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作者简介:

马帅(1990—),男,山东东营人,副研究员,博士,从事沉积学及石油天然气地质综合研究。E-mail:mas0302@163.com。

中图分类号:TE122.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2023)04-0001-20

DOI:10.13673/j.pgre.202209005

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目录contents

    摘要

    受古亚洲洋俯冲、闭合及华北板块北缘与西伯利亚板块之间碰撞作用的影响,内蒙古隆起在石炭纪—二叠纪发生了重要的构造隆升,控制着华北东部沉积盆地的形成发展与充填演化,并成为沉积盆地的物源区。通过对3条野外地质剖面及盆地覆盖区大量钻井岩心开展岩石学、矿物学、沉积学及地球化学等方面的研究,对华北东部石炭系—二叠系进行详细的沉积体系研究及物源区构造演化分析。结果表明:华北东部石炭纪—二叠纪沉积盆地的古地理环境经历了陆表海—海陆过渡—陆相的演化过程,从早到晚依次发育台地-堡岛复合沉积体系、三角洲沉积体系及河流沉积体系,沉积相类型包括碳酸盐岩台地、潮坪、潟湖、障壁岛、三角洲、曲流河及辫状河等。砂岩碎屑颗粒成分及地球化学特征表明,物源区具有活动大陆边缘再旋回造山带及岛弧双重性质,母岩岩石组合为早古生代富燧石条带碳酸盐岩与中-新元古代碎屑岩、浅变质岩等先期沉积盖层,以及晚古生代岛弧火山岩、深成侵入岩和基底变质岩。华北东部石炭纪—二叠纪盆地沉降和充填速率、沉积演化过程以及碎屑岩颗粒组分变化、岩石地球化学特征等,充分响应了物源区随造山带在本溪组沉积时期—太原组沉积时期受持续洋-陆俯冲作用及陆缘岛弧的形成发生陆内隆升、山西组沉积时期—下石盒子组沉积时期古亚洲洋逐渐闭合及板块陆-陆碰撞导致物源区隆升加剧并伴有褶皱冲断、上石盒子组沉积时期进入板块强烈陆-陆碰撞及全面造山的构造演化过程。

    Abstract

    Affected by the subduction and closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean and the collision between the northern margin of the North China Plate and the Siberian Plate,the Inner Mongolia Paleo-Uplift underwent important tectonic uplift during the Carboniferous-Permian period,and it controls the formation,development,and filling evolution of the sedimentary basin in eastern North China and has become the provenance area of the basin. By studying sedimentology,petrology,mineralogy,and geochemistry of three field geological profiles and a large number of drilling cores in the basin area,detailed sedimentary system and tectonic evolution of provenance area during the Carboniferous-Permian period in eastern North China were analyzed in this article. The results show that the paleogeographic environment of the Carboniferous-Permian sedimentary basin in eastern North China has experienced the evolution process of the epicontinental sea,sea-land transition,and continental facies. Platform-barrier coast sedimentary system,delta sedimentary system,and fluvial sedimentary system have been developed from early to late,and sedimentary facies include carbonate platforms,tidal flat,lagoons,barrier islands,delta,meandering rivers,braided rivers,etc. The composition of detrital particles and geochemical characteristics of sandstone indicate that the provenance area has the characteristics of an active continental margin recycling orogenic belt and island arc. The parent rock assemblage is composed of early Paleozoic flint-rich banded carbonate rocks,early sedimentary cap rocks such as Meso-Neoproterozoic clastic rocks and epimetamorphic rocks,and Late Paleo‐ zoic island arc volcanic rocks,plutonic intrusive rocks,and basement metamorphic rocks. The sedimentation,filling rate,sedimentary evolution process,variation of clastic grain composition,and petrogeochemical characteristics of the Carboniferous-Permian basin in eastern North China fully respond to the tectonic evolution process of the provenance area with the orogenic belt. Specifically,the provenance area undergoes intracontinental uplift due to continuous ocean-continent subduction and the formation of an island arc in the continental margin during the sedimentary period of the Benxi and Taiyuan Formations. In the sedimentary period of the Shanxi Formation-Lower Shihezi Formation,the paleo-Asian ocean gradually closes,and the collision between plates makes the uplift of the provenance area intensified with fold and thrust. During the sedimentary period of the Upper Shihezi Formation,the provenance area experiences an intense collision between plates and comprehensive orogenesis

  • 石炭纪—二叠纪是华北克拉通地史演化的重要时期,伴随南、北两侧大洋盆地开合旋回及板块俯冲碰撞造山作用,在不同演化阶段形成了盆地属性、沉积充填特征及古地理环境等方面具有明显差异的盆山系统[1-3]。随着中国对深部层系油气勘探的持续推进,华北中西部鄂尔多斯盆地、沁水盆地在石炭系—二叠系煤层气及致密砂岩气等勘探领域取得了重大突破[4-5]。华北东部渤海湾盆地近年来也发现一些中小规模的石炭系—二叠系油气藏,例如冀中坳陷苏桥-文安潜山、黄骅坳陷歧北潜山和乌马营潜山、济阳坳陷孤北古1井区等,展示出石炭系—二叠系良好的油气勘探潜力[6-8]。由于华北东部受后期多种类型盆地叠加及构造活动改造影响,石炭系—二叠系含煤岩系及规模砂体连续性较差,分布具明显分割性,原型盆地和岩相古地理恢复困难,这些均在一定程度上制约了油气勘探进程。目前越来越多的研究成果表明华北东部石炭纪—二叠纪沉积盆地与华北北缘兴蒙造山带之间存在同一动力学过程中相伴生的盆山耦合关系[1-29-11],因此开展盆地碎屑物质沉积充填过程、与物源区造山带构造活动相互关系等方面的研究,是恢复原型盆地、重建岩相古地理格局等油气勘探基础工作的重要切入点[12-13]。本次研究以邢台沙巴沟、淄博博山、秦皇岛石门寨3条石炭系—二叠系野外剖面以及大量盆地覆盖区钻井为研究对象,开展沉积充填演化、物源区构造演化分析等研究,通过恢复盆山系统间物质迁移过程,探讨华北东部石炭纪—二叠纪沉积充填对物源区构造演化的响应,旨在进一步深入揭示盆山耦合关系,总结含油气盆地石油地质条件并指导勘探部署。1 区域地质背景

