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作者简介:

秦国省(1988—),男,山东济宁人,工程师,博士,从事油气田开发地质及三维建模研究。E-mail:qin8002008@163.com。

中图分类号:TE122.1

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2023)03-0001-10

DOI:10.13673/j.pgre.202204021

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目录contents

    摘要

    海相碎屑岩油藏内部常发育不同程度的白云化隔夹层,影响油气水系统的识别及开发策略的制定,同时也严重影响后期进一步提高采收率。综合识别白云化隔夹层的特征,阐明不同程度白云化砂岩机理,刻画白云化砂岩展布特征,对海相碎屑岩油藏的高效开发具有重要的现实意义,同时对于丰富白云化成因机理具有一定的理论意义。选取中东地区典型海相碎屑岩油藏UK,综合应用测井、岩心分析及生产动态资料,系统开展不同程度白云化隔夹层岩石分类、识别、形成机理及展布特征研究。结果表明:①海相碎屑岩油藏岩性除纯砂岩和泥岩外,不同程度白云化隔夹层岩性主要为含云质砂岩、白云质砂岩、砂质白云岩和含砂白云岩,其中白云质砂岩和含砂白云岩是常见的两种类型;②建立了不同程度白云化隔夹层岩性的定性及测井定量识别模板,随着白云化程度的不断增强,岩心在常光下表现为逐渐变亮,同时自然伽马、密度及电阻率呈逐渐增大的特征;③原始地下富镁卤水及泥岩压实水为主要的离子来源,物性较好的砂体及不整合面为主要的流体运移通道,储层物性差异导致孔隙流体与颗粒接触(水岩接触反应)时间的差异最终导致不同程度的白云化作用;④刻画了不同级次白云化隔夹层的展布,宏观层次白云化隔夹层易于发生在海平面上升半旋回及下降半旋回的中期,中观层次易于发生在河道顶部、侧翼及河口坝底部物性较差的部位,微观层次易于发生在孔喉连通不畅的区域。

    Abstract

    The dolomitic barriers and baffles with different degrees of dolomitization are developed in marine clastic res‐ ervoirs,which will influence the water/oil/gas system identification and also seriously affect the further enhancement of oil recovery. The identification,formation mechanism analysis and distribution characterization of dolomitic barriers and baffles are important for the efficient development of the marine clastic reservoirs and can shed light on the mechanism of dolomitization. Typical clastic reservoir Upper Kirkuk(UK)Formation in the Middle East is taken as an example. Log‐ ging,core analysis,and dynamic production data are adopted to systematically study the classification,identification,for‐ mation mechanism,and distribution characteristics of the dolomitic barriers and baffles in the marine clastic reservoirs. The research results are as follows. ①Except for the pure sand and mudstones in the marine clastic reservoirs,the litholo‐ gy of dolomitic barriers and baffles is dolomite bearing sandstones,dolomitic sandstones,sandy dolomites,and sand bearing dolomites. The dolomitic sandstones and sand bearing dolomites are the main lithology. ②The qualitative and quantitative criteria were made to identify different degrees of dolomitization. With the increase in the degree of dolomiti‐ zation,the core appears to gradually brighten under normal light. The gamma,density,and resistivity values increase with the degree of dolomitization. ③The original underground magnesium-rich brine and mudstone compaction waters are the main ion sources. Pure sands with good physical properties and unconformities are main fluid migration channels. The difference in the physical properties of the reservoir leads to that in the contact time between the pore fluid and the particles(water-rock contact reaction),which ultimately results in different degrees of dolomitization. ④The distribution of dolomitic barriers and baffles is characterized in different levels. At the macro-level,the dolomitic barriers and baffles tend to occur in the middle period of sea level rising or descending semi-cycle. While at the meso-level,the dolomitic barriers and baffles are more likely to occur in the top and edge of channel and the bottom of the mouth bar with poor physical properties. When it comes to the micro-level,the dolomitic barriers and baffles tend to occur in areas where pore throats are poorly connected.

