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作者简介:

李宇志(1973—),女,山东淄博人,高级工程师,博士,从事油气勘探开发研究工作。E-mail:liyuzhi169.slyt@sinopec.com。

通讯作者:

周肖肖(1988—),女,山东济宁人,工程师,博士。E-mail:t-zhouxiaoxiao.slyt@sinopec.com。

中图分类号:TE122.1

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2023)03-0028-14

DOI:10.13673/j.pgre.202301021

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目录contents

    摘要

    东营凹陷民丰地区在沙四段下亚段油气勘探中获重要突破,但其烃源岩生烃潜力、生物标志物特征及其环境意义以及膏盐岩对烃源岩成熟度的影响仍缺乏系统研究。基于岩石有机碳、热解、干酪根显微组分鉴定、饱和烃色谱-质谱等实验结果,结合地质条件,系统评价了沙四段下亚段烃源岩。研究结果表明:①烃源岩有机质以腐泥型的 Ⅰ和Ⅱ1型干酪根为主,生烃母质优质,盐间和扇间泥岩均具生烃能力,含有中等-优质烃源岩,可作为潜在页岩油气发育区;基于多元回归分析模型分岩性建立了TOC测井评价模型,其预测值与实测值吻合度高。②上部烃源岩相对下部具有高 C27重排甾烷/C27规则甾烷、高规则甾烷/17α-藿烷等特征;上部烃源岩多为盐间泥岩,沉积于咸水还原-强还原环境,下部烃源岩多为盐下扇间泥岩,为微咸水-淡水还原环境,二者以垂深 4180 ~ 4200 m为界,均在古冲沟附近较为发育。③烃源岩处于成熟-高成熟阶段,上部、下部烃源岩大致以镜质组反射率等于1.0%为界,上部生油为主,下部有利于裂解生气;盐上地层(以砂砾岩储层为主)的地温梯度和烃源岩镜质组反射率明显大于盐下和无盐相应参数。

    Abstract

    A major breakthrough in oil and gas exploration has been made in the Lower Submember of Member 4 of Sha‐ hejie Formation(Es4 x)in the Minfeng area,Dongying Sag. However,the systematic research on the hydrocarbon gener‐ ation potential,biomarker characteristics of source rock,and their environmental significance,as well as the impact of gypsum-salt rock on the maturity of the source rock is insufficient. According to the experimental results of rock organic carbon,pyrolysis,identification of kerogen macerals,and chromatography-mass spectrometry of saturated hydrocar‐ bon,as well as the geological conditions,the Es4 x source rocks are systematically evaluated. The research results show that:①The organic matters of source rock are mainly sapropel-type I and II1 kerogen with excellent hydrocarbon-gener‐ ating parent materials. The inter-salt and inter-fan mud rocks could both generate hydrocarbon and are medium or excel‐ lent source rocks,which thus could be considered as a potential shale oil and gas development area;TOC log evaluation models of different lithology are established by multiple regression analysis,and the predicted values are consistent with the measured values. ②The upper source rocks have higher C27 diasterane/C27 regular sterane and regular sterane/17αhopane than the lower ones and are mainly inter-salt mud rock in a strong reduction environments with salt water. The lower source rocks are mostly inter-fan mud rocks in a reduction environments with brackish water. The above two kinds of source rocks are bounded by a vertical depth of 4180-4200 m and are well developed near paleogullies. ③The source rocks are mature or highly mature. The upper and lower source rocks are bounded by a vitrinite reflectance of 1.0%. The upper source rocks mainly generate oil,while the lower ones are favorable for gas generation through splitting decompo‐ sition;the geothermal gradient and vitrinite reflectance of source rock above gypsum-salt rock(mainly glutenite reser‐ voirs)are greater than those under or without gypsum-salt rock.

