物变形的主要因素,由于引起地震作用的板块构造运动及火山运动在盆地分析及古地理恢复中起着重要作用,因此软沉积物变形构造的研究可以指示震源的位置及震级[45],分析板块构造活动、沉积相变化和火山活动等[46]

  • 6 结论

  • 川东南地区茅一段眼球状灰岩发育卷曲变形构造、液化底劈、液化脉、热液脉、生物壳体反扣等沉积构造,具有地震震动改造的特征。眼球状灰岩主要由方解石、石英、白云石、滑石、黄铁矿以及有机质组成,滑石以交代生屑或呈星点状、团块状、纤维放射状产出,裂缝中的滑石具有岩流产状且滑石缝非常发育。微量元素分析结果表明“眼球”与“眼皮”的古氧环境存在差别,“眼皮”形成于比“眼球” 更为缺氧的环境中。缺氧现象与热液特征表明茅一段眼球状灰岩沉积时受火山活动的影响。眼球状灰岩是在峨眉山大火成岩省地质背景下由地震活动与沉积-成岩综合作用形成的。地震活动会引起较为动荡的瞬时水流,间歇性地破坏稳定的碳酸盐岩沉积条件,造成不同组分的混合形态不同,使得沉积物的成分和产状存在差异,从而形成具有特殊沉积构造的眼球状灰岩。川东南地区多口钻井在茅一段获得工业气流,眼球状灰岩为一套自生自储的新类型非常规储层且有机质富集,具有较大的油气勘探潜力。眼球状灰岩沉积构造特征及成因研究也有助于研究二叠纪古环境和火山活动。

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