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作者简介:

张关龙(1980—),男,河南信阳人,研究员,博士,从事油气勘探研究工作。E-mail:ZHANGGL732.slyt@sinopec.com。

中图分类号:TE121

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2023)01-0035-14

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.202202022

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目录contents

    摘要

    准噶尔盆地下二叠统风城组为一套重要的烃源岩,对该时期沉积环境的认识存在海相与湖泊相的争议。根据研究区及邻区露头、地震、钻测井及岩心等资料,明确了准噶尔盆地南缘博格达山的形成时期与盆内地质结构,恢复了盆地早二叠世构造-沉积格局,并分析了风城组的石油地质特征。研究结果表明:石炭纪末期,东博格达山与伊林黑比尔根山东缘分隔了准噶尔盆地与吐哈盆地,准噶尔盆地由残留海闭塞形成了海迹湖。风城组沉积时期,盆地北部石西凹陷与石钱滩凹陷主要发育冲积扇;西北缘、中央坳陷与博格达地区为海迹湖沉积环境,继承了海洋的咸水环境与生物;受盆内凸起与水下低隆的控制,准噶尔盆地形成4个沉积中心,半深湖-深湖亚相在咸水环境下发育较好的烃源岩。准噶尔盆地腹部各凹陷与博格达山周缘下二叠统广泛分布,深埋藏条件下可能蕴含极其丰富的天然气资源,为下一步有利的勘探方向。

    Abstract

    Fengcheng Formation of the Lower Permian in Junggar Basin is a set of important source rocks. The understand- ing of the sedimentary environment in this period is controversial in that it is understood as marine facies by some research- ers and as lacustrine facies by others. This paper utilizes the outcrop,seismic,drilling,logging,and core data in the study area and its adjacent areas to identify the formation period of Bogda Mountains at the southern margin of Junggar Basin and the geological structures in the basin,restores the tectono-sedimentary framework of the Early Permian in Junggar Basin, and analyzes the petroleum geological characteristics of Fengcheng Formation. The results show that the East Bogda Moun- tains and the east margin of Eren Habirga Mountains separated Junggar Basin from Tuha Basin,and Junggar Basin became a lake with marine vestiges due to residual sea occlusion at the end of the Carboniferous. Shixi Sag in the north of the basin and Shiqiantan Sag mainly developed the alluvial fans during the sedimentation of Fengcheng Formation. The northwestern margin,the central depression,and Bogda area,as lakes with marine vestiges in terms of sedimentary environments,inherit- ed the marine saline water environment and marine organisms. Four sedimentary centers were developed in the basin,and favorable source rocks were developed in the semi-deep to deep lacustrine subfacies in saline water environments under the control of the uplifts and underwater low upheavals in Junggar Basin. The various sags in the hinterland of Junggar Ba- sin and the periphery of Bogda Mountains,where the Lower Permian is widely distributed and incredibly rich natural gas re- sources might exist in deep burial environments,are favorable exploration directions for the next step.

  • 准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷下二叠统风城组发育一定规模的烃源岩[1-2],为玛湖油田的主力生油层段。目前,对于准噶尔盆地风城组的沉积环境存在很多争议。早期学者认为风城组属于海相沉积环境,鲜继渝依据海相生物化石和海绿石等证据提出了风城组具有海湾-泻湖沉积特征[3];尤兴弟等认为风城组为一套残留海相沉积[4-5];张义杰等认为风城组形成于陆缘近海湖泊环境,具有海水的盐度特征[6]。近年来,随着勘探程度的不断提高,对于风城组为湖泊相沉积环境的认识越来越多,冯有良等认为风城组沉积时期为咸水湖泊蒸发环境[7];余宽宏等认为玛湖凹陷风城组为典型的碳酸盐型咸化湖盆[8]; 曹剑等认为玛湖凹陷在碱湖环境下发育了富有机质泥岩、云质岩类及碱性矿物等[9-10]。综上所述,前期对风城组沉积环境的研究主要依据古生物化石、岩石矿物及古盐度分析等,缺少区域上构造-沉积格局的系统分析,同时准噶尔盆地早二叠世整体的沉积环境不明确,也限制了油气资源的预测。

  • 在系统调研前人研究成果的基础上,笔者根据露头、地震、钻测井及岩心等资料,明确了准噶尔盆地南缘博格达山的形成时期与盆内地质结构,识别了风城组沉积时期主要的沉积相类型,恢复了盆地早二叠世构造-沉积格局,进一步分析了风城组石油地质特征,从而为下一步油气资源预测提供依据。