  • 海相碎屑岩沉积多以大型海相三角洲及滨岸沉积为主,具有大面积连续分布和高孔高渗透的特征,其形成的碎屑岩油藏储量丰度高,开发技术相对简单,成为海外油气开发的首选和快速规模建产的主体[1-8]。然而,海相碎屑岩油藏内部除发育常规泥岩隔夹层外,亦发育不同程度的白云化隔夹层[9-13],不同程度白云化作用机理及展布规律不明确,给碎屑岩油藏油水系统的认识带来困难,同时对后续进一步挖潜剩余油提高采收率提出了挑战[14-16]。综合识别白云化隔夹层的特征,阐明不同程度白云化砂岩机理,刻画白云化砂岩展布特征,对海相碎屑岩油藏的高效开发具有重要的现实意义,同时对于丰富白云化成因机理具有一定的理论意义。选取中东地区古近系典型海相碎屑岩 UK (Upper Kirkuk 组简称 UK 组)油藏[17],综合应用测井、岩心分析及生产动态资料,系统开展不同程度白云化隔夹层岩石分类、定性定量识别、形成机理及展布特征研究,旨在精细表征海相碎屑岩油藏内部白云化隔夹层,更好地为海相碎屑岩油藏的高效开发奠定基础。

  • 1 白云化隔夹层特征

  • 1.1 岩性特征

  • 白云化隔夹层岩石组分主要由以石英为代表的碎屑成分和以白云石为代表的碳酸盐岩成分构成,含有少量黏土矿物,虽然其成分较单一,但不同成分含量的差异可造成岩性和物性的较大差异。在岩心观察中肉眼即可识别典型的经白云化作用的岩性:白云质砂岩在常光下整体呈灰色,其中可见明显的白斑(图1a),在紫外荧光下呈灰白色(图1b);砂质白云岩在常光下呈灰白色(图1c),在紫外荧光下呈亮白色(图1d)。通过薄片及岩石矿物分析可对经白云化作用的岩性进行精确分类定名,主要岩石类型有4类:①含云质砂岩(图1e),其白云石含量为10%~25%,岩石成分以石英为主,伴有一定的岩屑和黏土矿物,白云石晶型多为不定型状,以石英颗粒间的粒间孔为主;②白云质砂岩(图1f),其白云石含量为 25%~50%,可见较大的石英颗粒间填充了部分白云石,白云石具有一定的自形特征,但仍与黏土矿物等混杂于石英颗粒间;③砂质白云岩(图1g),其白云石含量显著增加,可达 50%~75%,石英含量为 25%~50%,可见自形较好的白云石颗粒嵌晶状相互接触,其间偶尔夹有较大的石英颗粒,同时颗粒间可见黏土矿物,构成含泥砂质白云岩(图1h);④含砂白云岩(图1i),其白云石含量进一步增加,可达75%~90%,石英含量进一步减少,仅占10%~25%,整体以自形较好的细晶白云石颗粒紧密接触为特征,偶见细粒的石英颗粒。

  • 1.2 电性特征

  • 白云化作用常导致孔隙被白云石充填或原矿物成分被白云石交代,与原砂泥岩相比,白云石具有较高的密度,因此在测井响应中表现为高密度、低声波时差和低中子孔隙度特点(图2)。与碎屑岩相比,碳酸盐岩(白云质砂岩或砂质白云岩)具有高的电阻率,一般在排除油水层差异的情况下,发生白云化作用的层段普遍具有较高的电阻率。通常具有流体流动和离子交换通道的储层类型易于发生后期成岩交代作用,因此易于发生白云化作用的层段具有一定的孔隙,一般对应自然伽马低值。此外,光电吸收截面指数(PE)常表现为高值。

  • 1.3 物性特征

  • 为阐明不同程度白云化作用对储层物性的影响,选取典型取心井进行了系统分析(图2),纯砂岩与不同程度白云化砂岩存在较大的差异,如 W2 井中物性最好的储层段为纯砂岩段,平均孔隙度可达 30%,渗透率可至达西级别。W2 井 UK3-1 中下部为河道主体沉积,岩性以纯砂岩为主,其孔隙度平均为 32%,渗透率平均为 4 000 mD。然而,不同程度白云化砂岩段物性与纯砂岩有较大差异,受不同程度白云化作用影响,储层质量差异亦较大。

