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作者简介:

赵阳(1986—),男,内蒙古赤峰人,讲师,博士,从事油气藏地质方面的研究工作。E-mail:zhaoyangcdut@163.com。

通讯作者:

段毅(1956—),男,甘肃镇原人,研究员,博士。E-mail:duany@lzb.ac.cn。

中图分类号:TE341

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2023)05-0057-06

DOI:10.13673/j.pgre.202211044

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目录contents

    摘要

    生油增压定量化研究是计算油气成藏动力并进一步确定油气分布的关键。目前已有的生油增压计算方法较复杂或计算精度不足,影响其在勘探中快速应用。基于Ⅰ型有机质生烃特征综合分析,建立了生油增压数学模型,并将该模型应用于鄂尔多斯盆地西峰油田长7段烃源岩生油增压的计算,同时分析了不同参数对生油增压的影响。结果显示,西峰油田长7段烃源岩生油增压为4.6~14.8 MPa,地层压力与前人计算结果相近,说明模型具有较高的可靠性。参数敏感性分析表明,岩石压缩系数对生油增压影响程度最大,为99.056%;总有机碳含量影响程度为0.342%;生烃影响因子和干酪根生油转化效率对生油增压的影响程度分别为 0.261% 和 0.250%;孔隙度和地层压力对生油增压的影响程度较小,分别为 0.09% 和 0.001%。模型同时揭示,较高的地层压力不利于生油增压,地层压力越高,增压越小。

    Abstract

    Quantitative study on oil generated overpressure is the key to calculating the dynamics of oil and gas reservoirs and deter‐ mining the distribution of oil and gas. The existing calculation methods of oil generated overpressure are low in calculation accuracy and complex,which affect their rapid applications in exploration. In this study,according to the comprehensive analysis of hydro‐ carbon generation characteristics of type I organic matter,a new mathematical model of oil generated overpressure was established. The model was used to calculate the oil generated overpressure of Chang7 source rock in Xifeng Oilfield of Ordos Basin and analyze the influence of different parameters on the oil generated overpressure. The results show that the oil generated overpressure of Chang7 source rock in Xifeng Oilfield is 4.6-14.8 MPa,and the formation pressure is similar to the previous calculation results, which indicates that the model is highly reliable. The sensitivity analysis of rock parameters shows that the rock compressibility fac‐ tor has the greatest influence on the oil generated overpressure,with a value of 99.056%,followed by the total organic carbon con‐ tent,with a value of 0.342%. The influence of hydrocarbon generation factor and kerogen oil-generating conversion efficiency on the oil generated overpressure is 0.261% and 0.250%,respectively,and the porosity and formation pressure have a relatively small effect on the oil generated overpressure,which is 0.09% and 0.001%,respectively. The model also reveals that higher formation pressure is not conducive to oil generated overpressure,and higher formation pressure makes the oil generated overpressure smaller.

  • 含油气盆地的发育和形成与地层超压具有密切的关系[1]。欠压实作用[2-4]、黏土矿物脱水[5-6]、有机质生烃作用[7-10]、流体热增压作用[11-12]、构造应力[13] 等是超压形成的重要因素。有机质生烃作用不仅能增加地层压力,同时还控制油气排出过程[14]。因此,建立生油增压数学模型对分析油气运移及分布有重要意义。BREDEHOEFT 等在考虑油气的生成和排出基础上,利用三维生油动力学模型验证了生烃作用对犹他盆地地层超压的影响[15]。徐思煌等在质量守恒、体积守恒和压力守恒 3 个原则约束情况下建立了生油增压的数学模型,模型显示干酪根生成气态烃时产生的增压更加显著[16]。对于封闭条件较好的烃源岩,生烃作用引起的超压达到岩石破裂压力时会导致烃源岩产生裂缝,发生幕式排烃[17]。BERG 等在岩石渗透率极低、应力状态稳定、生烃速率不变和低温生油、高温生气的假设条件下建立了数学模型,进一步肯定了生烃作用对幕式排烃的意义[18]。郭小文等利用生油增压数学模型计算了生油增压,并通过实验验证了生油增压模型的计算结果[19]。已有研究成果从不同方面说明了生烃作用对超压及排烃的重要性,但是这些模型或者数据需求量高导致应用难度大,或者计算过于简化导致精度偏低。为此,通过分析 I型干酪根的生烃特征,重新建立生油增压数学模型并获得解析解,同时分析控制生油增压的主控因素,以期为油气成藏动力[20] 和烃源岩微裂缝研究提供参考[21-23]

  • 1 生油增压模型推导

  • 生油增压模型需遵循以下假设条件:①烃源岩孔隙连通性较好。②Ⅰ型干酪根生成的气体全部溶解在原油中[19]。③烃源岩受到的构造应力不变。④ 生烃过程中地层温度和埋藏深度不变。⑤生烃前后干酪根压缩系数不变。

  • 烃源岩生烃前,孔隙空间被地层水充满(图1a),则有:

  • Vw1=ϕ
    (1)
  • 孔隙中液态烃的质量可以表示为[19]

  • Mo=AFMk1
    (2)
  • 干酪根生油后原油的密度可表示为:

  • ρo2=ρo1+CoΔp+p1
    (3)
  • 则干酪根生成的原油体积表达式为:

  • Vo2=Mo/ρo2=AFMk1/ρo1+CoΔp+p1
    (4)
  • 烃源岩中总有机碳含量(TOC)的表达式为[24]

  • TOC=Vkρkρbκ
    (5)
  • 因此,干酪根生油前单位体积烃源岩中的干酪根体积Vk1和质量Mk1分别为:

  • Vk1=TOCρbκρk
    (6)
  • Mk1=TOCρbκ
    (7)
  • 将(7)式代入(4)式得:

  • Vo2=AFTOCρbκ/ρo1+CoΔp+p1
    (8)
  • 系统温度不发生变化时,液体物态方程为[25]

  • V=Vo1-βfp-po
    (9)
  • 则生油后孔隙中水的体积为:

  • Vw2=Vw11-CwΔp
    (10)
  • 将(1)式代入(10)式得:

  • Vw2=ϕ1-CwΔp
    (11)
  • 干酪根一部分转化为原油,剩余的干酪根由于孔隙压力增大受到压缩(图1b),因此生油后干酪根的体积为:

  • Vk2=(1-AF)(1-CΔp)Vk1
    (12)
  • 将干酪根看作孔隙的一部分,则生油前后孔隙体积的关系为:

  • Vk2+Vo2+Vw2=1+CpΔpVw1+Vk1
    (13)
  • 将(1),(6),(8),(11),(12)式代入(13)式,整理得:

  • Δp=-b+b2-4ac2a
    (14)
  • 其中:

  • a=ρoCoϕCp+ϕCw+Vk1Cp+Vk1ρoCkCo(1-AF)
    (15)
  • b=ρo+ρoCop1ϕCp+ϕCw+Vk1Cp+ρoCoVk1-ρoVk1(1-AF)Co-Ck-CoCkp1
    (16)
  • c=ρo+ρoCop1Vk1-AFMk1-ρoVk1(1-AF)1+Cop1
    (17)
  • 图1 Ⅰ型干酪根生油增压概念模型

  • Fig.1 Conceptual model of type I kerogen oil generated overpressure

  • 2 应用实例

  • 鄂尔多斯盆地西峰油田长7段烃源岩发育范围大,有机质含量高、类型好,是鄂尔多斯盆地中生界重要的油源岩[26-27]。西峰油田地处鄂尔多斯盆地西南部,区内长 7 段烃源岩厚度为 120~160 m,TOC 为 4%~8%,镜质组反射率(Ro)为 0.7%~0.95%[28],具有较强的生烃能力。以西峰油田长7段烃源岩为例,计算其成藏期生油增压。此外,需重新厘定部分参数。

  • 2.1 孔隙度

  • 计算孔隙度倒数压实模型为[29]

  • 1ϕ1=1ϕ0+KZ
    (18)
  • MAGARA 提出了孔隙度随埋深变化的指数模型[30]

  • ϕ1=ϕ0e-cz
    (19)
  • 研究认为,双元模型可以将孔隙度恢复至成藏期。基于文献[31],利用双元模型恢复了西峰油田 12 口井长 7 段烃源岩成藏期孔隙度。计算结果显示,西峰油田长7段烃源岩成藏期孔隙度为22.48%~29.13%,平均为26.19%(表1)。

  • 2.2 岩石压缩系数

  • 矿物分析显示,鄂尔多斯盆地南部长 7 段泥页岩矿物组成差异较小,黏土矿物含量为 42.16%,石英含量为 27.75%,斜长石含量为 18.46%,菱铁矿和其他矿物含量为11.63%[32]。基于各类矿物含量及压缩系数可计算不同岩石的骨架压缩系数[33]。西峰油田长7段泥页岩黏土矿物、石英、斜长石和菱铁矿的Cs分别取9.09×10-5 [34],1.20×10-5 [33],3.00×10-5 和8.60× 10-5 MPa-1[35]。西峰油田长 7 段烃源岩成藏期的岩石压缩系数表达式为:

  • Cp=ϕ1-ϕi=1n xiCsi
    (20)
  • 利用(20)式计算西峰油田长 7段烃源岩成藏期的Cp为2.03×10-5MPa-1

  • 将生油增压参数(表2)代入(14)式,结果显示,西峰油田长7段烃源岩最大埋深期生油增压为4.6~14.8 MPa,地层压力为 29.6~42.0 MPa,地层压力计算结果与前人研究结果(28.0~42.0 MPa)[22] 有较好的吻合度,说明文中建立的模型具有较高的可靠性。

