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作者简介:

李宗浩(1987—),男,湖北孝感人,工程师,硕士,从事地质勘探综合研究工作。E-mail:lizonghao@petrochina.com.cn。

中图分类号:TE122.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2023)04-0033-13

DOI:10.13673/j.pgre.202207018

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目录contents

    摘要

    准噶尔盆地石西凸起晚石炭世中酸性火山岩储集性较好,油气显示活跃,是重要的油气储层。该区火山岩储层油水关系复杂,目前对储层发育影响因素认识尚不明确。通过岩心观察、铸体薄片鉴定、元素地球化学及测井等资料,对晚石炭世火山岩储层的岩石成因及储层发育影响因素进行了深入分析。研究表明,石西凸起晚石炭世火山岩化学风化(蚀变)指数(CIA)均大于0.50,反映陆上喷发陆上堆积成因。岩浆性质影响储层原生孔缝以及次生溶蚀微孔的发育,中性杏仁状斑状安山岩和斑状安山岩及安山质火山角砾岩原生孔缝及次生溶蚀微孔发育,具有较好的储集性能。油气显示较好的层段主要出现在喷发溢流作用早期与末期的安山岩和爆发作用中后期的火山角砾岩中。物性最好且原生构造缝及成岩缝较发育的是安山岩,其次是火山角砾岩,较差的为英安岩。埋深对安山岩孔隙度影响明显,对火山角砾岩和英安岩孔隙度影响不大,对安山岩、火山角砾岩和英安岩的渗透率影响较小;主干断层对储层裂缝发育密度及渗流能力控制明显,在受主干断层影响的1.5 km半径范围内储层裂缝发育密度大,渗流能力好。风化淋滤及蚀变作用主要影响储层物性,经历强风化淋滤及蚀变的玄武岩、安山岩、英安岩和火山角砾岩均能成为有利储层。

    Abstract

    The late Carboniferous intermediate-acid volcanic rocks in Shixi uplift of Junggar Basin are important oil and gas reser voirs with excellent reservoir properties and active oil and gas display. The relationship between oil and water in volcanic reservoirs in this area is complex,and the understanding of the influencing factors of reservoir development is still unclear. The petrogenesis of the late Carboniferous volcanic reservoirs and the influencing factors of the reservoir development are deeply analyzed by means of core observation,casting thin section,element geochemistry,and logging data. The comprehensive study shows that the chemical index of alteration(CIA)of late Carboniferous volcanic rocks in Shixi uplift is greater than 0.55,which reflects the origin of continental eruption and accumulation. The magmatic properties affect the development of primary pores and fractures,as well as the second ary dissolution micropores in the reservoirs. The neutral amygdaloid porphyritic andesite,porphyritic andesite,and andesitic volcanic breccia have developed primary pores and fractures,as well as secondary dissolution micropores,which have excellent reservoir properties. The intervals with good oil and gas display mainly appear in the andesite at the early and late stages of eruption and overflow and the volcanic breccia at the middle and late stages of the explosion. The andesite has the best physical property,and its primary structural fractures and diagenetic fractures are relatively developed,followed by volcanic breccia,and dacite is the worst. The burial depth has an obvious influence on the porosity of andesite,but it slightly affects the porosities of the volcanic breccia and dacite,as well as the permeability of andesite,volcanic breccia,and dacite. The main fault can obviously control the development density and flow capacity of reservoir fractures. Within the radius of 1.5 km affected by the main fault,the reservoir fracture development density is relatively large,and the flow capacity is relatively positive. Weathering leaching and alteration mainly affect the physical properties of the reservoir. Basalt,andesite,dacite,and volcanic breccia that have undergone strong weathering leaching and alteration can all become favorable reservoirs.