  • 1 区域地质背景

  • 华北东部石炭纪—二叠纪沉积盆地是发育在前寒武纪变质结晶基底之上的克拉通盆地,其西起太行山隆起,东至郯庐断裂带,北接兴蒙造山带,南邻秦岭-大别造山带,整体处于古特提斯洋、古亚洲洋以及古太平洋三大构造域相互作用的交接位置[14-15]。盆地物源区内蒙古隆起位于华北北缘与兴蒙造山带的过渡部位[1-210-11],区内广泛出露前寒武纪变质结晶基底及晚古生代侵入岩体[16] (图1)。前人对华北北部中-新元古代及早古生代古地理恢复结果表明内蒙古隆起当时处于沉积区,发育巨厚层碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩建造,其构造隆升主要发生在晚古生代以来,是古亚洲洋俯冲-闭合、华北板块北缘与西伯利亚板块南缘碰撞-拼合的产物[17-20]

  • 石炭纪—二叠纪是华北板块北缘构造演化的脉动期。从板块构造作用角度来看,早石炭世末期古亚洲洋板块沿索伦缝合带向南俯冲于华北板块之下,并在内蒙古隆起上形成大量早石炭世晚期— 中晚二叠世以花岗岩、花岗闪长岩、石英闪长岩为主的侵入岩体,以及与其相对应的以玄武安山岩、安山岩、英安岩、流纹岩为主的地表弧型火山岩,岩石地球化学特征显示这些均代表了与安第斯型活动大陆边缘俯冲相关的岩浆活动[19-21],由于后期强烈的构造隆升作用,火山岩常常被风化剥蚀,保留下来的主要为深成侵入岩体。克拉通内部二叠系砂岩样品显生宙碎屑锆石年龄组成的差异反映自早二叠世末期受较强烈的火山作用影响,沉积盆地物源组成发生变化,且古亚洲洋在不晚于距今 276~258 Ma时已经闭合[22-23],华北板块北缘进入与西伯利亚板块南缘南蒙古复合陆块的碰撞阶段,内蒙古隆起持续快速隆升遭受风化剥蚀。直至二叠纪末期,大量后碰撞/后造山岩浆岩的广泛发育,代表了华北板块北缘处于与西伯利亚板块拼合后伸展环境并发生岩石圈拆沉作用[24]。俯冲碰撞造山作用和造山带的不断扩展与隆起,控制着华北东部石炭纪—二叠纪沉积盆地的形成发展与充填演化,并成为沉积盆地的物源区。

  • 图1 华北东部石炭系—二叠系地质简图

  • Fig.1 Geologic map of Carboniferous-Permian system in eastern North China

  • 2 沉积充填演化特征

  • 2.1 地层发育特征

  • 华北东部石炭纪—二叠纪盆地沉积地层自下而上包括本溪组、太原组、山西组、下石盒子组、上石盒子组及石千峰组,整体为一套夹碳酸盐岩及煤层的硅质碎屑岩沉积建造,受控于华北陆表海古地理演化背景,研究区地层可根据区域不整合面或典型标志层进行划分与对比[925-29] (图2)。其中本溪组底界为奥陶系顶部加里东期风化剥蚀面底界,下部为灰棕色铝土岩、泥岩及透镜状产出的褐铁矿,上部为灰黑色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩夹细砂岩、灰岩,顶界为区域性发育的晋祠砂岩底界。太原组为本溪组的顶界至山西组北岔沟砂岩底界,岩性主要包括灰黑色泥岩、粉砂岩、炭质泥岩、灰白色中粗粒石英砂岩、灰岩及多套煤层。山西组底界为北岔沟砂岩的底界,顶界为骆驼脖子砂岩的底界,整体以碎屑岩沉积为主,表现为灰色泥岩、粉-细砂岩、含砾中粗砂岩与煤层的互层。下石盒子组为山西组的顶界至桃花泥岩顶界或 K6砂岩底界,主要为灰绿色、灰黄色泥岩、粉砂岩夹灰黄色、灰白色中-粗砂岩、含砾砂岩,局部夹薄煤层。上石盒子组岩性以紫色、黄绿色泥岩与棕红色、灰黄色细-中砂岩、含砾粗砂岩互层为特点,局部夹杂色铝土质泥岩及薄煤层,顶界为 K8砂岩或平顶山砂岩的底界。石千峰组岩性以紫红色泥岩夹棕灰色细-中砂岩、含砾粗砂岩为主。

