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作者简介:

王艺帆(1995—),女,山西运城人,在读硕士研究生,从事油气地球化学方面的研究。E-mail:1968063762@qq.com。

通讯作者:

刚文哲(1965—),男,陕西凤翔人,教授,博士。E-mail:gangwenzhe@cup.edu.cn。

中图分类号:TE122.1+15

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2023)03-0011-17

DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.202110017

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目录contents

    摘要

    以烃源岩热解分析数据为基础,结合PetroMod盆地模拟技术,明确研究区烃源岩特征及热演化史,运用生烃潜力法建立生排烃模式,分析生排烃史及排烃强度,揭示歧口凹陷沙三段烃源岩热演化与生排烃作用对油气运聚与分布的影响。结果表明:研究区烃源岩普遍处于成熟-高成熟演化阶段,在镜质组反射率约为0.53%和0.83%时分别进入生烃和排烃门限,其排烃率达250 mg/g,排烃效率达65%。晚始新世末—早渐新世开始短暂生烃,因构造抬升运动而中止,在中渐新世开始排烃,至中渐新世末达到生排烃高峰期,之后于晚渐新世末再次因构造运动生排烃中止,整个生排烃过程与烃源岩热演化阶段基本一致。排烃中心沿歧北次凹—歧口主凹周缘分布,排烃强度达 90×106 t/km2 ,具有强排烃特征。广泛式的生排烃分布特征为歧口凹陷邻近隆起和斜坡部位提供了丰富的油气来源和运移动力,油气同时具有近源成藏及远距离侧向运移成藏的特征。

    Abstract

    The characteristics and thermal evolution history of source rocks in the study area are clarified based on the py‐ rolysis analysis data of source rocks and PetroMod basin simulation technology. The hydrocarbon generation and expul‐ sion modes are constructed by the hydrocarbon generation potential method to analyze the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion history and intensity. As a result,the influence of thermal evolution and hydrocarbon generation and expulsion of source rocks on oil and gas migration,accumulation,and distribution is revealed in the 3rd Member of Eocene Shahejie Formation(Es3)in Qikou Sag. The results show that the source rocks in the study area are generally in mature to highly mature evolution stages. The source rocks enter the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion threshold respectively when the vitrinite reflectance is about 0.53% and 0.83%. The hydrocarbon expulsion rate is 250 mg/g and the hydrocarbon ex‐ pulsion efficiency is 65%. Hydrocarbon generation began briefly at the end of the late Eocene and stopped due to tecton‐ ic uplift in the early Oligocene. Hydrocarbon expulsion began in the middle Oligocene and reached the peak of hydrocar‐ bon generation and expulsion at the end of the middle Oligocene. The consequent hydrocarbon generation and expulsion stopped again due to the tectonic movement at the end of the late Oligocene,and the whole hydrocarbon generation and expulsion process is basically consistent with the thermal evolution stage of source rocks. The hydrocarbon expulsion center is distributed along the periphery of Qibei Subsag to Qikou main sag,and the hydrocarbon expulsion intensity is up to 90×106 t/km2 with strong hydrocarbon expulsion characteristics. The extensive hydrocarbon generation and expul‐ sion distribution characteristics provide rich oil and gas sources and migration power for the adjacent uplift and slope of Qikou Sag. Additionally,the hydrocarbon has the characteristics of near source reservoir formation and long-distance lat‐ eral migration reservoir formation.

  • 歧口凹陷位于渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷中北部,是盆地主要富油气凹陷之一[1-2]。自古近纪以来,研究区接受广泛沉积,发育多套烃源岩层系,形成了混源供烃、多凹生烃的烃源供给格局,其烃源岩分布具有范围广、厚度大及质量优的特点[3-4]。自20世纪 60年代以来,研究区以“源控论”为油气勘探指导思想,围绕二级构造带寻找有利圈闭,已发现百余个含油气构造,油气累积探明储量近 7×108 t [5]。50 余年的勘探实践表明,优越的烃源岩条件是控制研究区油气富集规律与分布格局的重要因素[6]。烃源岩在地质历史时期的热演化特征、埋藏史、生排烃史均影响着油气的运聚过程,制约并形成了现今的油气分布格局[7-8]。因此,本文的研究目的在于明确歧口凹陷沙三段烃源岩的热演化过程与生排烃作用对油气运聚与分布的影响。

