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作者简介:

邱祥亮(1988—),女,四川广安人,在读博士研究生,从事油气田开发地质研究工作。E-mail:1037548722@qq.com。

通讯作者:

谭成仟(1964—),男,陕西大荔人,教授,博导。E-mail:1098364810@qq.com。

中图分类号:TE341

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2023)06-0032-13

DOI:10.13673/j.pgre.202303036

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目录contents

    摘要

    姬塬地区长4+5油层组发育交错叠置的水下分流河道砂体,其内部接触关系复杂,严重影响该区油藏分布规律及水驱开发效果。开展长4+5油藏单砂体界面识别划分、剖析砂体接触关系及其对油藏水驱开发效果影响的精细研究,有利于姬塬地区长4+5油藏的持续稳产及高效开发。基于单砂体界面的识别划分标志,综合应用岩心分析、测井及生产动态资料,精细刻画砂体内部接触关系,进而厘清砂体横向交错与垂向叠置关系对油藏水驱开发效果的影响。结果表明:姬塬地区长4+5油藏砂体垂向叠置关系有切叠式、叠加式和分离式3类,其中切叠式砂体较均质,含油性好,水驱动用程度高,其次是叠加式砂体;单砂体的侧向接触关系可分为侧切式、对接式和孤立式3类,不同接触关系反映了河道砂体井间连通程度的差异,进而影响油井注水见效周期,其中侧切式接触关系对应的油井注水见效时间短,其次为对接式、孤立式单砂体所对应的油井见效不明显。

    Abstract

    The interlaced underwater distributary channel sand bodies are developed in Chang 4+5 reservoir group in Jiyuan area, and their internal contact relationships are complex, which seriously affects the reservoir distribution law and water flooding devel‐ opment effect in this area. It is beneficial to the sustained and stable production and efficient development of Chang 4+5 reservoir in Jiyuan area by the fine study of identification and division of single sand body interface, analyzing the contact modes of sand bodes and their influence on water flooding effect in Chang 4+5 reservoir. Based on the identification and division of the single sand body interface, the core, logging, and dynamic production data are comprehensively applied to delineate the internal contact relation‐ ships of sand bodies, and then clarify the influence of transverse cross and vertical superposition relationships of sand bodies on wa‐ ter flooding effect. The results show that there are three vertical superposition relationships of sand bodies in Chang 4+5 reservoir in Jiyuan area, namely cut-stacked, superimposed, and separated. Among them, the cut-stacked sand bodies are more homogeneous, with high oil content and percentage of producing reserves under water flooding, followed by the superimposed sand body. The lat‐ eral contact modes of single sand bodies can be divided into three types: isolated mode, docking mode, and side-cut mode. Differ‐ ent contact modes reflect the difference in interwell connectivity of channel sand bodies, which in turn affects the effective time of water injection in oil wells. The effective time of water injection in oil wells corresponding to the side cut mode is short, followed by the docking mode, and the effect of water injection in oil wells corresponding to the isolated sand body is not obvious.

  • 鄂尔多斯盆地已发现油藏主要为砂体控制的岩性油藏,前人已对该类油藏的沉积特征、储层特征及油藏成藏规律等开展了研究工作[1-14]。随着油藏的持续勘探开发,为精确认识油藏储集空间展布特征及水驱开发过程中剩余油的分布规律,中外专家学者从不同角度对砂体内部结构进行了剖析研究。付锁堂等对河道砂体成因、构型及形成机制进行了综合分析[15];罗顺社等详细剖析了浅水三角洲河道砂体结构特征及成因机制[16];封从军等研究了河道砂体的叠置关系对油藏剩余油分布的影响[17]。姬塬地区长4+5油藏作为鄂尔多斯盆地增储上产的主力油藏,经多年水驱开发,目前已进入中-高含水阶段,其剩余油分布规律较为复杂[18-22]。常规储层研究已不能满足油藏持续稳产和高效开发需求,亟需开展单砂体精细研究[23-28],明确单砂体空间展布规律及对油藏水驱开发效果的影响,进而有效指导高含水油藏治理及剩余油挖潜[28-36]。因此,笔者以姬塬地区长4+5油藏为例,综合利用岩心分析、测井及生产动态资料,对多期叠置的河道砂体进行精细刻画,剖析砂体垂向叠置和侧向接触关系,进而厘清砂体垂向与侧向组合关系对油藏水驱开发效果的影响,为高含水油藏治理及剩余油挖潜提供重要的理论依据。