  • 2.2 沉积体系分析

  • 通过对研究区野外露头及钻井、岩心资料进行详细的沉积学分析,认为华北东部石炭纪—二叠纪盆地沉积受幕式构造运动和海平面变化影响[26-29],古地理环境经历了陆表海—海陆过渡—陆相的演化过程,多种不同沉积序列在时空上并存且随海平面升降及物源供给强度变化从早到晚、自南向北呈规律性演化,依次发育陆表海台地-堡岛复合沉积体系、三角洲沉积体系及河流沉积体系(图2)。

  • 图2 华北东部不同野外剖面岩性及沉积相综合分析

  • Fig.2 Comprehensive analysis of lithology and sedimentary facies of different field profiles in eastern North China

  • 2.2.1 台地-堡岛复合沉积体系

  • 该沉积体系是陆表海环境下多种沉积相在垂向及横向上相互演化的综合体现,沉积相类型包括台地相、潮坪相、潟湖相及障壁岛相。其中台地相以局限台地沉积为主,发育泥晶灰岩(图3a)、生物碎屑灰岩(图3b)等岩石类型,可见块状层理、波状层理及生物扰动现象,化石种类多样,包括有孔虫、棘皮动物、腕足动物等。各灰岩层厚度一般不超过10 m,层位稳定,横向上受海平面变化影响常向硅质碎屑岩转化。

  • 图3 华北东部石炭系—二叠系沉积相类型典型野外照片

  • Fig.3 Typical field photos of Carboniferous-Permian sedimentary facies in eastern North China

  • 研究区潮坪相根据潮汐水动力条件变化及沉积物类型可划分为泥坪、混合坪、砂坪、沼泽及潮汐水道等沉积类型。泥坪主要发育在高潮线附近,岩石类型以灰色、灰黑色泥岩、炭质泥岩、粉砂质泥岩为主,夹薄层细-粉砂岩(图3c),发育水平层理、透镜状层理等,水动力条件较弱,野外勘查中可见大量生物潜穴及植物化石碎片。受间歇性海退影响,部分层段发育暴露环境下形成的泥岩,岩心中表现为铁质侵染现象(图4a),局部呈黄褐色、红褐色。混合坪以泥岩、粉砂岩及中-细砂岩互层为特点,发育波状层理、砂泥韵律层理,野外常表现为潮流活动期砂岩与憩流期泥岩的交替出现(图3d)。砂坪主要发育在低潮线附近,岩石类型以成熟度较高的粉细砂岩为主,分选及磨圆均较好,发育沙纹交错层理、羽状交错层理、脉状层理等,泥质条带呈不连续或分叉状分布在砂岩中(图4b),反映相对高能的水动力条件。沼泽环境岩石类型以发育煤层、炭质泥岩为特征,包括少量陆源碎屑物质及碳酸盐岩矿物,由于其形成时常受海水侵扰导致沉积物中富硫,岩心中可见透镜状黄铁矿条带(图4c)。潮汐水道是涨潮与退潮的通道,岩石类型以含砾中-粗砂岩、细砂岩为主,底部常发育冲刷面,之上可见大量泥砾(图4d),为水道冲刷下伏泥坪或潟湖后卷携至潮道形成,水动力条件较强,发育平行层理、板状交错层理、双向交错层理等沉积构造。

  • 图4 华北东部石炭系—二叠系沉积相类型典型岩心照片

  • Fig.4 Typical core photos of Carboniferous-Permian sedimentary facies in eastern North China

  • 潟湖相广泛发育于研究区太原组,岩石类型包括灰色、灰黑色泥岩、炭质泥岩及粉砂质泥岩,黏土矿物以伊利石为主,其次为高岭石和蒙脱石,发育水平层理,常见椭球状或条带状铁质结核(图3e,图4e),反映安静、低能的还原环境。障壁岛相岩石类型主要为细-中砂岩、粉砂岩,与泥岩呈互层过渡关系(图3f),无明显冲刷面。由于长期受到潮汐、波浪、沿岸流的簸选,成分成熟度较高,分选及磨圆好,发育楔状交错层理、冲洗交错层理等沉积构造 (图4f),横向上形态迥异,多呈大小不等的席状或条带状。

  • 2.2.2 三角洲沉积体系

  • 研究区三角洲沉积体系为陆表海背景下的浅水三角洲,主要发育三角洲平原及三角洲前缘亚相,包括分流河道、平原沼泽、水下分流河道、河口坝及水下分流间湾等沉积微相。

  • 三角洲平原分流河道岩石类型以细-中砂岩为主(图3g),常含泥砾、植物碎片等残留沉积,向上粒度逐渐变小,演化为粉砂、粉砂质泥等,发育平行层理、板状交错层理、沙纹交错层理等,与下伏地层常呈侵蚀冲刷接触。垂向上呈现多个透镜状分流河道砂体相互叠置,河道分岔频繁,侧向迁移迅速,横向上呈长条状或朵叶状展布,常切割三角洲前缘,导致前缘河口坝等砂体被冲刷变薄。平原沼泽相位于分流河道间相对低洼地区,岩石类型以灰色、灰黑色泥岩、炭质泥岩、煤层为主(图3g),夹洪水期薄层粉砂岩,常见植物炭屑化石(图4g)、生物潜穴及扰动现象,发育块状均匀层理、水平纹层,整体反映安静、低能的还原环境。