  • 针对歧口凹陷烃源岩,ZHU等选取系列相关的地球化学指标,运用聚类分析方法,分析了歧口凹陷原油地球化学特征,厘定了油气来源[9-10];于超等则以优质烃源岩分布和成烃环境为研究对象,明确了歧口凹陷优质烃源岩的主控因素[11-13];王振升等对歧口凹陷烃源岩进行了分级评价[14];周立宏等研究了异常压力对歧口凹陷烃源岩热演化的抑制作用[15];刘海涛等对歧口凹陷烃源岩生烃门限及其控藏作用进行了研究[16]。据此可见前人围绕油源对比、沉积环境、烃源岩发育主控因素及其控藏作用等方面开展了大量研究,而对于烃源岩热演化及其与生排烃过程的关系研究则较为薄弱。因此,为了正确认识研究区在不同地质历史时期烃源岩热演化的生排烃动态特征及其对油气运聚的影响,笔者以对歧口凹陷油气贡献最大的沙三段烃源岩为研究对象[17],基于烃源岩热解实验数据,对研究区沙三段烃源岩进行评价,运用PetroMod盆地模拟软件进行烃源岩热演化及生排烃史模拟,进而根据生烃潜力法建立了研究区生排烃模式,并对排烃强度定量计算及与油气分布关系进行探讨,以期对歧口凹陷下步油气勘探提供指导。

  • 1 地质背景

  • 歧口凹陷位于渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷的中北区,其北侧以汉沽断层为界与燕山褶皱带相接,西南缘以沈青庄凸起和孔店凸起与黄骅坳陷相隔,西北部以沧东断裂相接于沧县隆起,东邻沙垒田凸起,南部则上超于埕宁隆起,勘探面积约为5 280 km2[4] ( 图1)。区域构造上主要由 1 个歧口主凹和北塘次凹、板桥次凹、歧北次凹及歧南次凹4个次凹组成,其内部结构具有构造上东西分带、沉积上南北分区的特征,初步形成了环绕主凹、多沉降中心共存的宏观格局。其中,歧口主凹、歧北次凹及歧南次凹为主要凹陷区[18],也是本文主要的研究区域。

  • 受沧县隆起及埕宁隆起物源区控制,研究区由下至上主要沉积地层可划分为孔店组、沙河街组、东营组、馆陶组和明化镇组[19];其中,沙三段(Es3)、沙一段下亚段(Es1 x)及东三段(Ed3)发育本区3套主力烃源层系,具有厚度大、生烃条件优越的特点[20]; 研究区以内陆湖泊沉积为主,古近系发育辫状河三角洲、扇三角洲和浊积扇等沉积体系,新近系则以河流沉积为主,砂体类型多样且叠置发育,具有良好的储集条件[21];另外在沙一段中亚段(Es1 z)、东二段(Ed2)和明化镇组下段(Nmx)发育 3 套区域性盖层,其厚度大、范围广、封闭性较好,良好的生储盖组合为研究区油气大量富集提供了优越的条件[22]

  • 2 烃源岩评价

  • 烃源岩定性评价为判断有效烃源岩的分布、厚度及质量优劣提供了重要依据[23-25]。为了探究研究区的烃源岩特征,以钻遇研究区沙三段主力烃源岩层段的 33 口探井为研究对象,分析测试资料包括: 240 组有机碳热解数据、44 组氯仿沥青“A”化验数据、58 组干酪根元素分析测试数据、80 组干酪根同位素分析数据及240组镜质组反射率测试数据。本文所选33口探井较均匀分布于研究区,样品全部来自于探井取心,分析化验数据可靠,取平均值如表1 所示。

  • 2.1 分布特征

  • 歧口凹陷沙三段烃源岩主要为深灰色泥岩,其次还发育灰褐色油页岩、灰质泥岩。结合研究区沙三段有效烃源岩厚度分析(图2),认为其有效烃源岩具有厚度大、分布范围广的特点,烃源岩的分布格局与多沉积中心相一致,在歧口主凹、歧北次凹及歧南次凹等广大区域均有分布。不同地区烃源岩厚度存在一定差异,整体上自北向南由歧口主凹至歧北、歧南次凹逐渐减薄,表现为歧口主凹最厚,白 20-1井附近可达 1 200 m,歧北次凹在港深 59井附近亦达到1 200 m,歧南次凹次之,中心厚度达400 m。