  • 东营凹陷已有多口井在沙四段下亚段砂砾岩储层中勘探获高产凝析油气[1-2]。截至2020年,民丰盐家地区沙四段下亚段完钻井33口,其中10口井获工业油流气,展示了沙四段下亚段砂砾岩良好的油气勘探前景。以沙四段上亚段为目的层的丰页1-1HF 井创下了国内页岩油初产最高记录,显示出民丰地区页岩油潜力巨大,沙四段下亚段作为含膏盐岩烃源岩层系,有望成为下一个非常规油气重点突破领域。因此,研究沙四段下亚段烃源岩不仅为砂砾岩凝析油气藏勘探方向提供依据,也为未来页岩油气勘探提供前瞻性地质认识。

  • 沙四段下亚段为典型的盐湖相沉积,发育大套共生的盐岩和泥岩沉积,可作为优质生油岩[3]。凝析油气也主要来自沙四段下亚段烃源岩[4-5]。前人对东营凹陷沙四段下亚段盐湖相烃源岩进行过生烃评价[6-7],但由于当时岩石样品以及地质资料较少,对民丰地区烃源岩评价不够精细,在膏盐岩对烃源岩成熟度的影响以及烃源岩生物标志物特征及其环境意义等方面也缺乏系统研究。因此,笔者基于总有机碳含量(TOC)、热解、饱和烃色谱-质谱、透射光-荧光干酪根显微组分鉴定和镜质组反射率(Ro)等实验结果,研究民丰地区沙四段下亚段烃源岩生烃潜力,分析膏盐岩对烃源岩成熟度的影响和烃源岩生物标志物特征及其环境意义,以期为油气精细来源和深层油气勘探奠定基础。

  • 1 区域地质概况

  • 东营凹陷位于中国东部渤海湾盆地东南部,属于中、新生代断陷复合盆地,是一个不对称的半地堑湖相凹陷,具有北断南超、西断东超的不对称复式半地堑形态[8-9]。民丰地区位于东营凹陷东北带的东部。东营凹陷在沙四段下亚段沉积时期处于裂谷盆地演化早期,气候干旱,湖水强烈蒸发导致湖盆水体范围缩小且盐度增加[710-14]。重力作用使得湖水自下而上形成卤水、咸水、微咸水的分层现象[15]。随着卤水浓度逐步提高且达到饱和,便会有盐类结晶析出。盐湖湖盆底层处于缺氧、强还原和高盐环境,使得有机质能够很好地保存下来[16]。民丰地区沙四段下亚段边界断层附近水深较大,作为沉积中心油源条件优越,大量陆源碎屑物质被季节性洪水搬运而来并沉积于陈南断层下降盘,形成了大规模近岸水下扇砂砾岩体[17];而在洪水停滞期,则沉积了厚层膏盐岩以及与其互层且具有较高有机质丰度的泥岩,可形成良好的生储盖配置关系和圈闭条件,隐蔽岩性油气藏发育潜力较大[18] (图1—图2)。

  • 以开始钻遇膏盐岩或与膏盐岩同期的地层作为沙四段下亚段的顶界面,膏盐岩沉积多位于沙四段下亚段的中上部,包括盐层、石膏层和盐膏层,其单层厚度约为0.5~16 m;与膏盐岩呈互层韵律分布的深灰色泥岩,其单层厚度多小于 10 m,包括纯泥岩、泥质膏盐岩、含膏(盐)泥岩和膏(盐)质泥岩,本文将这类泥岩称为盐间泥岩。民丰地区北部靠近陈家庄凸起,沙四段下亚段多发育巨厚的砂岩、砾岩等碎屑岩沉积,碎屑岩间夹层泥岩则被称为扇间泥岩。对于钻遇沙四段下亚段膏盐岩的井,砂砾岩及扇间泥岩多分布于中下部;对于未钻遇沙四段下亚段膏盐岩的井,大套砂砾岩及少量扇间泥岩在整个沙四段下亚段均有分布。

  • 2 烃源岩评价

  • 2.1 生烃潜力评价

  • TOC、热解参数(残留烃S1、热解烃S2、最高热解峰温Tmax、氢指数HI等)和干酪根显微组分鉴定是常用的评价烃源岩生烃潜力的方法[19-21]TOC、生烃潜量S1+S2等参数用于判断有机质丰度,显微组分鉴定是基于干酪根的结构和颜色等确定显微组分含量,从而明确烃源岩母质来源和干酪根类型。