  • 水下分流河道为陆上河道向水下延伸部分,岩性以灰色粉-细砂岩为主,发育沙纹交错层理(图4h)、波状层理及冲刷-充填构造,指示较弱水动力条件下的牵引流沉积,垂向上呈透镜状产出,侧向粒度减小。河口坝沉积是由河流带来的砂泥物质在河口处因流速降低堆积而成,岩性以粉-细砂岩为主,分选较好,发育楔状交错层理、前积纹理等,垂向上具逆粒序特点(图3h),平面上呈现与河流方向平行的椭圆状。水下分流间湾为水下分流河道之间相对凹陷地区,岩性为灰色、深灰色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩(图3i),夹少量洪水期河床漫溢的砂质沉积物,发育透镜状层理及水平层理,常见生物扰动构造。

  • 2.2.3 河流沉积体系

  • 研究区河流沉积体系包括曲流河及辫状河2种沉积相类型。其中曲流河沉积序列宏观上表现为典型的下粗上细二元结构特征,野外露头中常呈多个河床-堤岸-泛滥盆地亚相的相互叠置(图3j)。其中河床亚相主体部分由河道迁移而引起的沉积物侧向加积形成的边滩砂体组成(图3k),岩性以含砾粗砂岩、细-中砂岩为主,发育槽状交错层理、板状交错层理及平行层理等,局部可见砂泥韵律层理,底部常见明显冲刷充填现象及大量泥砾,岩心观察中可见部分地区发育洪泛期搬运至河床底部沉积的滞留砂砾岩层(图4i),整体反映复杂多样的水动力条件。堤岸亚相发育以洪泛期河水漫溢砂岩与间歇期泥岩频繁薄互层形成的韵律层理为特征(图4j),局部可见小型的流水沙纹交错层理和爬升层理,水动力条件相对较弱,悬浮组分含量较高。泛滥盆地亚相以细粒底负载及悬浮质沉积物为主,其中干旱条件下发育杂色、黄绿色、棕红色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩,受长期暴露及风化淋滤影响,铝土质含量较高;湿润气候下发育以灰色、灰黑色泥岩为特征的薄层河漫湖泊及河漫沼泽沉积,常见水平层理及生物扰动构造,反映水动力条件较弱的缓慢沉积过程。

  • 辫状河沉积垂向上表现为砂包泥的结构特征,可划分为河床亚相和泛滥平原亚相。辫状河河床亚相水动力条件较强,岩石类型包括砾岩、含砾中粗砂岩(图4k),发育槽状交错层理、板状交错层理和平行层理等沉积构造,由于其沉积水动力条件强,河道宽泛且侧向迁移迅速,垂向上多表现为心滩砂体及河道砂体的频繁切割且相互叠置(图3l)。其中心滩砂体厚度大、粒度粗,沉积作用以侧向迁移和垂向加积为主(图3m),河道沉积单砂体厚度及粒度均偏小,底部具冲刷构造,可见河道侧向侵蚀及对下伏地层冲刷而形成的泥砾。泛滥平原亚相以发育灰绿色、紫红色、杂色泥岩、铝土岩为特征,岩心观察中可见紫红色铝土岩背景下发育的浅绿色斑块(图4l),局部可见铝土质泥岩中发育大量由赤铁矿和褐铁矿组成的结核。

  • 2.3 沉积演化规律

  • 华北东部受加里东期构造运动影响于中晚奥陶世遭受抬升剥蚀,直至晚石炭世初期,区域性板块构造运动进入新的演化阶段,长期隆升的盆地基底开始沉降并发生海侵接受沉积[925-29]。该时期海底地形平缓,水体深度较小,陆源碎屑物质供给不足,水动力条件以潮汐、波浪为主,发育陆表海背景下台地-堡岛复合沉积体系。本溪组整体以发育潮坪相砂泥岩夹台地相灰岩为特征,局部地区发育潟湖沉积,该时期灰岩累积厚度为2~10 m,东部灰岩厚度及层数均大于西部,反映整体海侵来自东部,向西逐渐由台地相向潮坪相演化;研究区北部临近物源地区以发育冲积平原、滨岸等盆地边缘相类型为特征(图2,图5)。与本溪组相比,太原组沉积面貌较为复杂,台地相、潮坪相、潟湖相及障壁岛相均有发育。其中灰岩累积厚度可达 5~30 m,层数及厚度较大地区分布在研究区东南部,反映海侵方向发生转变,主要来自东南方向的秦岭残余海盆[927],向北逐渐由台地相演化为以潮坪相泥质及细碎屑为主的沉积建造。研究区中北部暗色泥岩、煤层分布广泛,厚度较大,整体反映以潟湖-潮坪沉积为特征的古地理环境,局部地区发育障壁岛沉积。研究区北部临近物源地区受陆源碎屑物质供给影响发育冲积平原、辫状河三角洲等沉积相类型(图2,图5)。