  • 图1 UK油藏取心井W2典型白云化砂岩岩性特征

  • Fig.1 Typical lithology characteristics of dolomitized sandstones of coring well W2 in UK reservoir

  • 含云质砂岩受白云化影响较弱,多与纯砂岩相邻,发育于厚层河道沉积顶部及多期叠置河道之间,其储层物性一般,如 UK3-1 顶部厚度约为 2 m 的含云质砂岩孔隙度为25%~30%,渗透率为500~1 000 mD;白云质砂岩及砂质白云岩随白云化程度的增加物性趋于变差,孔隙度约为20%~25%,渗透率约为 10~100 mD,一般为差储层和非有效储层; 随着白云化程度的增强,物性进一步变差,如砂质白云岩及含砂白云岩储层,UK1-2中下部含砂白云岩孔隙度约为14%,渗透率约为5 mD,为非储层。

  • 2 识别标准

  • 为了更好地厘清不同程度白云化砂岩的展布,基于取心井 W2 的 31.37 m 取心段的详细描述和相关实验定量分析建立了不同程度白云化砂岩的识别标准,从定性和定量角度对不同程度白云化砂岩进行识别。

  • 2.1 岩心定性识别

  • 基于取心井详细的岩心分析资料,建立不同岩性的定性识别标准(图3):纯砂岩在岩心描述中以棕褐色疏松状为特征,肉眼可见砂粒的黏结,在薄片下可见石英颗粒呈漂浮状,其间为大量的孔隙分布,指示了较好的储层物性,全岩衍射分析(XRD) 结果显示纯砂岩石英含量大于 85%,大部分大于 90%,仅存在部分的黏土矿物;含云质砂岩在紫外荧光下以深棕褐色-灰绿色为主,可见部分亮白色斑点,为白云石富集区,薄片显示石英颗粒间充填半自形白云石晶体,白云石起到胶结作用,XRD 结果显示石英含量有所降低,白云石含量有所上升,石英含量约为76.2%,白云石含量约为2.5%;白云质砂岩的白云化程度进一步增强,紫外荧光下以灰绿色伴有亮白色斑点为特征,薄片显示大部分石英颗粒散落在胶结白云石晶粒中,仅在石英颗粒富集区有部分孔隙发育,XRD 结果显示石英含量进一步减少,白云石含量增加,石英含量约为 57.4%,白云石含量约为 17.3%,此外黏土矿物含量约为 17.2%;砂质白云岩在紫外荧光下以浅棕褐色为主,可见亮白色条带,为白云石富集区,薄片显示呈嵌晶状接触的白云石晶体中零散分布石英颗粒,可见部分溶蚀孔隙,XRD结果显示白云石含量约为45.5%,石英含量约为47.1%,储层物性明显变差;含砂白云岩在紫外荧光下以灰绿色-亮白色为特征,薄片显示不同颗粒大小的白云石晶体广泛分布,石英颗粒混杂其中,还可见部分黏土胶结物,XRD 结果表明白云石含量高达 88.0%,石英含量仅为 5.1%,储层物性极差;泥岩为棕红色,以黏土矿物为主,为非储层。

  • 图2 UK油藏取心井W2不同程度白云化砂岩岩电响应特征

  • Fig.2 Logging characteristics of sandstones with different degrees of dolomization in coring well W2 in UK reservoir

  • 2.2 测井定量识别

  • 在岩心定性识别的基础上,结合测井曲线响应特征,优选对不同岩性响应敏感的自然伽马(GR)和密度(DEN)曲线建立了定量识别标准(图4):纯砂岩一般不含泥质,其 GR 值最低,一般小于 30 API,多小于 25 API,因纯砂岩孔隙性较好,其密度相对其他岩性最低,小于 2.4 g/cm3,一般小于 2.3 g/cm3; 含云质砂岩因含有部分泥质,其具有一定的放射性元素富集导致 GR值较高,一般为 30~40 API,白云石的存在使密度增加,为 2.2~2.3 g/cm3;白云质砂岩的白云石含量进一步增加,GR 值和密度随之增加,其密度为 2.3~2.4 g/cm3,多为 2.35 g/cm3 左右,且为测井响应中较明显的一类岩石类型;砂质白云岩常伴有泥质填隙物,因此其GR值进一步升高,多为 40~50 API,密度为 2.3~2.4 g/cm3;含砂白云岩的典型特点是白云石含量占主体,接近于纯白云岩,测井响应特征与纯白云岩接近,GR值的变化范围较大(小于 50 API),无明显的界定范围,最主要的特征是密度增大,一般密度大于2.4 g/cm3,多大于 2.45 g/cm3,在测井响应中较易识别;泥岩则表现为典型的 GR高值,一般大于 50 API,受不同程度压实和钻井崩落的影响,其密度范围变化较大,无明显的界定标准。