  • 1 区域地质概况

  • 准噶尔盆地夹持于塔里木板块、哈萨克斯坦板块与西伯利亚板块之间,位于中亚造山带的核心部位,四周被褶皱山系所包围,西北边界为扎伊尔山、哈拉阿拉特山与德伦山,东北边界为青格里底山与克拉美丽山,南部边界为伊林黑比尔根山与博格达山。盆地由西部隆起、陆梁隆起、东部隆起、乌伦古坳陷、中央坳陷和南缘冲断带 6 个一级构造单元及 45个二级构造单元构成(图1)。

  • 准噶尔盆地二叠系具有3个地层分区。博格达山周缘各凹陷地层自下而上依次为下二叠统石人子沟组(P1s)、塔什库拉组(P1t),中二叠统乌拉泊组 (P2w)、井井子沟组(P2j)、芦草沟组(P2l)、红雁池组 (P2h),上二叠统泉子街组(P3q)、梧桐沟组(P3wt)。中央坳陷地层自下而上依次为下二叠统佳木河组 (P1j)、风城组(P1f),中二叠统夏子街组(P2x)、下乌尔禾组(P2w),上二叠统上乌尔禾组(P3w)。克拉美丽山山前各凹陷地层自下而上依次为下二叠统金沟组(P1j),中二叠统将军庙组(P2j)、平地泉组(P2p),上二叠统泉子街组(P3q)、梧桐沟组(P3wt)。中央坳陷下二叠统风城组与博格达山周缘各凹陷下二叠统塔什库拉组、克拉美丽山山前各凹陷的金沟组上部相当[12]

  • 图1 准噶尔盆地构造单元划分(据文献[11]修改)

  • Fig.1 Tectonic unit division of Junggar Basin(Modied by Reference[11]

  • 2 盆缘造山带演化特征

  • 石炭纪末期准噶尔盆地及邻区增生造山结束,盆缘北天山、扎伊尔山—哈拉阿拉特山、伊林黑比尔根山与克拉美丽山造山就位[13-15]。通过对博格达山周缘露头进行详细踏勘与地层接触关系、古流向特征分析,明确了博格达山的形成时期。

  • 2.1 地层接触关系

  • 早石炭世,东博格达山地区开始裂离形成裂谷,沉积了巨厚的陆源碎屑岩夹双峰式火山岩[16]; 晚石炭世早期,西博格达山地区才开始明显裂离,沉积了一套海相火山岩、碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩建造[17];晚石炭世晚期,准噶尔盆地与吐哈盆地形成统一的海相沉积环境[18]。受西伯利亚板块与塔里木板块碰撞作用的影响,博格达裂谷于晚石炭世末期开始由东向西闭合[19],导致吐哈盆地北缘下二叠统与上石炭统呈明显不整合接触关系(图2)。其中天山乡、七角井及照壁山等地区下二叠统依尔稀土组(P1y)与上石炭统呈明显的角度不整合接触关系,反映了博格达裂谷东段闭合过程中有一定程度的隆升。桃树园、桃西沟地区下二叠统与上石炭统呈平行不整合接触关系(图2,图3a),上石炭统奥尔吐组(C2o)以厚层灰绿色含砾粗砂岩为主,砾石岩性以灰绿色凝灰岩、硅质岩为主,呈棱角状、次棱角状,粒径一般为 2~4 cm,最大约为 6 cm,分选较差。下二叠统依尔稀土组下部主要发育杂色砾岩,由灰岩砾石、凝灰岩砾石和安山岩砾石混杂堆积构成(图3 b,图3c),灰岩砾石内部常夹有海相生物化石如海百合茎(图3d)。吐哈盆地西北缘葫杨沟、艾维尔沟地区,下二叠统与上石炭统呈明显的角度不整合接触关系,反映了石炭纪末期伊林黑比尔根山东缘也存在构造隆升。