  • 考虑到与盐湖相泥岩伴生的岩石岩性存在差异,为了精细评价,将盐湖相烃源岩划分为盐间泥岩和扇间泥岩 2种类型。盐间泥岩 TOC 值为 0.35%~2.0%;S1值为 0.11~3.27 mg/g;HI 值为 44~154 mg/ g。扇间泥岩 TOC 值为 0.25%~2.33%;S1 值为 0.07~1.13 mg/g;HI 值为 14~147 mg/g。二者 TOC 值差别较小,既含有中等-优质烃源岩,也含有差烃源岩(图3)。盐间泥岩和扇间泥岩的 Tmax值分别为 425~455 和 435~474℃,指示两者分别处于成熟和成熟-高熟阶段[20]。盐间泥岩的 S1S2HI值略大于扇间泥岩,指示其具有较高的生烃潜力,这可能与其成熟度较低(Tmax较小)有关[22-23]。二者显微组分均以腐泥组(含量为 56.7%~97.0%)为主,含少量壳质组(含量为6.7%~32.7%)和镜质组(含量为 2.7%~16.7%),无惰质组,指示母质为腐泥型的Ⅰ 和Ⅱ1型干酪根(表1)。总体而言,沙四段下亚段烃源岩有机质丰度高(TOC 值多大于 1%),母质类型好,处于成熟-高成熟阶段,可动烃含量较高(S1值多数大于 1 mg/g,最高为 3.27 mg/g),为有效烃源岩,可作为潜在页岩油气发育区。

  • 图1 东营凹陷民丰地区沙四段下亚段沉积相

  • Fig.1 Sedimentary facies of Es4x in Minfeng area,Dongying Depression

  • 图2 东营凹陷地层综合柱状图(据文献[10]修改)

  • Fig.2 Comprehensive stratigraphic histogram of Dongying Sag(Modified according to reference [10]

  • 图3 民丰地区沙四段下亚段烃源岩S1 + S2TOC关系 (划分标准基于文献[20]

  • Fig.3 Relationships between Es4x source rock S1 + S2 and TOC in Minfeng area(Classification based on reference [20]

  • 2.2 测井评价模型

  • TOC 是页岩油评价的重要指标之一,合理预测 TOC 是评价页岩有机质丰度和生烃能力的关键[24]。民丰地区沙四段下亚段烃源岩富含石膏和石盐等矿物,导致岩石的自然伽马(GR)和体积密度(DEN)降低,声波时差(AC)和电阻率(R t)增大,不能用常规 ΔlgRt法预测烃源岩TOC[25-26]。考虑到膏(盐)成分含量(或泥质含量)不同对测井曲线影响不同,因此分岩性研究了测井曲线对 TOC 的影响。具体流程如下:①以标准层法将测井曲线标准化,这里以丰深 2 井作为标准井,以沙四段下亚段顶部大套厚层膏盐岩作为标准层;没有膏盐岩的井,参照临井膏盐岩标准层。②在测井数据标准化的基础上提取不同含膏 (盐)泥岩和纯泥岩的测井响应值。③在 DENAC,泥质含量(ΔGR),补偿中子密度(CNL)、电阻率对数 (logRt)等测井曲线中选取对 TOC 有影响的测井曲线,基于 Excel程序中的多元回归分析模型,建立不同岩性泥岩的 TOC与测井曲线之间的响应模式,即测井评价模型。

  • 盐间泥岩测井响应特征复杂,受烃源岩中膏 (盐)成分含量和泥质含量共同控制。对于盐间泥岩来说,以 ΔGR区分岩性,ΔGR越大,岩石中的泥质含量越高,膏(盐)成分含量越低。ΔGR的计算公式为:

  • ΔGR=GR-GRSG/GRM-GRSG
    (1)
  • 当ΔGR<0.6时,对应的岩性主要为泥质膏盐岩和膏(盐)质泥岩,烃源岩测井响应特征受膏(盐)成分含量控制,利用多元回归模型得到的 TOC测井评价模型为:

  • Tp=9.42-0.040AC-3.29DEN+0.161logRt+0.065CNL+1.049ΔGR+0.021GR
    (2)
  • 当 ΔGR≥0.6 时,对应的岩性以含膏(盐)泥岩和纯泥岩为主,烃源岩测井响应特征受泥质含量控制,利用多元回归模型得到的TOC测井评价模型为:

  • TOCp=-8.97+0.000143AC+2.53DEN+0.982logRt+0.111503CNL-2.855ΔGR+0.041934GR
    (3)
  • 扇间泥岩测井评价模型为:

  • TOC p=3.801668+0.037398AC-3.02772DEN+0.020893GR+0.420667logRt+0.002913CNL
    (4)
  • 为检验模型的准确性,建立实测 TOC值与预测 TOC 值的相关性。由图4 可知,对于盐间泥岩,当 ΔGR<0.6,相关系数为 0.879;当 ΔGR≥0.6,相关系数可达 0.745;对于扇间泥岩,相关系数为 0.832。选取烃源岩发育且实测值较多的丰深 2井和丰深 1井对比实测 TOC 值和预测 TOC 值,发现二者吻合较好,说明建立的测井评价模型是可靠的(图5)。

  • 表1 民丰地区沙四段下亚段干酪根显微组分含量及Ro数据

  • Table1 Kerogen maceral contents and Ro values of Es4x in Minfeng area

  • 根据测井评价模型得到沙四段下亚段泥岩TOC 数据,并计算其平均值,绘制民丰地区沙四段下亚段泥岩平均TOC等值线分布图(图6)。TOC等值线分布趋势与沙四段下亚段顶面构造形态基本一致, TOC 值都大于 0.5%,大部分大于 1.0%,说明沙四段下亚段烃源岩(TOC>0.5% 的泥岩)在民丰地区广泛分布。TOC高值区位于民丰地区北部沙四段下亚段顶面埋深较大处,TOC 均值大于 2%,向东和南方向逐渐减小,烃源岩品质变差。丰深10井TOC均值最大,为 2.35%。分析认为,沙四段下亚段顶部在民丰地区北部埋深最大,为盐湖相沉积中心,藻类勃发和强还原环境有利于有机质的富集和保存,从而形成 TOC高值区。

  • 3 烃源岩沉积环境及其展布

  • 3.1 烃源岩生物标志物特征及其环境意义

  • 沙四段下亚段饱和烃气相色谱-质谱图在垂向上存在差异,上部烃源岩与下部相比,具有高 C27重排甾烷/C27规则甾烷、高规则甾烷/17α-藿烷、高奥利烷指数等特征,说明两者地球化学特征存在差异。为了进一步研究母质来源及沉积环境的不同,也为了对沙四段原油进行更为精细的油源对比,笔者大致以C27重排甾烷/C27规则甾烷值为0.7为界,对应垂深为 4 180~4 200 m,将沙四段下亚段分为上部和下部进行分析。

  • 3.1.1 规则甾烷和姥鲛烷/nC17与植烷/nC18

  • C27,C28和 C29规则甾烷相对丰度的三元组成图有助于分析沉积环境[27-29]。由图7a和图8可见,沙四段下亚段上部烃源岩C27规则甾烷分布范围大,整体为中等-高丰度 C27、低丰度 C28和低-中等丰度 C29规则甾烷,母质来源主要为浮游生物、藻类和细菌。下部烃源岩具有相似的分布特征,但C27规则甾烷含量较低,指示母质来源以浮游生物和细菌为主,含少量陆源植物。姥鲛烷/nC17(Pr/nC17)与植烷/nC18(Ph/ nC18)是反映有机质输入、沉积环境和成熟度的有效参数[30-33]。沙四段下亚段下部烃源岩 Pr/nC17与 Ph/ nC18均值分别为 0.66和 0.68。上部烃源岩的均值更大,分别为0.95和1.29,说明两者成烃母质主要为藻类有机质,沉积于还原环境,但上部相比下部烃源岩沉积环境还原性更强(图7b)。

  • 图4 实测TOC值和预测TOC值的相关性

  • Fig.4 Correlation between measured and predicted TOC values

  • 图5 TOC单井预测

  • Fig.5 Single well prediction of TOC

  • 图6 民丰地区沙四段下亚段泥岩平均TOC等值线分布图

  • Fig.6 Distribution of average TOC contour line of Es4x mud rock in Minfeng area