  • 图3 取心井W2不同程度白云化砂岩定性识别图版

  • Fig.3 Qualitative identification chart of sandstones with different degrees of dolomization in coring well W2

  • 图4 不同程度白云化砂岩测井识别标准

  • Fig.4 Logging identification criterion of sandstones with different degrees of dolomization

  • 3 成因机理

  • 碳酸盐岩白云化作用历来受到研究者重视,在白云化岩石类型及成因方面取得了丰富的研究成果[18-23],对于碎屑岩的白云化成因机理研究起到了较好的借鉴作用。综合碎屑岩体系中白云化砂岩的发育位置、厚度及展布特征,明确其离子来源、流体流动通道和离子交换及运移是控制砂岩不同程度白云化的主要因素。

  • 3.1 离子来源

  • 白云化砂岩的形成取决于白云石的含量,而白云石形成的前提是镁离子的富集,因此镁离子的来源是发生白云化的基础[24-25]。对研究区地层水性质及储层内部结构分析认为,其离子来源主要是原始富镁卤水、泥岩压实水和临近碳酸盐岩及膏岩层渗流3种类型。

  • 通过对研究区地层水成分分析可知,其总矿化度高达 200 000 mg/L,Mg2+ 质量浓度约为 4 346 mg/ L,Ca2+ 质量浓度约为 18 340 mg/L,且不同的水样分析略有差异,原始地层水性质受埋藏深度和所处岩层的连通性等多种因素影响,如当埋深增大时温度升高可导致水化镁离子([Mg(H2O)n] 2+)减少,释放充足的Mg2+,易于发生白云化作用。

  • 研究区砂岩及泥岩常表现为砂泥互层的特征,且部分隔层以广泛的泥岩发育为主。泥岩在原始沉积时因其较大的比表面积,富集了大量的原生地层水。在随后的成岩阶段,尤其是埋藏压实阶段泥岩的抗压实能力较弱,压缩率较高,其富集的原生地层水大量排出进入临近的砂岩层,这些压实流体 (泥岩压实水)为白云化作用提供了充足的离子,也是白云化作用形成的重要因素。

  • 除此之外,碎屑岩层系临近碳酸盐岩及膏岩层也会提供离子供给。研究区 UK 段上部被 Jeribe 白云岩及 Lower Fars 厚层膏岩覆盖,成岩过程中随着富镁地层水渗滤至 UK 段,在合适的位置会造成局部富集,导致白云化作用发生。同时,底部 UK7 和 UK8的致密碳酸盐岩上部与UK6以不整合接触,在埋藏过程中不整合使得两层间流体相互交换,为底部UK6的离子富集提供了条件。

  • 3.2 流体流动通道

  • 在有充足离子来源的基础上,必须配合流体流动通道才能实现流体的运移,以便在带来白云化所需离子的同时,带走或释放其他多余离子[26-28]。通过对研究区砂体展布及构造层序分析可知,广泛连续分布的砂体和不整合面是主要的流体流动通道。

  • 研究目的层段整体以三角洲平原亚相为主,发育广泛连续的分流河道砂体,部分层段(如UK1-1) 砂体广泛发育,在研究区呈泛连通状态,且整体河道物性为中高孔中高渗透特征,构成了较好的流体流动通道。部分层段以砂泥互层为主,虽然河道厚度有所减薄,但其侧向与其他河道或溢岸相互接触,一定程度上亦是较好的流体流动通道。