  • 博格达裂谷西段因基底未经显著减薄和软化而对挤压应力响应迟缓,当时可能形成了水下低隆[17],博格达地区早二叠世与晚石炭世为连续的水下沉积环境(图4a)。准噶尔盆地井井子沟剖面下二叠统石人子沟组底部发育厚层的灰绿色砾岩,岩性主要为灰岩、砂岩与火山岩,其中灰岩砾石粒径最大约为 5 m,砂岩砾石粒径最大约为 0.5 m(图4b)。上石炭统奥尔吐组发育深灰色泥质粉砂岩、粉砂岩夹灰绿色细砂岩(图4c),砂岩内偶见一层厚度约为10 cm的海相生物碎屑化石。上石炭统祁家沟组(C2q)以生物碎屑灰岩为主(图4d),夹有灰绿色枕状玄武岩,生物碎屑灰岩中含有大量的海百合与珊瑚化石和少量的苔藓虫、腕足类与植物碎屑化石。孙国智等认为西博格达山在晚二叠世初次隆升,山前地区上二叠统泉子街组沉积了一套磨拉石建造[21-22]

  • 2.2 古流向特征

  • 受石炭纪末期博格达裂谷碰撞闭合的影响,博格达山周缘下二叠统底部普遍发育一套底砾岩。准噶尔盆地白杨沟剖面下二叠统底部可见灰白色灰岩砾石、灰绿色砂岩砾石及火山岩砾石等,灰岩内见腕足类和珊瑚类化石,其母岩为下伏上石炭统祁家沟组与奥尔吐组岩石。白杨沟剖面灰岩砾石粒径最大约为 200 m(图5a),向北至祁家沟剖面灰岩砾石粒径最大约为10 m(图5b),井井子沟剖面灰岩砾石粒径最大约为 5 m(图5c),反映了下二叠统底部砾石由南向北搬运。白杨沟剖面下二叠统硅质岩段发育大量的软沉积物变形构造(图5d),多为不对称褶皱,属于水下滑塌变形构造,指示古斜坡的倾向为NW向(图5e)。吐哈盆地北缘下二叠统底部可见灰岩砾石、砂岩砾石与火山岩砾石(图5f)。桃树园剖面下二叠统底部灰岩砾石粒径最大约为 10 m,砂岩砾石粒径最大约为8 m(图5g—5i)。桃西沟剖面灰岩砾石粒径一般为 5~20 cm,主要为生物碎屑灰岩,可见海百合茎化石。通过统计40个稳定砾石的排列方式,多数砾石的迎水面方向为NW向,反映了古流向优势方位为 SE 向(图5j)。吐哈盆地北缘早二叠世古流向优势方位为S向和SE向,柴窝堡凹陷早二叠世古流向优势方位为 NW 向(图5k)。古水流分析结果表明,石炭纪末期博格达裂谷东段碰撞隆升形成东博格达山,与伊林黑比尔根山东缘分隔了吐哈盆地与准噶尔盆地。东博格达山隆升导致上石炭统遭受剥蚀,下二叠统底部沉积了大量的火山岩砾石、生物碎屑灰岩砾石与砂岩砾石。吐哈盆地下二叠统依尔稀土组主要发育冲积扇、河流和湖泊相(图2),西博格达山周缘下二叠统石人子沟组与塔什库拉组则以水下沉积为主。此外,博格达山南北两侧下二叠统均发育了以玄武岩、玄武安山岩为主的双峰式火山岩,其具有稀土元素总量中等、轻稀土元素适度富集、无铕负异常的特征,反映了石炭纪末期博格达山地区碰撞造山后,其南北两侧形成了伸展裂谷环境[1723]

  • 图2 吐哈盆地北缘下二叠统依尔稀土组岩性特征及沉积相类型

  • Fig.2 Lithological characteristics and sedimentary facies types of Lower Permian Yierxitu Formation at northern margin of Tuha Basin

  • 图3 吐哈盆地桃西沟剖面二叠系与石炭系接触关系及岩性特征

  • Fig.3 Contact relationships between Permian and Carboniferous and lithological characteristics at Taoxigou profile of Tuha Basin

  • 图4 准噶尔盆地井井子沟剖面二叠系与石炭系接触关系及岩性特征

  • Fig.4 Contact relationships between Permian and Carboniferous and lithological characteristics at Jingjingzigou profile of Junggar Basin

  • 图5 博格达山南北两侧下二叠统岩性与古水流特征

  • Fig.5 Lithological and paleocurrent characteristics of Lower Permian on both of north and south sides of Bogda Mountains