  • 3.1.2 规则甾烷/17α-藿烷和C27重排甾烷/ C27甾烷

  • 规则甾烷/17α-藿烷能反映真核生物(藻类和高等植物)与原核生物(细菌)对烃源岩的贡献。高比值(≥1)指示有机质主要来源于浮游生物和/或底栖藻类[34]。反之,低含量规则甾烷和低规则甾烷/17α藿烷比值更多地指示陆生的或经微生物改造的有机质[21]。沙四段下亚段上部烃源岩规则甾烷/17α-藿烷比值为 0.51~16.84,均值为 3.98,明显大于下部烃源岩(均值为 0.56),指示上部烃源岩母质输入以浮游生物和/或底栖藻类为主(图7c)。高 C27重排甾烷/C27甾烷值代表原油来源于富黏土矿物的烃源岩[30],也可以是由高成熟度[35] 和/或严重生物降解造成的[36]。沙四段下亚段上部烃源岩 C27重排甾烷/C27 甾烷值为0.42~1.29,均值为0.97,明显高于下部烃源岩(均值约为 0.45)(图7c和图8)。由于上部烃源岩的成熟度小于下部,且处于成熟阶段,所以上部烃源岩高C27重排甾烷/C27甾烷值可能与其富黏土矿物所致。

  • 图7 民丰地区沙四段下亚段烃源岩生物标志物参数(a和b图版据文献[27]

  • Fig.7 Biomarker parameters of Es4x source rock in Minfeng area(a and b chart are modified according to references [27]

  • 3.1.3 伽马蜡烷指数和奥利烷指数

  • 丰富的伽马蜡烷指示沉积物在沉积期存在分层水体,也可能是不同盐度的分层,通常代表强还原、高盐环境[30]。伽马蜡烷丰度常用伽马蜡烷指数(伽马蜡烷/C30藿烷)来表征。奥利烷主要来源于陆相高等植物,即被子植物[30]。奥利烷丰度通常由奥利烷指数(奥利烷/C30藿烷)表征。高丰度的奥利烷通常与古近纪—新近纪陆相有机质的大量输入有关。

  • 由图7d可知,沙四段下亚段上部烃源岩的伽马蜡烷指数为0.14~1.30,均值为0.55,高于下部烃源岩(均值约为0.20),表明其水体盐度较高,与盐湖相沉积环境基本一致。上部烃源岩的奥利烷指数为 0.15~3.29,均值为 1.17;下部奥利烷指数为 0.04~0.48,均值为0.22,明显低于上部烃源岩。从奥利烷指数来看,沉积于咸水环境的上部烃源岩比沉积于微咸水-淡水的下部烃源岩陆相有机质输入更多,这与传统认识不符合。沙四段沉积期间,许多陆源碎屑物质随间歇性洪水注入湖中,使沙四段烃源岩母质含有陆相有机质[17],但上部烃源岩陆相植物贡献高于下部的可能性较小。前人研究指出奥利烷含量除了受控于陆相有机质的贡献外,还受环境影响,咸水比淡水环境更有利于奥利烷保存[37]。因此,含少量陆相有机质的上部烃源岩由于奥利烷的保存环境极佳导致其指数高;下部烃源岩尽管母质来源中含有被子植物,但由于保存条件较差而损失奥利烷。

  • 综上所述,沙四段下亚段上部烃源岩多为盐间泥岩,少量为分布于无盐区的扇间泥岩,为咸水还原-强还原环境,母质来源以浮游生物、藻类和细菌为主,含少量陆源高等植物;下部烃源岩多为分布于膏盐岩之下的扇间泥岩,少量为盐间泥岩,沉积于微咸水-淡水还原环境,母质来源以浮游生物和细菌为主,含少量陆源高等植物。由于砂砾岩为后期季节性洪水搬运而来,堆积于早期还原条件下沉积的泥岩中,形成扇间泥岩,因此,扇间泥岩与陆源碎屑关系不大,这也与前面得出的盐间泥岩和扇间泥岩有机质丰度差别较小的评价结果一致。

  • 图8 民丰地区沙四段下亚段上部和下部烃源岩饱和烃色谱-质谱图

  • Fig.8 Chromatography-mass spectroscopy of saturated hydrocarbon in Upper and Lower Es4x source rocks in Minfeng area