  • 图1 歧口凹陷区域构造位置

  • Fig.1 Regional tectonic location in Qikou Sag

  • 2.2 有机质丰度

  • 评价烃源岩有机质丰度的主要指标包括:总有机碳含量、残留烃含量、热解烃含量、生烃潜量及氯仿沥青“A”含量等[26]。基于歧口凹陷沙三段烃源岩 240 组有机碳热解、44 组氯仿沥青“A”等分析测试数据,绘制研究区沙三段烃源岩有机质丰度评价图版(图3)及ωTOC平面分布等值线图(图4),并结合陆相泥质烃源岩有机质丰度评价标准[27],对歧口凹陷沙三段烃源岩有机质丰度进行研究。

  • 研究区烃源岩总有机碳含量为0.07%~5.89%,平均值为1.73%,其中大于1%的样品占统计样品总数的 80%;生烃潜量为 0.04~35.95 mg/g,平均值为 5.65 mg/g,其中大于 6.0 mg/g 的样品占统计样品总数的 41.67%;氯仿沥青“A”含量大于 1 000×10-6的样品占统计样品总数 79.5%,其值介于 55×10-6~4 755×10-6,平均值为 2 078×10-6(图3)。总体来看,研究区烃源岩有机质丰度较高,大部分达到好烃源岩。平面上,沙三段烃源岩总有机碳含量在歧北和歧南次凹较高,自西北向东南不断增加,而凹陷边部逐渐减小,总有机碳含量大于 1% 的面积约占凹陷总面积的 50%;高值区域主要分布在歧南次凹东南部的歧南6井附近和歧北次凹周缘(图4)。

  • 2.3 有机质类型

  • 选择基于烃源岩的Rock-Eval热解特征Tmax-HI 交会图、干酪根元素组成分析数据氢碳比-氧碳比 (n(H)/n(C)-n(O)/n(C))交会图、干酪根有机碳同位素含量频率分布和干酪根显微组分三端元图4种方法判别有机质类型(图5)。

  • 基于 Rock-Eval 热解特征的 Tmax-HI 交会图是目前判别有机质类型的常用方法。通过对沙三段240 组热解数据分析发现,研究区沙三段烃源岩有机质类型以Ⅱ型干酪根为主(图5a),氢指数(HI)为 4.76~617.72 mg/g,平均值为 254.39 mg/g,最高热解峰温(Tmax)为 391~539℃,平均值为 442℃,集中分布于430~460℃。

  • 表1 歧口凹陷沙三段分析化验数据统计

  • Table1 Statistics of analysis and laboratory data in Es3 in Qikou Sag

  • 注:ωS1为残留烃含量;ωS2为热解烃含量;ωTOC为总有机碳含量;ω“A”为氯仿沥青“A”含量;Tmax为最高热解峰温;ωCωHωO分别为干酪根有机元素C,H和O含量;δ13 C为干酪根有机碳同位素含量;Ro为镜质组反射率。

  • 通过分析研究区 58 组干酪根元素组成分析数据,发现沙三段烃源岩依然表现出Ⅱ型干酪根特征 (图5b)。

  • 前人研究表明,有机质碳同位素含量受有机质类型影响显著,因此可以作为判别有机质类型的有效指标[28]。一般来说,δ13C(PDB)小于-28‰ 为Ⅰ型干酪根,-28‰~-25‰ 为Ⅱ型干酪根,Ⅲ型干酪根的 δ13C(PDB)则大于-25‰。研究区沙三段 80组干酪根稳定碳同位素测试数据分析表明,超过50%的样品都是以Ⅱ型干酪根为主(图5c)。

  • 图2 歧口凹陷沙三段有效烃源岩厚度平面分布

  • Fig.2 Thickness distribution of effective source rocks in Es3 in Qikou Sag

  • 以腐泥组、“镜质组+惰性组”和壳质组为3个端元,绘制歧口凹陷沙三段烃源岩的显微组分三端元图(图5d),可以看出烃源岩显微组分总体集中分布于混合型,表现为壳质组组分含量很高,而腐泥组和镜质组、惰性组含量较少的特点,说明沙三段烃源岩有机质类型为腐泥-腐殖型,很少一部分为腐泥型。