  • 目前,在全球 50 多个国家(地区)300 多个盆地 (区块)的火山岩地层中发现了油气显示[1-4]。其中,在全球 13个国家 40多个盆地的火山岩地层开发中获得了工业油气流[1]。中国在2002年后相继在东北松辽盆地北部和南部深层(泉头组二段及以下地层)、内蒙古二连盆地北部及渤海湾盆地中—新生代、四川盆地及塔里木盆地中部二叠系、新疆三塘湖盆地及准噶尔盆地石炭系的火山岩中发现了一系列高产油气藏[5-12],证实了中国不同盆地火山岩地层中蕴藏着丰富的油气资源。统计显示,中国已发现和开发的火山岩油气藏均以基性玄武岩、中性安山岩、(碱性)粗面岩、酸性流纹岩、英安岩等熔岩和熔结凝灰岩、熔结角砾岩、凝灰岩、火山角砾岩(含集块岩)等火山碎屑岩以及辉绿岩、花岗岩等侵入岩作为有效储层[8-12]。储层类型有原生型和风化壳型 2 类[7],储层发育主控因素众多,主要受喷发沉积环境、岩性、构造背景、流体活动、风化作用、成岩作用等控制[413-14]

  • 准噶尔盆地目前已在西北缘的中拐凸起、准东北三台地区、陆东地区、陆梁—五彩湾地区、滴西及滴南凸起的石炭系熔岩(中基性的玄武岩、安山岩,酸性流纹岩、英安岩)、火山碎屑岩(凝灰岩、熔结角砾岩、火山角砾岩)、沉火山碎屑岩(沉凝灰岩)以及少许侵入岩(花岗岩)中发现了火山岩油气藏[15-20]。石西凸起位于陆梁隆起东南部,石炭系发育大套以中酸性熔岩为主的火山岩,局部火山岩储集性较好,见良好油气显示。早期在石西鼻凸构造带高点钻探的石西 1井和石西 2井在晚石炭世火山岩中获得高产油流。为探索盆1井西凹陷北环带莫北鼻凸带西翼石炭系的含油气性,后续又钻探了石西 4 井见含油水层,临近的西南方位钻探了石西16井获高产油气流,揭示该区晚石炭世火山岩储层油水关系复杂,目前对储层发育的影响因素认识不清。笔者通过火山岩岩心观察描述、铸体薄片鉴定、硅酸盐化学成分分析、物性测试、地震和成像测井等资料,对其岩石类型及性质、岩石成因环境、裂缝发育特征、物性特征及其含油性等展开研究,探讨火山岩储层与岩浆性质、火山喷发方式、埋深、岩性、裂缝、风化淋滤及蚀变程度的关系,以期为该区石炭系火山岩油气勘探开辟新领域提供地质依据。

  • 1 区域地质背景

  • 石西凸起位于准噶尔盆地腹部陆梁隆起东南部,是海西期造山运动的产物[21]。以往区域地质研究表明,在晚石炭世,陆梁地区处于碰撞造山后的伸展阶段,火山活动频繁,为大陆构造背景上的陆内裂谷环境,形成大套钙碱性火山岩建造。陆梁隆起东南部石西—滴南凸起区,北邻三南凹陷,中环滴水泉凹陷,西南邻接盆1井西凹陷生烃区(图1a),两面直接临凹,具有较为有利的油气成藏条件。石炭纪—二叠纪早期,石西构造一直处于抬升剥蚀状态,凸起高部位遭受强烈的剥蚀而缺失二叠系—下三叠统,凸起低部位则接受了二叠系和三叠系百口泉组沉积,为填平补齐阶段[22-25]。钻井揭示地层自下而上依次为上石炭统巴塔玛依内山组(C2b),上二叠统上乌尔禾组(P3w),三叠系百口泉组(T1b)、克拉玛依组(T2k)和白碱滩组(T3b)(图1b),其中巴塔玛依内山组为研究目的层系。石炭系自北向南构造埋深加大,石西2井最浅,石莫1井最深(图1c)。

  • 2 储层岩石学特征及岩石成因环境

  • 2.1 岩石类型及性质

  • 石西凸起目前勘探程度较低,钻遇上石炭统的井位较少,取心及岩矿分析测试资料欠缺,因此,主要应用石西凸起及与其毗邻的地质条件相近的滴南凸起晚石炭世的火山岩样品数据[23-28] 进行分析。在火山岩主量元素 TAS分类图解中,样品点主要落入基性(粗面玄武岩)、中酸性(安山岩、英安岩)和酸性火山岩(流纹岩)区(图2a);在微量元素 Nb/YZr/TiO2图解中,样品点主要落在碱性-亚碱性玄武岩、安山岩/玄武岩、粗安岩、流纹英安岩-英安岩、流纹岩和钠闪碱流岩火山岩区(图2b)。表明该区火山岩从基性到酸性均存在,但以中酸性和酸性为主。从火山岩岩性识别图版(图3)来看,横向上可较好地划分基性、中基性、中性、中酸性及酸性岩区,纵向上可区分熔岩与火山碎屑岩。熔岩主要有玄武岩、安山岩、斜长安山岩、英安岩、流纹岩、霏细岩,火山碎屑岩主要是火山角砾岩,其角砾成分多为玄武质、安山质和英安质。整体来看,中性和中酸性熔岩与火山碎屑岩占比高,是该区主要的储层岩性体。