  • 3.2 烃源岩展布

  • 靠近陈家庄凸起,近岸水下扇在重力的作用下沿着断层面运移并沉积下来,所以,越靠近凸起处,砂泥比越大,泥岩厚度越小。根据民丰地区不同单井沙四段下亚段上部和下部 TOC>0.5% 的泥岩厚度,绘制了相应的烃源岩平面厚度分布图,由图9可以看出,上部烃源岩厚度分布范围较大,为 0~350 m,丰深4、丰深1和丰8等井区发育的古冲沟附近由于埋深较大,除了沉积砂砾岩外,也是烃源岩厚度高值区;远离陈家庄凸起的坨深 4、永深 2 和丰深 2 等井附近受构造影响小,沉积较为完整,烃源岩厚度也较大(>250 m)。下部烃源岩在靠近陈家庄凸起地区厚度较小(<100 m)或不发育,其高值区同样多集中在丰深 4、丰深 1 和丰 8 等井区发育的古冲沟附近;丰深 2 井附近为沙四段下亚段沉积早期的沉积中心,由于远离物源区,基本不沉积砂砾岩,所以下部烃源岩厚度明显增大(>700 m)。

  • 4 烃源岩热演化分析

  • 4.1 烃源岩成熟度

  • 温度和时间是油气生成过程中至关重要的一对因素,其中温度的影响是最主要的[38-40]。前人研究表明,沉积盆地中膏盐岩热导率是一般砂泥岩的 2~3 倍[41-42],更有利于深部热量向浅部传递。因此,理论上膏盐岩之下(盐下)地层温度要低于无膏盐岩(无盐)区同一垂深地层温度,而膏盐岩之上(盐上)地层温度要高于无盐区同一垂深的地层温度。基于岩性数据以及沙四段烃源岩(以泥岩为主)与膏盐岩的关系,将沙四段烃源岩分为盐下、盐上、膏盐岩之间(盐间)以及无盐烃源岩。烃源岩 Ro随垂深的变化(图10 a)显示,3 500 m 以下盐上、盐间和盐下烃源岩 Ro 的变化率分别为 0.153%/hm,0.077% /hm 和 0.065%/ hm,三者呈逐渐降低趋势;3 500 m以上地层也表现为同一垂深盐上烃源岩 Ro大于无盐烃源岩的特点,说明膏盐岩较高的热导率导致Ro随垂深变化率为盐下最低,盐间其次,盐上最高以及无盐烃源岩低于盐上烃源岩。根据 Ro随垂深变化,得出沙四段下亚段上部、下部烃源岩的 Ro界限约为 1.0%,说明二者除了沉积环境存在差异外,成熟度也不同。

  • 图9 民丰地区沙四段下亚段烃源岩厚度等值线分布

  • Fig.9 Thickness distribution of Es4x source rocks in Minfeng area

  • 基于民丰地区沙四段47口井的73个实测温度,研究了盐上、盐下和无盐地层温度(测试段以砂砾岩储层为主)随垂深的变化,并拟合了两者的关系。由于盐间或盐上地层温度数据较少,合在一块研究。由图10b 可以看出,无盐、盐间或盐上、盐下地层温度与垂深都具有线性关系,地温梯度分别约为3.63, 4.90 和 3.09 °C/hm。因此,盐间或盐上地层的地温梯度最高,其次为无盐地层,盐下地层最低。这是由于膏盐岩热导率明显大于砂泥岩,导致深部热量向浅部传递,反映了膏盐岩对温度场的影响。

  • 图10 民丰地区沙四段烃源岩Ro和地层温度随垂深的变化

  • Fig.10 Variation of Ro and formation temperature with vertical depth of Es4 source rocks in Minfeng area