  • 1 地质概况

  • 鄂尔多斯盆地属于构造简单的多旋回型克拉通盆地,包括晋西挠褶带、伊陕斜坡、天环凹陷、西缘逆冲带、渭北隆起和伊盟隆起 6大构造单元[37-41],姬塬地区横跨盆地的伊陕斜坡和天环凹陷2大构造单元(图1a)。鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组主要发育湖盆河流-三角洲沉积体系,在长10—长3油层组沉积时期,湖盆先后发生了多期扩张和萎缩[42-45],整体上水动力条件表现为由强变弱再变强的过程。姬塬地区长 4+5 油层组属于三角洲前缘沉积,该沉积时期湖盆底部形态平缓,无明显坡折带,砂体物源供给稳定且供给量充足,发育上、下两套水下分流河道浅灰色中-细砂岩,中部发育薄层状泥岩(图1 b)。研究区长 4+5 油层组三叠纪砂体在垂向上交错叠置,平面呈连片状分布,根据油层组内部的沉积旋回特征,将长 4+5 油层组的 2 个亚油层组长 4+ 51、长 4+52细分为长 4+51 1、长 4+51 2、长 4+52 1 和长 4+ 52 2 共4个砂层组。姬塬地区长4+5油藏储层平均孔隙度为 11.3%、平均渗透率为 0.47 mD,2021 年综合含水率达52.0%,地质储量采出程度为7.8%,水驱动用程度低,油井见效慢,注水井均吸水不均、井间剩余油有效动用难度大等矛盾突出。

  • 2 单砂体界面划分

  • 2.1 垂向界面划分

  • 综合利用岩心分析及测井资料,以泥质夹层、钙质夹层、物性夹层、底冲刷面作为单砂体垂向界面的识别标志,结合自然伽马(GR)、自然电位(SP)、声波时差(AC)和电阻率(RT)等测井曲线形态及参数变化,建立姬塬地区长 4+5 油藏单砂体的定量划分标准。

  • 其中,泥质夹层通常指一期河道在沉积晚期,随水动力作用的减弱而在下部砂质沉积物上形成的泥质沉积,为主要的砂体界面识别标志;正韵律水下分流河道的下部物性较好,是孔隙水的优势渗流部位,也是钙质夹层优先沉积场所;两期河道沉积过程中砂体韵律特征发生变化,其物性及含油性也随之变化,砂体中部发育明显的物性夹层。如表1所示,泥质夹层、钙质夹层和物性夹层的测井响应特征明显,且在长4+5各砂层组内部较为发育,可作为典型的单砂体划分标志。底冲刷面为晚期河道因流速过大对先期河道顶面或下伏细粒沉积物冲刷造成凹凸不平的沉积面,通常含小砾石和泥砾,底冲刷面在测井曲线上难以识别,需在露头剖面分析基础上,结合岩心观察进行综合判别。如表1 中 C101 井岩心可见泥质条带,指示河道底部冲刷面,代表一期河道砂体的形成。

  • 利用单砂体垂向界面识别标志,结合测井曲线旋回特征,将研究区长4+51 1、长4+51 2、长4+52 1、长4+ 52 2 砂层组分别各细分 2套单砂体。统计分析长 4+5油藏单砂体垂向划分结果,各期单砂体的砂层钻遇率为 50%~75%,平均钻遇砂层数为 1.6 层,单砂体平均厚度为4.8 m(表2)。综上所述,姬塬地区长4+ 5油藏单砂体精细刻画程度能够满足同类油藏水驱开发需求。

  • 图1 姬塬地区构造位置及地层柱状图

  • Fig.1 Structural location and stratigraphic distribution map of Jiyuan area

  • 表1 姬塬地区长4+5油藏单砂体垂向界面识别标志

  • Table1 Vertical interface identification marks of single sand bodies in Chang4 + 5 reservoir in Jiyuan area

  • 表2 姬塬地区长4+5油藏单砂体垂向划分结果统计

  • Table2 Statistics of vertical division results of single sand bodies in Chang4+5 reservoir in Jiyuan area