  • 至早二叠世华北东部沉积盆地碎屑物质供给能力增强,海平面逐渐下降,陆表海沉积范围向南逐渐减小,山西组沉积时期在北部临近物源地区为辫状河三角洲-冲积平原环境,堆积了以粗碎屑为主体的沉积建造,向南在广阔的克拉通盆地内部以三角洲环境为特征,形成了三角洲平原广为发育的砂泥质沉积,常见分流河道砂体相互叠置及平原沼泽泥炭、煤层堆积等(图2,图5)。在研究区东南部由于在陆表海沉积背景下受到不同程度的潮汐作用影响,河口坝及前缘水下分流河道沉积物垂向上往往与潮坪相砂岩共生,剖面上多表现为三角洲-潮坪复合沉积序列。中-晚二叠世随着盆地海侵范围的进一步萎缩,研究区形成了以自北向南推进的河流沉积体系为特征的古地理格局,自下而上、由南向北地层颜色逐渐表现为灰绿色—灰黄色—杂色— 紫红色,碎屑颗粒粒度、砂体厚度逐渐增大,沉积类型由曲流河向辫状河演化。其中下石盒子组沉积时期辫状河沉积体系分布于盆地北部,高弯度曲流河推进至盆地广大区域,而三角洲沉积则分布在研究区东南部;上石盒子组沉积时期辫状河沉积体系向南持续进积,分布于研究区大部分地区,形成了含砾砂或砾质碎屑夹泥质沉积建造,曲流河及三角洲沉积范围进一步缩小。直至石千峰组沉积时期,物源区碎屑物质供给能力降低,研究区发育一套红色细粒碎屑岩夹砂质建造,古地理环境为干旱气候下的河流-湖泊沉积[2325-29] (图2,图5)。

  • 3 物源分析

  • 3.1 样品采集与研究方法

  • 由于砂岩对物源区构造演化特征响应明显,为示踪物源区与沉积盆地碎屑物质迁移过程、分析盆山耦合关系,对研究区野外砂岩样品开展碎屑颗粒含量统计及元素地球化学分析等工作(表1,表2),取样时考虑砂岩实际出露及风化情况,兼顾样品点在各层位、各剖面的分布密度及间距。砂岩各类型碎屑颗粒计点统计采用岩石薄片镜下正方网格交点点计法,统计颗粒不少于 500 个,并按照 Dickin‐ son 方法进行图版投点及构造环境分析[30-31]。砂岩元素地球化学测试样品处理与实验均在核工业北京地质研究院分析测试研究中心完成,将样品无污染粉碎至 200 目干燥后备用,X-射线荧光分析用于全岩主量元素测试,检测依据 GB / T14506.28— 2010[32];采用混酸消解 ICP-MS 方法分析微量元素与稀土元素,检测依据 GB/T14506.30—2010[33],测试精度优于5%。

  • 3.2 碎屑颗粒特征

  • 华北东部上古生界砂岩类型主要为岩屑石英砂岩、石英砂岩及岩屑砂岩,包括少量岩屑长石砂岩、长石砂岩,碎屑颗粒以点-线接触为主,呈棱角次圆状不等,包括石英、长石及岩屑。石英颗粒中约80%以上为单晶石英,其中主要为沉积岩来源的再旋回单晶石英,颗粒表面干净,边缘常见不规则次生加大边,其次为岩浆岩型单晶石英及变质岩型单晶石英。多晶石英含量较单晶石英含量少,一般在 10% 以下,以花岗岩型、石英岩型以及片麻岩型为特征,由多个消光位不一致的亚晶粒组成。长石颗粒包括钾长石、斜长石,镜下常观察到变质岩型长石绢云母化现象以及岩浆岩型发育格子状双晶的微斜长石。岩屑类型以沉积岩型或浅变质沉积岩型为主,镜下常见燧石、粉砂及泥质等颗粒,可见板岩、千枚岩及糜棱岩等变质岩型岩屑和喷出岩岩屑。从各组砂岩样品碎屑颗粒整体特征来看,本溪组、太原组具有一定相似性,碎屑组分以再旋回单晶石英、泥-粉砂质岩屑、燧石等沉积岩型颗粒为主,少见岩浆岩型长石及板岩、千枚岩等区域变质岩型岩屑(图6),反映物源区母岩岩石组合以早古生代富燧石条带碳酸盐岩及中-新元古代碎屑岩、浅变质岩等先期沉积盖层为主,同时有极少量花岗质深成侵入岩与变质岩的混入。山西组—下石盒子组碎屑颗粒成分趋于复杂,除再旋回单晶石英颗粒、泥粉砂质岩屑、燧石等沉积岩型颗粒以外,变质岩型单晶和多晶石英、岩浆岩型石英、变质岩型和岩浆岩型长石、变质岩型岩屑等颗粒含量均有所增加,并出现以糜棱岩为特征的动力变质岩型岩屑(图6),这些均体现物源区大面积中酸性深成侵入岩体与中高级变质岩系的广泛剥露,母岩岩石类型包括花岗岩、花岗闪长岩、花岗片麻岩、混合片麻岩等。上石盒子组碎屑颗粒成分与下石盒子组相似,特别是变质岩型多晶石英、变质岩型和岩浆岩型岩屑含量明显增加,除此之外喷出岩岩屑的出现(图6),指示物源区还有部分中酸性火山岩(安山岩、英安岩) 分布其中。

  • 图5 华北东部石炭系—二叠系连井沉积剖面

  • Fig.5 Sedimentary profiles of Carboniferous-Permian well tie in eastern North China

  • 表1 华北东部石炭系—二叠系砂岩碎屑组分含量统计

  • Table1 Statistical list of detrital compositions of Carboniferous-Permian sandstone in eastern North China