  • 3 盆内地质结构特征

  • 根据准噶尔盆地地震资料分析了各凹陷的地质结构,明确了控制早二叠世构造格局的凸起及其分布范围。石钱滩凹陷表现为东厚西薄的地质结构,下二叠统由东向西逐层超覆到黄草湖凸起之上 (图6a),反映了凸起已经形成。东道海子凹陷下二叠统具有东断西超的地质结构,反映了早二叠世的后碰撞伸展裂谷环境(图6b)。沙湾凹陷下二叠统向东北超覆尖灭于莫索湾凸起(图6c),表明该时期沙湾凹陷与东道海子凹陷相分隔。沙湾凹陷向北超覆到中拐凸起之上(图6d),与盆 1井西凹陷具有一定的分隔性。玛湖凹陷下二叠统表现为西北厚、东南薄的特征,向东南超覆尖灭于夏盐凸起(图6e)。玛 15 井附近地区具有半地堑结构,断层下盘厚度明显大于上盘,指示早期正断层属性。玛湖凹陷与盆 1 井西凹陷风城组向达巴松凸起超覆减薄 (图6f),反映出达巴松凸起为分隔两侧凹陷的水下低隆。从地震剖面推测早二叠世石西凹陷具有东断西超的地质结构,晚期抬升,下二叠统遭受剥蚀 (图6g)。

  • 4 盆地构造-沉积格局

  • 4.1 沉积环境

  • 晚石炭世晚期,准噶尔盆地北部隆升由海相转为陆相沉积,海水退至盆地南部至北天山地区形成残留海盆,北天山山前发育半深海-深海沉积[13]。此时,准噶尔盆地与吐哈盆地为连通的海相沉积,博格达地区与吐哈盆地北缘发育滨浅海、半深海沉积[1824]。石炭纪末期,东博格达山隆升分隔了准噶尔盆地与吐哈盆地,准噶尔盆地西北缘、中央坳陷与博格达地区由残留海闭塞形成了海迹湖。海迹湖是指原为海域的一部分,后期与海洋分开形成封闭或者接近封闭的湖泊。准噶尔盆地石炭纪与二叠纪之交的海湖转换过程与里海的形成相同。里海原为古地中海的一部分,晚中新世由于大高加索褶皱带和科佩特山褶皱带隆升形成构造脊,将里海与古地中海分隔开来[25]。里海继承了海水的咸化环境与海洋生物,至今仍生存着海豹、银汉鱼、海绵及红藻等生物。

  • 早二叠世,准噶尔盆地西北缘、中央坳陷与博格达地区为海迹湖沉积。准噶尔盆地西北缘乌40、风7、风9井风城组岩石薄片中见有孔虫、棘皮、藻类等海相生物化石[4]。风城组泥岩相当硼含量均大于 200.0×10-12 g / g,最大可达 925.0×10-12 g / g,平均为 394.4×10-12 g/g;Sr/Ba值为0.85~1.63,平均为1.51[26]。博格达地区下二叠统石人子沟组与塔什库拉组见到珊瑚、腕足类、海百合等海相生物化石,泥岩相当硼含量为 240.0 × 10-12~700.0 × 10-12 g / g,古盐度为 25‰~62‰,Sr/Ba 值为 0.81~1.71,继承了晚石炭世古生物与咸水环境(图7)。

  • 4.2 沉积相特征

  • 早二叠世,准噶尔盆地主要发育冲积扇、扇三角洲、浊积扇与湖泊相。

  • 4.2.1 冲积扇相

  • 冲积扇相主要发育于石钱滩凹陷与石西凹陷。石钱滩凹陷下二叠统金沟组以棕红色砾岩、砂砾岩、砂岩与泥岩的互层为主(图8a),由北向南砂地比逐渐减小,反映了克拉美丽山为主要物源区。砾岩、砂砾岩中砾石以石英岩砾石、凝灰岩砾石、砂泥岩砾石为主,砾石呈棱角状、次棱角状,与砂级颗粒混杂堆积,分选较差(图8b)。石西凹陷下二叠统风城组发育冲积扇相的棕红色砾岩、砂砾岩与泥岩,夹有薄层的凝灰岩、安山岩(图8c),反映了后碰撞伸展裂谷环境下的火山活动。