  • 图1 石西—滴南凸起构造位置、地层综合柱状图及地质结构剖面

  • Fig.1 Comprehensive stratum histogram and geological structure profile in Shixi-Dinan uplift area and structural location of Shixi uplift

  • 2.2 岩石成因环境

  • 火山喷发沉积环境除野外露头观测,典型构造特征如淬碎构造、枕状构造、“红顶绿底”示底构造,风化壳及生物化石等标志判别之外[29-32],还可通过火山岩元素地球化学特征来判别。LEMAITRE提出的氧化系数(OX)是火山岩喷发沉积环境判识的一项重要参数[33];NESBITT 等为定量估算岩石化学风化强度,提出化学风化(蚀变)指数 CIACIA=([ Al2O3)/ (Al2O3+CaO*+Na2O+K2O)]×100)[34];IRFAN 研究表明烧失量 LOI(H2O+ 的质量与样品总质量的百分比)、PI风化指数、WPI风化指数等这些地化参数能较好反映火山岩和花岗岩的风化淋滤程度[35-36]。笔者应用 CIA 判断该区火山岩储层岩石成因环境,判别标准为:CIA<0.50 为微风化(弱蚀变)或未风化; 0.50<CIA<0.60为中等风化(中等蚀变);CIA>0.60为强风化(强蚀变)。

  • 图2 石西凸起火山岩主量元素TAS分类图解和微量元素Nb/Y-Zr/TiO2图解

  • Fig.2 TAS classification diagram of major elements and Nb/Y-Zr/TiO2 diagram of trace elements in volcanic rocks in Shixi uplift

  • 图3 石西凸起晚石炭世火山岩岩性识别图版

  • Fig.3 Lithology identification chart of late Carboniferous volcanic rocks in Shixi uplift

  • 计算结果显示,20 块火山岩样品的 CIA 值为 0.54~0.75,均大于 0.50,其中 CIA 值大于 0.60 的样品占65%[2535-36],表明火山岩样品遭受过明显的化学风化或较强的风化淋滤作用的改造,火山岩主要为陆上喷发陆上表生堆积成因(表1)。此外,石西凸起石西 4井和石西 1井钻遇的安山岩和英安岩见棕褐色和褐灰色,石莫1井钻遇的凝灰岩见紫色,也反映了陆上氧化环境的特征。这与以往对准噶尔盆地陆梁隆起火山岩构造成因环境分析的结果相符。

  • 表1 石西—滴南凸起区晚石炭世火山岩CIA计算结果

  • Table1 CIA calculation results of late Carboniferous volcanic rocks in Shixi-Dinan uplift area

  • 注:CaO*的计算一般用公式 CaO*=n(CaO)-(10/3)×n(P2O5)-r×n(CO2 ),n 表示摩尔含量,通常采用 MCLENNAN 提出的方法对 CaO*进行校正,当 n(CaO)≤n(Na2O)时,n(CaO)即为 CaO*校正后的数值;当 n(CaO)>n(Na2O)时,则用 n(Na2O)代替 CaO*校正后的数值。

  • 3 储层发育影响因素

  • 3.1 岩浆性质

  • 中酸性及酸性岩石较中基性岩石的 SiO2含量高,而 SiO2含量越高,岩浆黏度越大、流动性越差, H2O,CO2,S(S2-,SO4 2-)和Cl等挥发组分逸出较慢或难以散出,不易形成原生气孔。从火山岩镜下鉴定特征来看,火山角砾岩、安山质火山角砾岩(图4a— 4d)以及杏仁状斑状安山岩、斑状安山岩(图4e,4f) 见数量不多的原生孔缝,次生溶蚀微孔发育,储集空间发育;而粗面岩(图4g)、英安岩、流纹质英安岩 (图4h—4j)以及安山岩(图4k,4l)原生孔缝不发育,仅见少量溶蚀微孔,储集空间欠发育。