  • 2.2 侧向界面划分

  • 近年来,学者们对不同沉积类型的砂体侧向接触关系开展了大量的分析研究,如表3 分别列举了不同类型沉积砂体的侧向界面识别标志[43-51]。在前人研究基础上,结合研究区的岩心分析、测井曲线及剖面特征,确定了侧向界面识别标志分别为:岩性差异、砂体厚度差异、砂体顶面高程差异和测井曲线形态差异。

  • 单砂体的 4 种侧向界面识别标志特征明显,在单砂体剖面上易于识别。如图2 所示,岩性差异主要是指在河道边界处的分流间湾或溢岸砂沉积,主要为粉砂质泥岩、泥岩等一系列的细粒沉积物,这种岩性差异可以作为河道边界的重要识别标志(图2a)。在河道砂体沉积过程中,两条河道交汇时,受水流冲刷影响,易形成河道两侧厚、中间薄的砂体形态,这种“厚-薄-厚”的砂体厚度差异可以作为河道侧向相切的界面识别标志(图2b)。河道砂体顶面高程差异是由于河道迁移或废弃河道不断产生而形成的界面识别标志,受砂体沉积间断的影响,同一期河道的砂体也存在较大的高程差异,砂体顶面高程差异可作为河道侧向划界的重要识别标志 (图2c)。测井曲线形态差异在研究区长4+5油藏单期河道砂体沉积中较为少见,其成因为多期河道叠置发育时期,由于早期河道冲刷、切割处泥质沉积较少,或晚期河道规模小、冲刷微弱,界面处留存大量河道滞留沉积或泥质沉积[46-48],测井曲线形态通常表现为低幅指状,或呈孤立状分布(图2d)。

  • 表3 不同类型沉积砂体侧向界面识别标志

  • Table3 Identification marks of lateral interfaces of different types of sedimentary sand bodies

  • 3 单砂体接触关系及分布特征

  • 3.1 垂向叠置关系

  • 根据姬塬地区长4+5油藏单砂体垂向界面划分结果,结合单砂体的成因、测井响应及储层特征,将砂体垂向叠置关系划分为分离式、叠加式及切叠式,其对应的储层非均质性依次降低,储层物性依次增大(表4)。据统计分析,研究区单砂体以分离式接触为主,其中长 4+51 2、长 4+52 1 砂层组叠加式及切叠式砂体所占比例较大,垂向叠置关系差异决定了储层物性差异,切叠式砂体对应储层物性优于叠加式和分离式砂体,叠加式砂体内部含泥质夹层或物性夹层,储层物性略差,分离式砂体内部非均质性强,对应储层物性最差(图3)。

  • 图2 单砂体侧向界面识别标志

  • Fig.2 Lateral interface identification marks of single sand bodies

  • 表4 砂体垂向叠置关系

  • Table4 Vertical superposition relationships of sand bodies

  • 3.2 侧向接触关系

  • 砂体的侧向接触关系指的是多条河道砂体在平面上的接触关系,它反映了河道砂体的井间连通程度。研究区长4+5油藏单砂体侧向接触关系主要包括孤立式、对接式、侧切式3类。孤立式接触关系是指河道砂体厚度向某一连接方向逐渐变薄,物性变差,井间砂体几乎不连通;对接式接触关系是指井间砂体厚度差异明显,反映出两砂体井间连通程度较低;侧切式接触关系是指井间砂体侧向相切、垂向叠加明显,且内部发育物性夹层,上、下两套相互切叠的砂体连通程度较好(图4)。研究区长 4+5 油藏单砂体的侧向接触关系是以侧切式和对接式接触为主,局部区域单砂体以完全不连通的孤立式接触为主。

  • 图3 砂体垂向叠置关系及物性

  • Fig.3 Vertical superposition relationships of sand bodies and physical properties

  • 3.3 单砂体分布特征

  • 剖面分布特征 单砂体的剖面分布特征与沉积演化密切相关[49-51],根据横切河道方向的单砂体剖面分析,随着河道迁移,井间的砂体连通关系随之变化,砂体垂向接触关系反映了储层物性的非均质程度,侧向接触关系决定了河道边界,反映了砂体连通程度。图5 为长 4+51 1-1 和长 4+52 2-2 单砂体连通剖面,结果表明:单砂体剖面一定程度上反映了河道形态及空间展布特征,垂向上,块状和层状叠加式砂体集中分布在河道中心位置,而孤立式砂体主要位于河道边部;侧向上,块状叠加式砂体逐渐向层状叠加式砂体过渡,呈侧切式连接,层状叠加式砂体向孤立式砂体过渡,呈对接式接触。随着河道的迁移,砂体内部结构也在不断变化,研究区中部砂体垂向叠置明显,多发育块状叠加式砂体,且砂体规模较大;而东南部则以层状叠加式和孤立式砂体为主,砂体规模减小,表明沉积环境水体能量减弱。