  • 4.2.2 扇三角洲相

  • 扇三角洲相主要分布在准噶尔盆地西北缘、东南缘与腹部各凹陷的边部,以扇三角洲平原、扇三角洲前缘沉积为主。扇三角洲平原亚相主要发育棕红色砾岩和砂砾岩,自然电位、自然伽马曲线表现为中高幅箱形或漏斗形,反映了强水动力条件 (图8d)。砾岩、砂砾岩地震反射连续性较差、振幅弱,常表现为杂乱反射或空白反射(图8e),其主要发育块状层理和粒序层理,粒度累积概率曲线呈现宽缓上拱形,具有典型的重力流沉积特征(图8f)。扇三角洲前缘亚相发育灰绿色砾岩、砂砾岩、含砾粗砂岩与泥岩互层,其地震反射连续性中等、振幅中等(图8e);砾岩、砂砾岩以块状层理和反粒序层理为主(图8g,图8h),砾石呈棱角状、次棱角状,分选较差。

  • 图6 准噶尔盆地各构造单元地震剖面解释(地震剖面位置见图1)

  • Fig.6 Seismic profile interpretation of tectonic units in Junggar Basin(Fig.1 is available for profile position)

  • 图7 准噶尔盆地井井子沟剖面上古生界岩性、古生物与地球化学特征

  • Fig.7 Lithological,paleontological and geochemical characteristics of Upper Paleozoic at Jingjingzigou profile of Junggar Basin

  • 4.2.3 浊积扇相

  • 浊积扇相主要分布在准噶尔盆地博格达地区。该区早二叠世进入陆内伸展裂谷环境,早期发育玄武岩、玄武安山岩为主的双峰式火山岩,形成了多个半地堑、地堑结构[17]。塔什库拉组在裂谷环境下沉积了上千米厚的地层,以厚层深灰色泥岩为主,夹有薄层的灰色细砂岩、粉砂岩,其中见深水遗迹化石Spirophyton Hall,并含有大量的硅质骨针[27],指示了深水沉积环境。细砂岩、粉砂岩为浊积扇沉积,单砂体厚度为 0.3~0.5 m(图8i),以块状层理为主,碎屑颗粒呈棱角状、次棱角状(图8j),粒度累积概率曲线呈现宽缓上拱形,具有重力流的沉积特征 (图8k)。

  • 4.2.4 湖泊相

  • 准噶尔盆地西北缘、中央坳陷与博格达地区湖泊相广泛分布。滨浅湖亚相以棕红色、灰色、灰绿色粉砂质泥岩与泥质粉砂岩为主(图9a),夹有薄层的云质粉砂岩,碎屑颗粒以石英、长石为主,呈次棱角状、次圆状(图9b)。西北缘风城组局部发育滩坝,表现为灰色粉砂岩与粉砂质泥岩的薄互层,自然伽马、电阻率曲线表现为中低幅齿形。早二叠世在陆内伸展裂谷环境下半深湖-深湖亚相广泛发育。博格达地区塔什库拉组半深湖-深湖亚相主要发育厚层深灰色粉砂质泥岩、泥岩(图8i)。玛湖凹陷风城组中上部半深湖-深湖亚相分布范围较大,以深灰色云质泥岩为主(图9c),夹有薄层灰白色泥质白云岩(图9d),泥晶白云石与泥级的长英质矿物呈纹层状分布(图9e),地震反射连续性好、振幅强、频率强(图9f)。盆1井西凹陷与沙湾凹陷风城组中上部也具有相同的地震反射特征(图9g),表明其同样发育半深湖-深湖亚相。上述 3 个凹陷中心一般存在 2 个强反射轴,向达巴松和中拐水下低隆方向变为一个反射轴,且振幅强度减弱,反映了各凹陷具有一定的分隔性。

  • 图8 准噶尔盆地下二叠统冲积扇、扇三角洲与浊积扇相沉积特征

  • Fig.8 Sedimentary characteristics of alluvial fans,fan deltas,and turbidite fans of Lower Permian in Junggar Basin

  • 图9 准噶尔盆地下二叠统湖泊相沉积特征

  • Fig.9 Sedimentary characteristics of lacustrine facies of Lower Permian in Junggar Basin