  • 注:Qt—石英颗粒总量,Qm—单晶石英颗粒,Qp—多晶石英颗粒,F—长石颗粒总量,P—斜长石颗粒,K—钾长石颗粒;Lt—所有稳定及不稳定岩屑颗粒总量,L—不稳定岩屑颗粒总量,Ls—沉积岩及变质沉积岩岩屑颗粒,Lv—火成岩及变质火成岩岩屑颗粒,Lm—变质岩岩屑颗粒; 其中Qt=Qm+Qp,F=P+K,Lt=L+Qp,L=Ls+Lv+Lm。

  • 表2 淄博博山剖面石炭系—二叠系砂岩主量元素含量

  • Table2 Major element concentrations of Carboniferous-Permian sandstone in Boshan outcrop in Zibo

  • 注:各元素含量均为质量分数,表中各构造环境砂岩元素含量据文献[30]

  • 砂岩碎屑成分是不同构造背景下物源区母岩岩石组合与沉积盆地有机配置及耦合的产物[30-31],从Dickinson三角模式Qm-F-Lt图解来看,各砂岩样品投点明显分散开来,半数以上落入石英—过渡再旋回造山带物源区,部分下石盒子组及少量上石盒子组样品落入混合区、过渡-切割岛弧物源区,个别样品落入克拉通内部及岩屑再旋回区域(图7a); Qm-P-K图解中样品绝大多数落在稳定陆块物源区一侧,部分下石盒子组样品落入深成火山岩物源区 (图7b)。综合分析认为研究区石炭系—二叠系以混合物源、多类型物源为特征,结合整体砂岩样品碎屑颗粒组分具中等—较高石英含量、明显低含量的长石及丰富的沉积岩、变沉积岩岩屑等特征,代表物源区再旋回造山带类型以隆升基底—碰撞造山带为主,至下石盒子组沉积时期受到持续冲断隆升及下切剥蚀,岩浆岩型碎屑颗粒含量的增加反映出岛弧物源区的叠加影响。

  • 图6 华北东部石炭系—二叠系砂岩碎屑颗粒特征

  • Fig.6 Detrital particle characteristics of Carboniferous-Permian sandstone in eastern North China

  • 3.3 主量、微量及稀土元素特征

  • 如表2 所示,砂岩样品中 SiO2各组平均含量为 45.09%~85.97%,除个别样品外均高于大陆地壳,其中上石盒子组含量明显高于下伏地层。Al2O3各组平均含量为5.84%~11.09%,低于大陆地壳,表明黏土矿物含量较低,砂岩杂基以细粒长英质碎屑颗粒为主。CaO 含量整体较低,大部分不足 1%,K2O 各组平均含量为 0.94%~1.69%,Na2O 各组平均含量为 0.46%~1.39%。Al2O3(/ CaO +Na2O)为 0.12~36.9,平均为 11.12;K2O / Na2O 为 0.3~79,平均为 12.88。Al2O3,K2O,Na2O 含量存在较大差距,暗示砂岩样品形成时泥质岩岩屑中含富钾矿物或长石受到富钾黏土矿物交代。MgO,TiO2,P2O5及 MnO 等元素含量受物源区铁镁质矿物及重矿物控制,搬运过程中受影响较小,各组平均含量分别为 0.41%~0.86%,0.22%~0.89%,0.06%~0.25% 及 0.04%~0.28%。大离子亲石元素 Rb,Sr,Ba,Cs 等各组平均含量分别为 28.36×10-6~43.1×10-6,60.8× 10-6~359 × 10-6,229 × 10-6~690 × 10-6,0.53 × 10-6~1.63×10-6;高场强元素 Sc,Zr,Hf,Th 等各组平均含量分别为 4.51 × 10-6 ~7.43 × 10-6,33.3 × 10-6~79.8 × 10-6,1.23×10-6~2.54×10-6,3.76×10-6~7.98×10-6;铁镁族元素Co和V等各组平均含量分别为7.95×10-6~11.0×10-6,36.1×10-6~83.9×10-6 ,整体相对于上地壳均呈现亏损特征(表3)。通过与各典型构造环境砂岩元素含量对比,研究区整体表现为混合多类型物源特点,物源区构造环境复杂,与活动大陆边缘及岛弧环境相类似。

  • ROSER 等基于全岩地球化学特征分析砂岩母岩成分,以主量元素含量及特征参数建立了F1-F2碎屑岩母岩成分判别函数,有效地区分包括成熟大陆长英质、基性火山岩、中性火山岩及酸性火山岩为代表的物源区类型[34]。砂岩样品在该图解中的投点大部分落入成熟大陆长英质物源区,个别山西组及上、下石盒子组砂岩投点落入中-基性火山岩物源区 (图8a)。在微量元素 La/Th-Hf 判别图解中[35-36],太原组、上石盒子组砂岩样品落入长英质酸性物源与安山质中性物源过渡区,山西组及下石盒子组砂岩样品落入安山质岛弧物源区(图8b),暗示物源区发生强烈火山作用。以上均代表物源来自克拉通内部或再旋回造山带先期沉积物以及深度风化剥蚀的花岗岩、片麻岩地质体,其次有以安山岩为主的岩浆弧物源混入。

  • 图7 华北东部石炭系—二叠系砂岩大地构造演化分析三角图(据文献[30][31]修改)

  • Fig.7 Ternary diagrams showing tectonic evolution of Carboniferous-Permian sandstone in eastern North China (Modified according to references [30] and [31]

  • 表3 淄博博山剖面石炭系—二叠系部分微量元素含量

  • Table3 Partial trace elementconcentrations of Carboniferous-Permian sandstone in Boshan outcrop in Zibo