  • 不整合面在目的层的顶、底发育,其中顶部UK1-1 河道砂体和上部 Jeribe 白云岩不整合接触,成岩作用初期,二者就存在流体的相互交换,之后在长期的接触过程中,部分白云岩溶蚀流体通过不整合面向下渗流与下部砂岩实现流体的运移和交换。底部 UK6 与下伏 UK7 和 UK8 石灰岩接触,在沉积初期,UK7 和 UK8 石灰岩地层遭受剥蚀作用,后续接受UK6河道的冲刷和侵蚀,使得二者充分接触,其中流体得以交换。

  • 3.3 离子交换及运移

  • 充足的离子供给及畅通的流体流动通道是白云化作用形成的必要条件[29-33],而白云化作用的形成还应具备适宜的离子交换及后续的运移条件。根据岩性的垂向组合方式不同,可将离子交换的情况分为3类:纯泥岩内部的离子交换、纯砂岩内部的离子交换和砂泥岩互层间的离子交换(图5)。

  • 在厚层纯泥岩段,因其物性条件极差,原始富镁卤水将无法有效流动进入,顶、底碳酸盐岩渗流离子也无法有效进入泥岩内部,厚层纯泥岩自身孔隙压实水无法有效排出,最终导致无法进行正常的离子交换,使得白云化作用难以进行,故一般厚层纯泥岩段难以发生白云化作用。

  • 在厚层纯砂岩段,因其物性较好,原始富镁卤水及顶、底碳酸盐岩渗流离子可在其内部充分流动,但较好的物性也导致富镁离子流体的迅速流动而没有充分的离子交换时间,使得物性最好的部位难以发生白云化作用。而与泥岩临近的顶、底部位因物性稍差,且长期与富镁离子流体接触,具有充足的离子交换时间,易于发生白云化作用。

  • 图5 UK油藏白云化砂岩形成机理

  • Fig.5 Mechanism of dolomitized sandstones in UK reservoir

  • 中薄层砂泥互层段较易发生白云化作用,泥岩的压实水排出运移至临近砂岩层段,同时原始富镁卤水在薄层砂岩中流动性受物性较差的影响,导致流动不顺畅,在大部分砂岩内部富镁流体长时间滞留,具有充足的离子交换时间,使得白云化作用发生。同时,厚层泥岩段中夹的砂岩透镜体易于发生白云化作用,厚层泥岩的压实水优先进入砂岩透镜体中,因透镜体的连通性较差,导致流体滞留在砂岩透镜体中,最终随着时间的推移使得整个透镜体发生白云化作用。

  • 4 展布特征及形成模式

  • 4.1 宏观层序控制

  • 白云化砂岩的发育宏观受层序的控制较为明显(图6),在一个完整的三级层序的初期以低位体系域高砂地比沉积类型发育为特征(UK5和UK6),此时砂体较为发育,具有较好的流体流动通道,同时在本研究中底部与 UK7 和 UK8 致密碳酸盐岩以不整合接触,具有充分的离子来源,是白云化作用发生的有利条件。但是较连续的砂体分布和较好的物性使得离子交换不充分,一般难以发生白云化作用,仅在储层物性稍差的河道顶部、侧翼及河口坝底部易于发生白云化作用,部分前缘滑塌孤立砂体也较易发生白云化作用。随着海平面的上升,至海侵体系域主体时期,尤其是最大洪泛面附近,多以孤立不连续砂体发育(UK4上部),此时呈现厚层泥岩夹部分薄层砂岩的特征,泥岩压实孔隙水提供离子来源,同时孤立砂体周边被物性较差的泥岩包围,无法有效运移使得离子交换较充分,易于发生白云化作用。随着海平面到达最高点继而下降阶段,高位体系域大规模前积砂体发育(UK1,UK2和 UK3),再次呈现连续砂体分布的特征,物性较好的砂体内部的流体流通较顺畅使得离子交换不彻底,仅在部分物性较差的河道顶部、侧翼及河口坝的底部易于发生白云化作用。