  • 2.3 参数敏感性

  • 为了分析生油增压模型参数的敏感性,以生油增压变化程度为指标研究参数的敏感性。其参数敏感性分析基准方案为:A 为 0.3,F 为 28%,TOC 为 6%,ϕ 为 26.2%,Cp 为 2.03×10-5 MPa-1p1 为 25 MPa。将参数变化范围设定为10%~60%(表3),计算由此引起的生油增压。

  • 由于各参数量度不一致,引起的 Δp 差别较大,难以直接确定各参数的敏感性。因此,提出运用 ki 分析不同参数对Δp的影响,ki为Δp变化值与某参数变化值之比。计算结果显示:CpTOCAFϕp1ki 分别为 11 247,37.91,29.89,28.88,10.28 和 0.09。将各敏感参数的 ki代入(19)式即可得到每个参数的影响程度:

  • α=kii=16 ki
    (21)
  • 计算结果显示,Cp 对 Δp 的影响程度最大,为9 9.056%,远大于其他参数,进一步证明了本次研究考虑Cp的必要性。TOC的影响程度为0.342%,如果不考虑 CpTOC 对 Δp 具有最大的影响,AF 对 Δp 的影响程度接近,分别为 0.261% 和 0.250%,ϕp1 对Δp的影响程度较小,分别为0.09%和0.001%。此外,p1越高,Δp越小,即较高的地层压力抑制生油增压。

  • 表1 鄂尔多斯盆地西峰油田长7段烃源岩古孔隙度恢复结果

  • Table1 Paleoporosity restoration results of Chang7 source rock in Xifeng Oilfield of Ordos Basin

  • 注:HT=100为长7段最大埋深期的深度;HT=0为长7段现今深度;ϕT = 0为长7段现今孔隙度;ΔϕT = 100为长7段最大埋深期至今孔隙度变化量; ϕT = 100为长7段最大埋深期孔隙度。

  • 表2 鄂尔多斯盆地西峰油田长7段烃源岩生油增压参数

  • Table2 Basic parameters of oil generated overpressure for Chang7 source rock in Xifeng Oilfield of Ordos Basin

  • 表3 生油增压数学模型参数敏感性分析

  • Table3 Sensitivity analysis table of mathematical model of oil generated overpressure

  • 3 结论

  • 在分析 I型干酪根生烃特征基础上建立了生油增压数学模型,并且利用此模型计算了鄂尔多斯盆地西峰油田长 7 段烃源岩生油增压。结果表明,鄂尔多斯盆地西峰油田长7段烃源岩生油增压为4.6~14.8 MPa。地层压力计算结果与前人研究结果有较好的吻合度,表明文中建立的模型具有较高的可靠性。参数敏感性分析表明,Cp 对 Δp 影响程度最大, TOC次之,AF对Δp的影响程度较小,ϕp1对Δp 的影响程度最低。生油增压模型揭示,较高的地层压力抑制生油增压。

  • 符号解释

  • abc——一元二次方程的3个系数;

  • A——生烃影响因子,mg/g;

  • C——沉积物压实常数;

  • Ck——干酪根压缩系数,MPa-1

  • Co——原油的压缩系数,MPa-1

  • Cp——岩石压缩系数,MPa-1

  • Cs ——岩石骨架压缩系数,MPa-1

  • Csi ——每种矿物的压缩系数,MPa-1

  • Cw——地层水的压缩系数,MPa-1

  • F——干酪根生油转化率,%;

  • i——矿物种类,i=1,2,···,n

  • K——压缩因子,1/m;

  • ki ——生油增压变化率;

  • Mk1——生油前干酪根的质量,g;

  • Mo——孔隙中液态烃的质量,g;

  • p——液体体积为V时对应的压力,MPa;

  • po——标准状况下的地层压力,MPa;

  • p1——生油前地层压力,MPa;

  • Δp——生油增压,MPa;

  • TOC——总有机碳含量,%;

  • V——液体体积,cm3

  • Vk——单位体积烃源岩中的干酪根体积,cm3

  • Vk1——生油前单位体积烃源岩中的干酪根体积,cm3

  • Vk2——生油后单位体积烃源岩中的干酪根体积,cm3

  • Vo——标准状况下孔隙中的原油体积,cm3

  • Vo2——干酪根生成后的原油体积,cm3

  • Vw1——生油前孔隙中水的体积,cm3

  • Vw2——生油后孔隙中水的体积,cm3

  • xi ——每种矿物的含量,%;

  • Z——地层埋深,m;

  • α——参数影响程度,%;

  • βf ——液体密度,g/cm3

  • κ——干酪根转化因子,一般取1.2;

  • ρb——标准状况下烃源岩密度,g/cm3

  • ρk——干酪根密度,g/cm3

  • ρo——标准状况下原油密度,g/cm3

  • ρo2——生油后原油被压缩后密度,g/cm3

  • ϕ——岩石孔隙度,%;

  • ϕ0——岩石初始孔隙度,%;

  • ϕ1——埋深为Z处的岩石孔隙度,%。

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