  • 综合上述 4 种有机质类型的分析方法,可以得出研究区沙三段烃源岩的有机质类型大部分以腐泥-腐殖型为主,超过 50% 的样品表现出Ⅱ型干酪根特征。总体生烃潜力中等,但仍是良好的生油母质;腐殖型则在埋藏到足够深度时,可以大量生气,沙三段烃源岩既可以生油也可以生气。

  • 2.4 有机质热演化程度

  • 随着生油母质的热变质作用加强,与其相关的系列有机质参数也会发生规律的阶段性变化[29]。基于240组热解实验数据,运用镜质组反射率、干酪根最高热解峰温及岩石热解参数这3项来评价研究区有机质的热演化程度。研究表明,研究区内样品的 Ro 值集中分布于 0.5%~2.0%;其中,歧口主凹有 56% 的样品的 Ro值大于 1.2%,进入高成熟阶段;歧北次凹有近50%的样品处于低成熟阶段,歧南次凹有超过 90% 的样品处于成熟阶段(图6a);研究区Tmax值为 380~520℃,峰值区域位于 420~460℃,处于热降解生油气阶段(图6b)。通过分析 RoTmaxωS1/ωTOC随深度的变化趋势发现,总体上研究区烃源岩埋深达 3 125 m 左右开始进入早期低成熟油阶段,对应的 RoTmax 值分别为 0.5% 和 435℃;至 3 840 m 左右,开始进入成熟油大量生成阶段,对应的RoTmax值分别为0.8%和450℃(图6c—6e)。

  • 图3 歧口凹陷沙三段烃源岩有机质丰度评价图版

  • Fig.3 Organic matter abundance evaluation of source rocks in Es3 in Qikou Sag

  • 根据实测的Ro数据,分析研究区沙三段Ro平面分布特征(图7),可以看出 Ro值围绕歧口主凹呈环带状分布,且从主凹向周边逐渐减小。主凹中心部分烃源岩达到过成熟演化阶段(Ro值大于2.0%),研究区烃源岩整体演化程度较高,处于成熟-高成熟演化阶段,而沙三段未成熟-低成熟泥岩主要分布于歧北次凹斜坡部位的大部分地区和歧南次凹边缘,而歧口主凹则不存在低成熟泥岩。

  • 3 生排烃史模拟

  • 烃源岩生排烃史分析对于油气藏形成及分布规律具有重要意义[29-30]。选取歧口凹陷不同地区 3 口典型井进行生排烃史模拟分析,包括歧口主凹港深78井、歧北次凹港深48井和歧南次凹歧南2井。

  • 3.1 主要模拟参数

  • 3.1.1 剥蚀量

  • 渤海湾盆地自中生代以来发生过孔店运动、济阳运动及东营运动 3 期构造运动,其中东营运动引起的抬升剥蚀厚度最大可达1 000 m[22],对研究区烃源岩热演化变质作用影响明显。利用镜质组反射率法[31],根据东一段顶不整合面下伏地层的 Ro数据得到了歧口凹陷地层剥蚀量恢复结果(表2)。

  • 图4 歧口凹陷沙三段烃源岩ωTOC平面分布

  • Fig.4 ωTOC distribution of source rocks in Es3 in Qikou Sag

  • 3.1.2 古地温场

  • 古地温场包括古地表温度和古地温梯度。古地表温度的计算基于 PetroMod 的 wygrala 模型[32]。由于镜质组反射率的变化具有不可逆性,即其不会因为后期的温度降低而减小,所以这种方法恢复的是样品所在地层经历过的最大古地温。运用 BAK‐ ER 等总结的地层最大埋藏温度与其相应埋深段的平均镜质组反射率关系[33],首先计算不同埋深地层所经历的最高古地温(Tpeak),然后结合各井的样品埋深、不整合面的埋深、地层剥蚀厚度以及古地表温度等参数[31],即可计算出目的层的古地温梯度(表3)。