  • 4.2 中观沉积特征控制

  • 中观尺度白云化砂岩的展布主要受控于沉积自旋回,即主要受单一沉积相展布及不同沉积相间接触关系的影响。分流河道、溢岸及间湾(或泛滥平原)为UK段主要的沉积相类型,不同沉积相类型控制的白云化砂岩的展布各异(图7a)。分流河道可分为2种类型:一类分流河道呈厚层连续分布,典型发育于 UK3-1 和 UK1-1,可见河道砂体连续分布,仅在河道顶部旋回发育白云化程度较弱的含云质砂岩和砂质白云岩;另一类为局限分布不连续河道,典型发育于UK2-2和UK3-2,可见UK2-2河道整体以白云化砂岩为主,同时 UK3-2 河道顶、底均不同程度白云化,发育砂质白云岩和含砂白云岩,仅河道中部发育纯砂岩。溢岸与局限分布不连续河道典型发育于UK2-1中下部,溢岸分布于河道侧翼,多为中-薄层砂体,一般均发生程度较高的白云化作用。泛滥平原发育厚层连续分布泥岩,多未被白云化,典型发育段为 UK3-2 下部,而间湾多发育于河道间,白云化程度弱,典型发育段为 UK4-3 下部。此外,不同分流河道的侧向拼接处白云化程度弱,典型层段为UK4-2下部。

  • 4.3 微观孔隙结构控制

  • 微观尺度白云化作用主要受岩石颗粒的组分及孔隙结构的影响(图7b)。在第2筒取心的3个测试样品中,其岩石成分相差不大,均以少量的石英、黏土矿物和大量白云石为主,但样品 41MN 具有较好的孔隙空间,可见明显的粒间孔分布,使得其中流体流动较畅通,离子交换仅局限于孔隙盲端,因此其白云化程度整体较低。在第 4筒取心的 3个测试样品中,其岩石成分差异较大,样品78MN代表了河道主体沉积,矿物组分以大量石英为主,而样品 65MN 代表了河道上部的低能沉积,其矿物组分以石英和黏土矿物为主,导致孔隙被大量堵塞,流体长时间滞留,离子充分交换,最终大部分黏土矿物发生白云化作用。第5筒取心样品的岩石类型及孔隙结构差异均较大,样品 113MN 处于河道中下部,石英较富集,略可见部分孔隙,白云化程度较弱;样品109MN处于河道上部,物性较差,多为微孔隙,导致流体长时间滞留,离子充分交换,发生较严重的白云化作用;样品90MN代表泛滥平原环境,整体以黏土矿物为主,孔隙空间极其有限,富镁离子流体难以进入,整体未发生白云化作用。

  • 图6 UK油藏中白云化砂岩宏观展布特征

  • Fig.6 Macroscopic distribution characteristics of dolomitized sandstones in UK reservoir

  • 图7 UK油藏不同程度白云化砂岩中观及微观展布特征

  • Fig.7 Mesoscopic and microscopic distribution characteristics of dolomitized sandstones in UK reservoir

  • 5 结论

  • 海相碎屑岩油藏主要岩性除纯砂岩和泥岩外,白云化隔夹层发育是其常见的特征,根据其不同的白云化程度可将白云化隔夹层岩石类型划分为含云质砂岩、白云质砂岩、砂质白云岩和含砂白云岩,其中白云质砂岩和含砂白云岩是常见的两种类型。

  • 基于岩心的详细观察描述及相关分析化验数据,建立了白云化隔夹层的定性和定量识别标准,白云质砂岩在常光下整体呈灰色,可见明显的白斑,在紫外荧光下呈现亮白色特征,且随着白云化程度的不断增加,岩心在常光下表现为逐渐变亮的特征。在测井响应中,随着白云化程度的增加,自然伽马、密度及电阻率逐渐增大。

  • 白云化隔夹层的成因机理为:原始地下富镁卤水及泥岩压实水为主要的离子来源,物性较好的连续砂体及不整合面为主要的流体运移通道,储层物性差异使得孔隙流体与颗粒接触时间不同,离子转移交换持续时间不同,最终导致不同程度的白云化作用。

  • 白云化隔夹层宏观层次易于发生在海平面上升半旋回及下降半旋回的中期,中观层次易于发生在河道顶部、侧翼及河口坝底部等物性较差的部位,微观层次易于发生在孔喉连通不畅的区域。

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