  • 注:各元素含量均为质量分数,表中各构造环境砂岩元素含量据文献[30]

  • BHATIA通过对被动大陆边缘、活动大陆边缘、大陆岛弧及大洋岛弧等构造环境主量元素含量的变化特征,建立了 F3-F4 多变量构造环境判别方程[37],判别图中大部分砂岩样品落入活动大陆边缘区,山西组落入大陆岛弧区,个别样品落入其他环境区域(图8c)。BHATIA 等认为 La,Th,Sc 等微量元素在风化成岩中含量相对稳定,可以通过其间的相互关系来判别砂岩物源区构造环境[3538],在 LaTh-Sc 砂岩微量元素物源区构造环境判别图中,砂岩样品整体落在活动大陆边缘及大陆岛弧延伸区域(图8d)。各组砂岩样品球粒陨石标准化[39] 的稀土元素配分曲线明显右倾,呈现轻稀土富集、重稀土平坦和Eu弱-中等负异常的特征,其中太原组、上石盒子组曲线形态指示物源区具有活动大陆边缘构造环境属性,山西组—下石盒子组物源区则具有大陆岛弧构造环境属性(图8e—8f,表4)。

  • 图8 淄博博山剖面石炭系—二叠系砂岩元素地球化学判别图解(据文献[34-39]修改)

  • Fig.8 Diagram of element-geochemical discrimination of Carboniferous-Permian sandstone in Boshan outcrop in Zibo (Modified according to references [34-39]

  • 结合前人相关研究成果及本次有关沉积充填演化、物源分析的结果,表明华北东部盆地石炭纪—二叠纪物源来自内蒙古隆起,物源区具活动大陆边缘再旋回造山带及岛弧双重性质,母岩岩石组合包括前期沉积盖层、晚古生代岩浆岩以及变质结晶基底。本溪组沉积时期—太原组沉积时期正值古亚洲洋向华北板块俯冲及陆缘岛弧形成阶段[1-219],板块北缘构造环境演化为活动大陆边缘,内蒙古隆起处于平稳陆内隆升的构造阶段[211],该时期砂岩碎屑组分以再旋回单晶石英、泥-粉砂质岩屑、燧石等沉积岩型颗粒为主,少见岩浆岩型长石及板岩、千枚岩等区域变质岩型岩屑,反映母岩岩石组合以早古生代富燧石条带碳酸盐岩及中-新元古代碎屑岩、浅变质岩等先期沉积盖层为主,同时有极少量花岗质深成侵入岩与变质岩的混入。山西组沉积时期—下石盒子组沉积时期随着古亚洲洋逐渐闭合、造山带逐渐进入华北板块北缘与西伯利亚板块南缘南蒙古复合陆块的碰撞阶段[1-220-21],构造活动逐渐加剧,物源区不仅表现为持续隆升,还伴随有强烈的火山活动[22-23]、弧后大规模褶皱变形、逆冲推覆和冲断作用[20-24],导致大面积中酸性深成侵入岩体与中高级变质岩系的广泛剥露,因此该时期碎屑颗粒组分中变质岩型单晶和多晶石英、岩浆岩型石英、变质岩型和岩浆岩型长石、变质岩型岩屑等颗粒含量均有所增加,并出现以糜棱岩为特征的动力变质岩型岩屑。上石盒子组沉积时期板块间强烈的陆-陆碰撞及全面造山作用使得物源区构造隆升持续加剧并发生深度剥蚀[21],喷出岩岩屑的出现指示先期形成的火山岛弧也被抬升破坏并与深成侵入岩体、变质结晶基底、残留沉积盖层共同成为沉积盆地母岩。

  • 4 沉积充填过程对物源区构造演化的响应

  • 根据对华北东部石炭系—二叠系野外剖面、钻井岩心有关沉积环境和物源特征的分析,将盆地的充填演化过程划分为 3 个阶段,而这些沉积序列记录了物源区在晚古生代的构造演化历程。

  • 表4 淄博博山剖面石炭系—二叠系稀土元素含量

  • Table4 Rare earth elementconcentrations ofCarboniferous-Permian sandstone inBoshan outcrop in Zibo

  • 注:各元素含量均为质量分数,表中各构造环境砂岩元素含量据文献[30]

  • 第一阶段本溪组沉积时期—太原组沉积时期盆地充填演化记录了洋-陆俯冲作用及陆缘岛弧的形成。该时期华北板块北缘由离散型大陆边缘向活动大陆边缘演化,物源区内蒙古隆起处于平稳陆内隆升的构造阶段,整体具再旋回造山带性质,母岩以早古生代富燧石条带碳酸盐岩及中-新元古代碎屑岩、浅变质岩等先期沉积盖层为主,同时有极少量花岗质深成侵入岩与变质岩的混入[40-41]。其中本溪组沉积时期物源区构造活动较弱,碎屑物质供给不足,地层厚度为 5~80 m,盆地整体呈北高南低、向东开口的箕状凹陷[925],该时期受来自东部海侵影响,发育碳酸盐岩台地、潮坪等陆表海环境下沉积相类型(图9)。太原组沉积时期随着华北北缘构造活动的加剧,导致物源区隆升幅度增大,碎屑物质供给能力加强,地层厚度为30~180 m,盆地基底形态向北隆南倾转化,接受来自华北南缘秦岭残余海盆的海侵[927],发育碳酸盐岩台地、潟湖、潮坪、障壁岛等沉积相类型,受湿热气候影响,古地理环境向泥炭沼泽演化,植物得以生长、繁衍,进而堆积形成稳定煤层(图9)。