  • 3.1.3 大地热流

  • 大地热流等于地温梯度和岩石热导率的乘积,是表征烃源岩热演化程度的重要参数之一[34]。但不同岩性的岩石热导率存在较大差别,且会随结构和温度等因素的影响产生变化。杨淑贞等曾对渤海湾盆地不同坳陷进行取心实测热导率,得到了地区岩石热导率的变化规律[35],结合上文恢复的古地温梯度,运用盆地模拟反演出研究区不同区域代表性井位在不同地质历史时期的大地热流(图8)。

  • 模拟结果显示,研究区不同区域不同地质历史时期的大地热流值存在差异,区内大地热流初始值为 78~95 mW/m2,且普遍高于现今的 40~80 mW/ m2。至距今 25 Ma 左右大地热流值骤降,此时正好是东营组沉积末期,推测是由于东营组沉积末期强烈的抬升剥蚀作用所致,距今 20 Ma 之后大地热流值逐渐趋于稳定。

  • 图5 歧口凹陷沙三段烃源岩有机质类型评价图版

  • Fig.5 Organic matter type evaluation of source rocks in Es3 in Qikou Sag

  • 3.2 生排烃史

  • 基于研究区烃源岩有机质丰度、类型、热演化程度研究结果,选取 3 口典型工业油气流井,利用 PetroMod 盆地模拟软件建立热演化史模型。通过调整单井在不同地质历史时期的大地热流值,使模拟的Ro曲线与实测值相吻合,从而达到最优模拟效果,对研究区的烃源岩生排烃史进行分析。

  • 模拟的 Ro曲线与实测值吻合较好,表明模拟结果能很好地反映实际的地质情况。模拟结果(图9) 表明,歧口凹陷沙三段烃源岩普遍在晚始新世末— 早渐新世(沙三段沉积末期,距今约 35 Ma)开始生烃,但尚未进入排烃门限,此时Ro值约为0.5%,但由于晚始新世末的构造抬升而中止,因此持续时间较短;进入早渐新世以后,烃源岩随着埋深加大继续演化至成熟阶段,至中渐新世末(东一段沉积早期,距今约 27 Ma)达到生烃高峰,开始大量生烃,此时 Ro值约为 1.0%,之后由于晚渐新世末(东一段沉积末期,距今约 25 Ma)东营运动的构造抬升,烃源岩生烃中止,该段持续时间较长,为研究区主要的生烃时期。从油气转化率模拟曲线(图10)可以看出,研究区普遍在晚始新世末—早渐新世(沙三段沉积末期,距今约35 Ma)已开始产烃,但是转化率较低,进入早渐新世以后,油气转化率开始骤升,至晚渐新世末(距今约25 Ma),有机质转化率均达到最大,为 80%~90%,排烃量为 4.5×106~9.0×106 t。由此可见,歧口凹陷沙三段烃源岩在晚始新世末—早渐新世(沙三段沉积末期,距今约 35 Ma)已进入生烃门限,但在中渐新世才开始大量生烃。

  • 图6 歧口凹陷沙三段烃源岩有机质热演化评价图版

  • Fig.6 Thermal evolution of organic matters of source rocks in Es3 in Qikou Sag

  • 另外,研究区不同区域生排烃作用也表现出不同特征。歧口主凹开始生烃时间最早,且现今持续生烃,但是排烃的时期较歧北、歧南次凹却较为滞后,为东营组沉积中期—末期,这可能是由于歧口主凹深部发育超压体系,从而对烃源岩的排烃作用产生了抑制[1517]。歧北次凹的生排烃作用几乎是同时发生,排烃高峰略滞后于生烃高峰,但生排烃停止时间一致,为东营组沉积末期—馆陶组沉积时期。歧南次凹开始生烃时间最晚,排烃时间早于歧口主凹,晚于歧北次凹,且排烃高峰期及停止排烃期集中分布于距今 28~24 Ma,具有短时间内高效排烃的特点。总体上来说歧口主凹区域具有滞后排烃、持续生烃的特点,歧北次凹具有生排烃同步的特点,歧南次凹具有短期高效排烃的特点。