  • 3.2 火山喷发方式

  • 火山喷发从早到晚表现出喷发—相对宁静的多期次性,主要发育由爆发式过渡为溢流式的韵律特征:下部为爆发相的火山角砾岩,上部为溢流相的安山岩、英安岩及流纹岩等(图5)。结合地震解释结果,爆发作用在石西鼻凸带较强,代表强烈爆发作用的火山角砾岩厚度大,在石西 4 鼻凸带和石莫 1 鼻凸带总体不强,厚度相对较薄。熔岩厚度总体上较大,表现出以溢流作用为主体的喷发方式。油气显示较好的层段主要出现在溢流作用早期与末期的熔岩及爆发作用中后期的火山角砾岩中。

  • 3.3 埋深

  • 从英安岩、安山岩和火山角砾岩样品的孔隙度随埋深变化可见(图6a),安山岩孔隙度随埋深的增大略有减小的趋势,埋深 4 900 m 孔隙度平均为 17%,埋深4 900~5 000 m孔隙度平均为14%,埋深大于 5 000 m 孔隙度平均为 10%;英安岩和火山角砾岩的孔隙度与埋深关系不大,在不同深度均可能形成储层,这与原生型火山岩储层孔隙度随深度变化相似[37]。从渗透率随埋深的变化来看(图6b),英安岩、安山岩和火山角砾岩的渗透率受埋深影响较小,但在埋深 4 800~4 900 m 同一深度段的孔隙度和渗透率变化区间较大,呈现较强的非均质性。

  • 火山地层界面系统中喷发间断不整合界面和构造不整合界面指示暴露时开放体系流体作用区域和埋藏时流体通道位置,所以这 2 类界面与储层分布关系密切。喷发间断不整合界面指火山岩在经受喷发间歇期的侵蚀或剥蚀后与上覆火山岩形成的接触关系,该类界面在横向上存在风化壳;构造不整合界面指以盆地或次级构造单元范围内的火山岩经历整体抬升剥蚀或差异埋藏后与上覆岩层间形成的接触关系[4]。受古地貌、构造背景(构造位置)、岩石性质及成分等因素的影响,同一盆地不同次级凹陷不同区块(区带)喷发间断不整合界面和构造不整合界面之下火山岩有利储层分布范围不同,同一区块不同井之间以及不同岩性之间其范围亦有差别。

  • 图4 石西凸起火山岩铸体薄片鉴定及孔隙发育特征

  • Fig.4 Casting thin section and pore development characteristics of volcanic rocks in Shixi uplift

  • 图5 石西凸起单井柱状图

  • Fig.5 Histogram of single well in Shixi uplift

  • 图6 石西凸起火山岩储层物性与埋深的关系

  • Fig.6 Relationship between physical property and burial depth of volcanic reservoirs in Shixi uplift

  • 从准噶尔盆地不同地区石炭系喷发间断不整合界面和构造不整合界面之下火山岩有利储层厚度统计结果(图7a)来看,滴南凸起这 2 类界面之下为火山碎屑岩时,有利储层可延伸到界面之下 400 m,为熔岩时有利储层分布范围明显减小,主要分布在界面之下 250 m内。准噶尔盆地石西地区这 2类界面之下为熔岩时,有利储层可延伸到界面之下 150 m,为火山碎屑岩时可延伸更深一些。对多口钻井揭露的储层裂缝发育密度统计表明,裂缝主要发育在石炭系顶界构造不整合界面以下约270 m内的熔岩和火山碎屑岩(火山角砾岩、凝灰岩)中(图7b),换言之,裂缝主要发育在强风化蚀变带和中等风化蚀变带,且距石炭系顶界构造不整合界面越近,火山角砾岩和熔岩的裂缝发育密度增大。

  • 图7 储层与埋深的关系

  • Fig.7 Relationship between reservoir and burial depth

  • 目前,已发现的油层或较好的油气显示主要出现在喷发间断不整合界面和石炭系顶界构造不整合界面附近,如石西16井喷发间断不整合界面之下风化火山碎屑岩和熔岩段射孔试油,获日产油量为 70 t/d,日产气量为70 000 m3 /d;在爆发作用(火山角砾岩)过渡为溢流作用(安山岩)的岩性界面附近射孔试油,获日产油量为 72.84 t / d,日产气量为 102 770 m3 /d。