  • 4.2 烃源岩热演化史

  • 基于单井地质数据(地层分层和岩性数据)和古热流数据,利用美国 PRA 公司开发的 BasinMod 石油系统软件模拟了丰深 2 井的埋藏史和热史(图11)。为了使模拟结果更准确,利用累加方法得到沙四段下亚段膏盐岩和泥岩厚度,且不影响热史分析[42]。大地热流值参照前人对渤海湾盆地热史的研究成果[43-44],东营组沉积末期剥蚀厚度同样参考前人研究成果[45]。基于 Easy%Ro动力学模型进行盆地模拟[46-47],再利用实测Ro值校正模型。丰深2井沙四段下亚段上部烃源岩的底在沙四段—沙二段沉积时期快速埋藏,沙三段沉积早期进入生油门限(Ro约为 0.5%),沙二段沉积时期(距今 37.8 Ma)进入生油高峰期(Ro为 0.7%~1.0%),东营组沉积时期(距今 28.5 Ma)为生油晚期(Ro为1.0%~1.3%),但至今未达到生气阶段(Ro>1.3%)。沙四段下亚段下部烃源岩的底在沙四段上亚段沉积晚期(约 43 Ma)开始生油,沙三段中亚段沉积早期(距今 40 Ma)达到生油高峰,随后快速沉积,在沙二段沉积末期(距今 36.5 Ma)进入生油晚期,东营组沉积早期(距今32 Ma)开始生气(Ro>1.3%),现处于生气阶段。

  • 5 油气勘探指导意义

  • 综合分析认为沙四段下亚段可能存在以下有利油气勘探区:①在民丰地区北部,烃源岩 TOC 值多大于 1.5%,上部、下部烃源岩厚度均较大。若该区砂砾岩较为发育,则可形成砂砾岩油气藏;若有利页岩岩相类型发育,则可作为潜在页岩油气勘探区。 ②在民丰地区南部,靠近丰深 2 井附近的烃源岩 TOC 值多大于 0.7%。该区由于远离砂砾岩沉积而且断层不发育,不利于常规砂砾岩油气藏的勘探,但这种特点有利于非常规油气的储集和保存。该区上部烃源岩厚度大,有机质丰度较高,在有利页岩岩相类型发育区可作为潜在页岩油勘探区;下部烃源岩厚度和埋深大、成熟度高,有利于生成天然气,在有利页岩岩相类型发育带可作为潜在页岩气勘探区。沙四段下亚段膏盐岩厚度大于300 m[48],较厚的膏盐岩盖层封闭油气既有利于形成异常高压,为成藏提供动力,又有助于油气保存,但对钻井及开采技术有一定要求。

  • 图11 民丰地区丰深2井沙四段下亚段埋藏史和热演化史

  • Fig.11 Burial history-thermal history of Es4x source rocks of Well FS2 in Minfeng area

  • 6 结论

  • 东营凹陷民丰地区沙四段下亚段盐湖相烃源岩有机质丰度高(TOC 值多大于 1%),有机质类型好 (Ⅰ和Ⅱ1型干酪根),母质来源为浮游生物/藻类有机质,沉积于还原-强还原环境,含有中等-优质烃源岩。基于建立的不同岩性 TOC 测井评价模型研究了民丰地区烃源岩TOC展布特征,全区TOC值均大于 0.5%,在北部较高,是中等-优质烃源岩有利发育区,为盐湖相强还原环境下藻类勃发和有机质富集及保存的结果。

  • 根据 C27重排甾烷/C27规则甾烷、高规则甾烷/ 17α-藿烷等生物标志物特征参数,以垂深 4 180~4 200 m为界,将沙四段下亚段烃源岩分为上部和下部。上部烃源岩与下部相比,具有高 C27重排甾烷/ C27规则甾烷、高规则甾烷/17α-藿烷、高奥利烷指数和高伽马蜡烷指数的特征,指示二者沉积环境、母质来源、水体盐度等略有差异,但都以还原环境为主。

  • 烃源岩整体处于成熟-高成熟阶段。上部烃源岩Ro值多小于1.0%,下部多大于1.0%。盐上烃源岩的地温梯度和成熟度明显大于盐下和无盐烃源岩,地温梯度差可达 1.8 °C/hm,Ro变化率差为 0.088%/ hm。上部烃源岩在沙三段沉积时期进入生油门限,沙一段沉积末期进入生油高峰,以生油为主。下部烃源岩比上部相应生烃阶段时间早约 2~8 Ma,现处于生油晚期和生气阶段。

  • 符号解释

  • AC——声波时差,μs/ft;

  • CNL——补偿中子测井;

  • DEN——体积密度,g/cm3

  • GR——自然伽马,API;

  • GRM——纯泥岩自然伽马,API;

  • GRSG ——纯石膏或纯盐自然伽马,API;

  • ΔGR——泥质含量;

  • Rt ——电阻率,Ω·m;

  • TOCp——预测总有机碳含量,%。

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