  • 前文对有机质热演化程度的研究结果表明,有机质的Ro值为0.8%,埋深在3 840 m左右时,烃源岩已经处于成熟期并开始大量生烃的阶段(图6a),若以此作为烃类开始排出的门限值,结合研究区烃源岩热演化史及生排烃模拟可知,烃源岩所处的地质年代大约为距今 30 Ma,此时油气转化率为 20%~30%,大致为距今 35~28 Ma。郭凯等对鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区有效烃源岩生排烃研究结果表明,油气转化率处于10%~20%时,烃源岩即可开始排烃,因此基于热演化史分析的烃源岩排烃时间是合理的[2936]。歧口凹陷沙三段烃源岩生排烃史为:晚始新世末—早渐新世(距今 35 Ma)开始短暂生烃,因构造抬升运动而中止,至早渐新世烃源岩继续深埋生烃并在中渐新世(Ro值为 0.8%,距今 30 Ma)开始排烃,至中渐新世末(东一段沉积早期,距今约 27 Ma)达到生排烃高峰期,之后由于晚渐新世末(东一段沉积末期,距今约25 Ma)的东营运动构造抬升导致生排烃中止。

  • 图7 歧口凹陷沙三段Ro平面分布特征

  • Fig.7 Ro distribution of source rocks in Es3 in Qikou Sag

  • 表2 歧口凹陷地层剥蚀厚度恢复结果

  • Table2 Results of stratum denudation thickness recovery in Qikou Sag

  • 4 生排烃特征

  • 烃源岩生排烃的定量评价是盆地油气资源远景评价的重要内容[37-38],石油地质学家们从不同角度提出了多种方法对其进行研究,总结起来主要为有机质参数法[39]、物理模拟实验法[28]、计算机数值模拟法[40] 及物质平衡法[41] 等,这些方法均建立在有机质热演化生油气的理论基础之上。自 20世纪 60年代以来,以物质平衡理论为基础衍生的“生排烃门限理论 ”[42] 在盆地油气资源评价中得到广泛运用,取得了较好的效果。笔者运用生烃潜力指数法,对研究区沙三段烃源岩的生排烃特征进行研究,建立生排烃模式,对其排烃强度进行定量计算,并分析其与油气分布的关系。

  • 表3 歧口凹陷不同层系最高古地温和古地温梯度统计

  • Table3 Maximum paleogeothermal temperature and paleogeothermal gradient of different formations in Qikou Sag

  • 图8 歧口凹陷大地热流值演化

  • Fig.8 Evolution of geothermal flow values in Qikou Sag

  • 4.1 生排烃模式

  • 生烃潜力指数是生烃势(残留烃与热解烃之和)与总有机碳含量的比值,其代表烃源岩的原始生烃潜力[2943]。在烃源岩处于生烃门限之时,烃源岩由于大量生烃而导致生烃潜力指数不断增大;当烃源岩达到排烃门限之时,烃类开始大量排出烃源岩,使得生烃潜力指数开始减小;在生烃潜力指数增大与减小的拐点处即为排烃门限,利用烃源岩原始生烃潜力指数减去残留的生烃潜力指数就可以得到现今每克有机碳的排烃量,进而得到相应的排烃率、排烃速率及排烃效率[44-45]Ro的演化不受剥蚀的影响,具有不可逆性,因此基于烃源岩热解实验数据,建立研究区沙三段烃源岩随Ro演化的生排烃剖面、生排烃率、排烃速率及排烃效率图版(图11)。

  • 研究表明,歧口凹陷沙三段烃源岩在 Ro值约为 0.53% 和 0.83% 时分别进入生烃门限和排烃门限,与前文有机质热演化分析结果基本一致(图6)。处在生烃门限与排烃门限之下时,研究区烃源岩开始进入大量生烃与排烃阶段,新生成的滞留烃类不断以游离相和水溶相排出[43],其生烃速率与排烃速率不断增高;Ro值约为 1.0% 时,烃源岩排烃速率达到峰值,根据典型井的热演化史恢复结果,此时的沙三段烃源岩正处于东营组沉积时期—明化镇组沉积时期的最大埋深阶段,其排烃率甚至高达250 mg/ g,排烃效率也达到 65%,这种较高的排烃效率主要是由较高的有机质热演化程度和高有机碳含量引起的;之后随着有机质热演化程度进一步加剧,排烃率逐渐降低,并趋于平稳。