  • 3.4 岩性

  • 对石西—滴南凸起晚石炭世165块岩样物性测试数据的统计结果来看,安山岩孔隙度为 9.90%~20.60%,平均值为 16.4%,渗透率为 0.03~8.57 mD,平均值为 0.31 mD(图8a,8b)。火山角砾岩孔隙度为 6.30%~20.50%,平均值为12.48%,渗透率为0.03~3.00 mD,平均值为 0.25 mD(图8c,8d)。英安岩孔隙度为 4.22%~13.40%,平均值为 9.08%,渗透率为 0.015~2.000 mD,平均值为 0.110 mD(图8e,8f)。对比可见,安山岩和火山角砾岩(安山质、英安质、流纹质)储集物性较好,英安岩储集物性相对较差,整体上都属中-低孔低渗透储层。

  • 从石西16井来看,上石炭统中下部为火山角砾岩和英安岩组合,常规测井资料计算的地层孔隙度 (POR)在火山角砾岩中段、安山岩段顶部和中部以及顶部凝灰岩段较大,在英安岩段较小。在裂缝及溶蚀孔发育的岩心段,孔隙度增加不明显,而对应渗透率明显增大(图9),说明裂缝和溶蚀孔等对储层渗流能力的改善具有重要意义。从镜下特征来看,孔隙型主要见于杏仁状斑状安山岩(图4e),裂缝型主要见于致密块状安山岩(图4i),孔缝复合型多见于富气孔杏仁体的安山岩(图4k)和火山角砾岩(图4a—4d)。

  • 3.5 裂缝

  • 准噶尔盆地大型逆冲构造带普遍发育,在地层发生逆冲形成褶皱时,平行于轴面的劈理也大量发育,海西运动期是石西凸起裂缝的主要形成时期。这些互相切割、具有一定密度的构造破裂缝,不仅直接拓宽了岩石储集空间,更会加速流体进入储层岩体内部发生相应的溶蚀。

  • 图8 石西凸起上石炭统火山岩储层孔渗特征

  • Fig.8 Porosity and permeability characteristics of Upper Carboniferous volcanic reservoirs in Shixi uplift

  • 石西凸起火山岩裂缝FMI图像(图10)显示,裂缝类型以中-高角度构造缝为主(直劈缝、斜交缝),裂缝线形态比较平直,很少有溶蚀,部分被矿物或杂基全充填。火山角砾岩和安山岩中裂隙和裂缝比较发育,受到构造作用影响,火山角砾岩和安山岩比英安岩、流纹岩等更易发生再次破碎,形成更高密度的裂隙和裂缝,成为有效储集空间。从裂缝发育密度来看(图11),在中性安山岩、酸性英安岩和火山角砾岩中裂缝较为发育,但发育密度存在差异,中性安山岩与酸性英安岩裂缝发育密度主要为 1.0~2.0 条/m,火山角砾岩主要为 0.5~1.5 条/m。英安岩虽然裂缝发育密度最大,但多数为钻具诱导缝,原有构造缝和成岩缝较少;酸性英安岩段裂缝发育密度远低于火山角砾岩段和安山岩段(图9)。

  • 图9 石西凸起石西16井综合柱状图(井位位置见图1)

  • Fig.9 Comprehensive histogram of Well Shixi16 in Shixi uplift(see Fig.1 for well location)

  • 从预测的裂缝平面分布与断裂叠合关系(图12)来看,在大断层附近裂缝比较密集,这些高密度微裂缝以及大断层连通孔隙,可有效改善储层,为油气富集提供有利条件。从裂缝发育密度与距主断层距离关系(图13)来看,在受主断层影响的 1.5 km半径范围内裂缝发育密度大,表明距主断层的距离控制储层裂缝发育程度,而裂缝发育程度直接影响储层储集空间和渗流能力。石西凸起断裂带主断裂间隔 2~5 km,多期构造运动使火山岩发育网状裂缝,受断裂、裂缝控制,有利储层呈条带状分布。