  • 图9 华北东部石炭纪—二叠纪沉积模式及构造-沉积演化剖面示意

  • Fig.9 Sedimentary model and tectonic-sedimentary evolution profile in eastern North China during Carboniferous-Permian period

  • 第二阶段山西组沉积时期—下石盒子组沉积时期盆地充填演化记录了造山带进入陆-陆碰撞、源区快速隆升剥蚀的演化阶段。该时期由于物源区的快速隆升,盆地沉降幅度加大,造成物源区与盆地沉积区古地势高差明显,陆源碎屑物质供给强烈,迫使海岸线向东南方向迁移,陆表海沉积范围逐渐缩小,并在山西组沉积时期形成了一套三角洲相含煤过渡型碎屑岩沉积建造,地层厚度为 50~150 m。碎屑颗粒组分中变质岩型单晶和多晶石英、岩浆岩型石英、变质岩型和岩浆岩型长石、变质岩型岩屑等颗粒含量均有所增加,物源区向活动大陆边缘及岛弧性质演化。盆内发育多期三角洲前缘—平原沉积旋回序列,这种缓慢沉积与快速沉积充填交替发生的过程,反映了物源区多次稳定隆升—快速隆升剥蚀的构造演化历程,记录了古亚洲洋正值闭合、华北板块北缘与南蒙古复合陆块陆-陆碰撞前期的复杂构造作用演化阶段[42-43(] 图9)。下石盒子组沉积时期华北板块北缘进入陆-陆碰撞阶段,构造活动逐渐加剧,物源区不仅表现为持续隆升,还伴随有强烈的火山活动、弧后大规模褶皱变形、逆冲推覆和冲断作用,导致大面积中酸性深成侵入岩体与中高级变质岩系的广泛剥露,碎屑颗粒组分中变质岩型、岩浆岩型颗粒含量增加,并出现以糜棱岩为特征的动力变质岩型岩屑。该时期碎屑物质供给能力强,盆地海侵范围逐渐萎缩,研究区形成了以自北向南推进的河流沉积体系为特征的古地理格局,地层厚度为80~200 m,研究区以曲流河沉积为主,河道及河道边缘充填广泛分布,各河道间发育泛滥盆地沉积。

  • 盆地充填演化的第三阶段包括上石盒子组及以上地层沉积时期,该时期研究区整体发育一套紫红色硅质碎屑岩沉积建造。其中上石盒子组在基本继承下石盒子组沉积时期古地理格局的基础上,河流沉积体系继续向南推进,海水由确山—淮南一线逐渐退出华北盆地[925-29],研究区以辫状河河道充填为特征。该时期沉积地层厚度为300~400 m,远大于晚石炭世—早二叠世的海相沉积地层,碎屑颗粒组分中变质岩型多晶石英、变质岩型和岩浆岩型岩屑含量明显增加以及喷出岩岩屑的出现,均证明了该时期盆地的大幅沉降及快速沉积充填,说明华北北缘已进入板块间强烈陆-陆碰撞、全面造山的构造阶段,物源区快速隆升并遭受强烈风化剥蚀,弧后发生大规模褶皱冲断导致先期形成的火山岛弧也被抬升破坏,与深成侵入岩体、变质结晶基底、残留沉积盖层共同成为沉积盆地母岩[44-45]。直至石千峰组沉积时期气候条件由湿热向干旱转变,大量钙质结核出现,红层含量逐渐增加,研究区开始发育河流-湖泊沉积,该充填序列整体表现为水动力条件趋于平缓的过程,揭示物源区构造作用及火山活动趋于平静,逐步进入造山带碰撞后伸展环境,物源区碎屑物质供给能力降低,同时持续的干旱气候也加剧了这一过程的进行。

  • 5 结论

  • 华北东部石炭纪—二叠纪盆地沉积受幕式构造运动和海平面变化影响,古地理环境经历了陆表海—海陆过渡—陆相的演化过程,从早到晚依次发育台地-堡岛复合沉积体系、三角洲沉积体系及河流沉积体系,沉积相类型包括碳酸盐岩台地、潮坪、潟湖、障壁岛、三角洲、曲流河及辫状河等。由于受华北北缘洋-陆俯冲、陆-陆碰撞等构造作用影响,物源区具活动大陆边缘再旋回造山带及岛弧双重性质,随着内蒙古隆起的持续隆升及风化剥蚀,早古生代富燧石条带碳酸盐岩与中-新元古代碎屑岩、浅变质岩等先期沉积盖层,晚古生代岛弧火山岩、深成侵入岩以及基底变质岩等,逐渐成为沉积盆地碎屑物质的源岩。华北东部石炭纪—二叠纪盆地沉降和充填速率、沉积演化过程以及碎屑岩颗粒组分变化、岩石地球化学特征等,充分响应了物源区随造山带在本溪组沉积时期—太原组沉积时期受持续洋-陆俯冲作用及陆缘岛弧的形成发生陆内隆升、山西组沉积时期—下石盒子组沉积时期古亚洲洋逐渐闭合及板块陆-陆碰撞导致物源区隆升加剧并伴有褶皱冲断、上石盒子组沉积时期进入板块强烈陆陆碰撞及全面造山的构造演化过程。

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