  • 4.2 排烃强度与油气分布

  • 有机质丰度高、类型好、成熟度适中且分布范围广、厚度大的烃源岩的生烃潜力比较大[46-48]。研究区烃源岩有机质丰度较高,大部分已达到较好— 好的烃源岩水平,干酪根类型以Ⅱ型为主,沙三段烃源岩 Ro值基本大于 0.5%,处于成熟-高成熟演化阶段,既能生油又能生气,且分布范围很广,厚度最大的区域超过1 200 m,因此研究区沙三段烃源岩具备良好的生排烃潜力。

  • 根据笔者建立的生排烃模式,结合沙三段烃源岩的密度、总有机碳含量及有效烃源岩厚度等参数,可以对研究区烃源岩的排烃强度进行定量计算[49]

  • 由于 Ro的演化不受剥蚀的影响,利用镜质组反射率替换埋深积分计算研究区沙三段烃源岩的排烃强度。在中渐新世末(东一段沉积早期,距今约 27 Ma)为沙三段烃源岩排烃高峰,结合沙三段烃源岩厚度分布(图2)、总有机碳含量分布(图4)、Ro分布(图7)及生排烃模式(图11)即可计算研究区沙三段烃源岩在排烃高峰期(距今 27 Ma)的排烃强度。结果(图12)表明,研究区排烃中心沿歧北次凹—歧口主凹周缘分布,排烃强度达 90×106 t/km2,具有高排烃强度的特点,在歧口主凹发育一个大型的烃源灶,歧北次凹还发育一个小型的烃源灶,排烃强度达50×106 t/km2

  • 图9 歧口凹陷沙三段烃源岩热演化史模拟

  • Fig.9 Thermal evolution history of source rocks in Es3 in Qikou Sag

  • 研究区沙三段烃源岩对油气藏形成与分布的控制作用主要体现在:①油气沿排烃中心呈环状分布,体现出明显的源控特征。②气藏主要分布于歧口主凹周缘,是主凹区域有机质高度演化的结果。 ③大面积广泛式分布及高强度的生排烃作用为油气向周边斜坡或隆起部位的油气聚集提供丰富的物质基础及运移动力。④目前已发现的油气均处于研究区排烃范围内,排烃强度小于 10×106~90× 106 t/km2 均有分布,表明研究区沙三段油气既有近源成藏,亦有远距离侧向运移成藏。

  • 图10 歧口凹陷沙三段烃源岩生排烃史模拟

  • Fig.10 Hydrocarbon generation and expulsion simulations of source rocks in Es3 in Qikou Sag

  • 图11 歧口凹陷沙三段烃源岩生排烃模式

  • Fig.11 Hydrocarbon generation and expulsion modes of source rocks in Es3 in Qikou Sag

  • 5 结论

  • 建立歧口凹陷沙三段烃源岩评价图版,恢复了烃源岩热演化史。研究区沙三段烃源岩热演化处于成熟-高成熟阶段,为一套较优越的烃源岩,研究区普遍于晚始新世末—早渐新世(距今35 Ma)开始短暂生烃,因构造抬升运动中止,至早渐新世烃源岩继续深埋生烃并在中渐新世(Ro值为 0.8%,距今 30 Ma)开始排烃,至中渐新世末(东一段沉积早期,距今约27 Ma)达到生排烃高峰期,之后由于晚渐新世末(东一段沉积末期,距今约 25 Ma)东营运动的构造抬升导致生排烃中止,歧口主凹与歧北、歧南次凹进入生排烃门限时期略有不同,但基本一致。

  • 不同凹陷生排烃特征不同,歧口主凹具有滞后排烃、持续排烃的特点,歧北次凹具有生排烃同步的特点,歧南次凹具有短期高效排烃特点。歧口凹陷沙三段烃源岩在Ro值约为0.53%和0.83%时分别进入生烃门限和排烃门限,其排烃率可达250 mg/g,排烃效率可高达65%。

  • 图12 歧口凹陷沙三段烃源岩排烃强度与油气分布关系

  • Fig.12 Hydrocarbon expulsion intensity with oil and gas distribution of source rocks in Es3 in Qikou Sag

  • 排烃中心沿歧北次凹—歧口主凹周缘分布,排烃强度达90×106 t/km2,具有高排烃强度的特点。广泛式的生排烃分布特征为歧口凹陷邻近隆起和斜坡部位提供了丰富的油气来源和运移动力,使得油气既有近源成藏,亦有远距离侧向运移成藏的特点。

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