  • 4.3 构造-沉积格局

  • 准噶尔盆地周缘在石炭纪末期碰撞造山,早二叠世进入陆内伸展裂谷环境。北部石西凹陷与石钱滩凹陷由北向南发育了冲积扇与泛滥平原沉积,以棕红色砾岩、砂砾岩、砂岩与泥岩的互层为主,局部地区发育凝灰岩与安山岩(图10)。盆地西北缘、东南缘与腹部各凸起边缘以扇三角洲沉积为主,发育厚层的砾岩、砂砾岩及含砾粗砂岩等。盆地西北缘、中央坳陷与博格达地区整体以海迹湖沉积为主,中拐凸起、莫索湾凸起、莫北凸起与莫南、达巴松水下低隆分隔形成了 4 个沉积中心。玛湖凹陷风城组半深湖-深湖亚相沿着控盆边界断层分布, SW—NE 向为湖盆长轴方向。盆 1 井西凹陷、沙湾凹陷风城组与玛湖凹陷具有相似的地震反射特征,也发育半深湖-深湖亚相。阜康凹陷与博格达裂谷形成一个较大的沉积中心,半深湖-深湖亚相沿着盆缘造山带方向广泛分布,继承了晚石炭世北天山洋的深水环境。博格达裂谷活动强烈,盆缘扇三角洲砂砾岩滑塌至深水区形成浊积扇砂体。

  • 5 石油地质意义

  • 早二叠世,准噶尔盆地在海迹湖背景下进入伸展裂谷发展阶段,中央坳陷与博格达地区广泛发育半深湖-深湖亚相。玛湖凹陷风城组在海迹湖和火山喷发背景下形成了碱化咸湖环境,褶皱藻、沟鞭藻与蓝细菌等菌藻类富集[28],成为风城组重要的生烃母质。风城组半深湖-深湖亚相纹层状泥页岩、云质泥岩等为中等—好的烃源岩,有机质顺纹层富集(图11a),以Ⅰ和Ⅱ型为主,具有生烃持续时间长、总产油率远高于产气率、转化率高的特征[29]。近年来,在哈拉阿拉特山山前哈浅6、哈山11等井风城组也钻遇了较好的烃源岩,云质泥岩、粉砂质泥岩中荧光显示较好(图11b),总有机碳含量(TOC) 为 0.5%~5.0%,平均为 1.4%(图11c),可见油膜状油质分布于泥岩孔缝中(图11d)。

  • 博格达地区下二叠统塔什库拉组粉砂质泥岩、泥岩也存在一定的藻类体(图11e),红雁池剖面该组的 TOC 值为 0.18%~0.96%,平均为 0.71%(图11f),井井子沟剖面的TOC值为0.46%~1.36%,平均为0.95%(图11g),具有一定的生烃潜力。塔什库拉组有机质以Ⅱ1 和Ⅱ2 型为主,实测镜质组反射率 (Ro)多大于 1.0%(图11h,图11i),处于成熟或高成熟生气阶段。沙湾凹陷下二叠统风城组泥岩、云质泥岩与泥质白云岩厚度为 20~225 m,TOC值多大于 1.0%,Ro值为 2.0%~3.0%[30]。沙探 2 井风城组日产气量达 2×104 m3 /d,天然气碳同位素值为-30.66‰,具有风城组烃源岩的地球化学特征[30]。综上所述,准噶尔盆地中央坳陷的海迹湖和裂谷环境有利于发育高生产率的优质烃源岩。盆 1 井西凹陷、沙湾凹陷、阜康凹陷与博格达山周缘下二叠统广泛分布,可能发育优质或较好的烃源岩,深埋藏环境下处于高成熟、过成熟生气阶段,蕴藏着极其丰富的天然气资源。

  • 图10 准噶尔盆地下二叠统风城组构造-沉积格局

  • Fig.10 Tectono-sedimentary framework of Fengcheng Formation of Lower Permian in Junggar Basin

  • 图11 准噶尔盆地下二叠统烃源岩特征

  • Fig.11 Source rock characteristics of Lower Permian in Junggar Basin

  • 6 结论

  • 石炭纪末期,东博格达山与伊林黑比尔根山东缘分隔了准噶尔盆地和吐哈盆地,上石炭统遭受剥蚀向两侧盆地提供了大量的火山岩砾石、灰岩砾石与砂岩砾石。风城组沉积时期,盆地北部石西凹陷与石钱滩凹陷主要发育冲积扇相砾岩、砂砾岩;西北缘、中央坳陷与博格达地区为残留海闭塞形成的海迹湖沉积,继承了海水的咸化环境与海洋生物。在莫索湾凸起、达巴松水下低隆等构造单元控制下风城组形成了4个沉积中心,半深湖-深湖亚相在咸水条件下发育了较好的烃源岩。盆地腹部各凹陷与博格达山周缘下二叠统广泛分布,可能发育优质或较好的烃源岩,深埋藏环境下处于高成熟、过成熟生气阶段,蕴藏着极其丰富的天然气资源。

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