  • 3.6 风化淋滤及蚀变程度

  • 石西凸起晚石炭世火山岩主要为陆上喷发陆上堆积成因,在火山喷发间歇期及之后,火山岩受到大气、地表及火山喷发间歇期饱和CO2、雨水的风化淋滤作用,地下水、火山热液等流体沿原生、次生孔隙及裂缝渗透并发生水解、溶蚀和热液充填[38]。准噶尔盆地石炭系火山岩的地层流体主要为酸性介质条件,富含有机质的酸性流体与原岩作用时,可供溶解的组分如长石斑晶、长石微晶、长石晶屑、火山灰与玻璃基质溶解形成新的孔隙,改造、扩大和连通原生储集空间。当火山岩进入埋藏期时,火山岩中黏土矿物(如蒙皂石向伊利石转化形成的酸性物质)以及由盆 1 井西生烃凹陷有机烃类排烃期排出的大量有机羧酸和含 CO3 2- 的水,通过大断层、不整合面及构造缝通道下渗,对原有孔缝及其填隙物进一步溶解,产生溶蚀孔、缝或洞,进一步扩展岩石储集空间和改善储层的物性。

  • 图10 石西凸起火山岩裂缝FMI特征

  • Fig.10 FMI characteristics of volcanic rock fractures in Shixi uplift

  • 图11 石西凸起火山岩不同岩性裂缝发育密度频率

  • Fig.11 Development density and frequency of volcanic rock fractures with different lithology in Shixi uplift

  • 对火山岩不同岩性不同风化及蚀变程度样品的平均孔隙度进行统计(图14a),结果表明,未风化/ 蚀变的火山角砾岩平均孔隙度最大,而未风化/蚀变的玄武岩、安山岩及英安岩/流纹岩平均孔隙度较低,不能成为有效储层;弱风化/蚀变的安山岩和火山角砾岩平均孔隙度均较高,可成为有利储层,强风化/蚀变的 4种岩性平均孔隙度均较高,均能成为有利储层。石西凸起晚石炭世主要发育爆发相和溢流相,火山沉积相不发育;从不同岩相不同风化及蚀变程度与平均孔隙度的关系来看(图14b),爆发相和溢流相经历弱风化/蚀变与强风化/蚀变后其平均孔隙度相差甚小,均能成为有效储层。

  • 图12 裂缝平面分布及与断层叠合

  • Fig.12 Plane distribution of fractures and their superposition with faults

  • 图13 储层裂缝发育密度与距主断层距离关系

  • Fig.13 Relationship between development density of reservoir fractures and distance from main fault

  • 图14 石西凸起火山岩不同岩性、岩相的平均孔隙度与风化及蚀变程度的关系

  • Fig.14 Relationship between average porosity of different lithology and lithofacies and weathering and alteration degree of volcanic rocks in Shixi uplift

  • 4 结论

  • 石西凸起晚石炭世火山岩 CIA 值为 0.54~0.75,均大于0.50,表明遭受过明显的风化淋滤及蚀变作用的改造,为陆上喷发陆上表生堆积成因。

  • 岩浆性质影响储层储集空间的发育,火山喷发方式制约有效储层的纵向分布,埋深影响储层物性、裂缝发育及有利储层的纵向展布。受喷发间断不整合界面或构造不整合界面控制,有利储层纵向上分带性明显,石西地区在构造不整合界面之下为熔岩时,有利储层可延伸到不整合界面之下150 m,储层裂缝主要发育在石炭系顶界不整合界面以下约270 m内的熔岩和火山碎屑岩中。

  • 岩性影响储层的物性及裂缝发育。物性最好的是安山岩,其次是火山角砾岩;安山岩和火山角砾岩原生构造缝及成岩缝远高于英安岩,为优势储集岩性体。

  • 主断层对储层裂缝及有利储层的分布控制明显,在受主断层影响的 1.5 km半径范围内裂缝发育密度大,渗流能力较好。

  • 风化淋滤及蚀变程度影响储层物性。经历强风化淋滤及蚀变的玄武岩、安山岩、英安岩和火山角砾岩均能成为有利储层,爆发相和溢流相在经历弱风化/蚀变及强风化/蚀变后平均孔隙度相差不大,都可成为有效储层。滤及蚀变程度影响储层物性。经历强风化淋滤及蚀变的玄武岩

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