  • 图4 单砂体井间连通剖面

  • Fig.4 Interwell connectivity profiles of single sand bodies

  • 平面分布特征 研究区长 4+5油藏各单期河道砂体厚度集中在 6.0~12.0 m,河道宽度为 400~800 m,宽厚比为40~80,砂体厚度与河道宽度存在较好的定量关系。平面上,各单砂体发育有5~7条水下分流河道,呈 NE—SW 向条带状分布,中部河道砂体叠置明显、厚度较大。横切河道方向,单砂体连续性差,砂体延伸距离为300~600 m;顺河道方向,单砂体更为发育且连续性强,延伸距离约为1.5 km。其中,长4+51 2-2、长4+52 1-1 单砂体最为发育(图6)。

  • 4 单砂体接触关系对水驱开发效果的影响

  • 4.1 垂向叠置关系影响水驱动用程度

  • 姬塬地区长4+5油藏单砂体垂向叠置关系反映了油藏纵向上的物性差异及非均质程度,进而影响油藏水驱效果。切叠式单砂体内部具物性夹层,不发育泥质夹层,物性较均一,纵向上渗透率非均质性小,注水开发过程中注水井纵向吸水均匀,水驱动用程度高;叠加式砂体内部含泥质夹层,物性相对均一,对应注水井纵向吸水量存在差异,水驱动用程度相对较高;分离式砂体内部发育泥质夹层、物性夹层,储层非均质性强,注水井吸水量差异明显,水驱动用程度低,水驱开发效果差(图7)。根据姬塬地区长4+5油藏不同单砂体垂向叠置关系对应的油藏水驱动用程度统计结果(图8)可知,切叠式砂体水驱动用程度最高,其次是叠加式砂体,分离式砂体水驱动用效果最差。

  • 图5 姬塬地区长4+51 1-1 和长4+52 2-2 单砂体连通剖面

  • Fig.5 Cross profiles of Chang 4+51 1-1 and Chang 4+52 2-2 single sand bodies in Jiyuan area

  • 图6 姬塬地区长4+52 1-1 单砂体厚度平面分布

  • Fig.6 Plane distribution of Chang 4+52 1-1 single sand bodies in Jiyuan area

  • 图7 不同垂向叠置关系对应单砂体的吸水剖面示意

  • Fig.7 Water injection profiles of single sand bodies corresponding to different superposition relationships

  • 图8 各类垂向叠置关系对应单砂体的水驱动用程度

  • Fig.8 Percentage of producing reserves of single sand bodies under water flooding corresponding to vertical superposition relationships

  • 4.2 侧向接触关系影响油井见效周期

  • 河道砂体的侧向接触关系反映了河道砂体的井间连通程度,在水驱开发过程中,油水井的井间砂体连通性直接影响油井注水见效周期。以J66井组为例,注水井 J66与左侧油井 H79-82同期河道砂体属于侧切式接触关系(图9a),井间砂体部分连通,连通程度略低,油井日产液量、日产油量低,且无明显上升趋势,注水见效不明显(图9b);而右侧油井H79-81与注水井同期河道砂体完全连通,连通程度高,注水调整 205 d 后,该油井均匀受效,日产液量、日产油量明显上升,且产量明显高于左侧油井(图9c)。

  • 图9 J66井组单砂体连通剖面及油井生产动态

  • Fig.9 Profiles of connected single sand bodies and dynamic oil well production of J66 well group

  • 5 结论

  • 鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬地区长4+5油藏各砂体垂向叠置明显,利用泥质夹层、钙质夹层和物性夹层等垂向界面识别标志将砂体垂向叠置关系划分为分离式、叠加式、切叠式 3 类,明确了研究区 3 类砂体对应的储层非均质性依次减弱。

  • 利用岩性差异、砂体厚度差异、砂体顶面高程差异和测井曲线形态差异4种单砂体侧向界面识别标志,将长 4+5 油藏各单砂体的侧向接触关系划分为侧切式、对接式、孤立式,主要是以侧切式和对接式接触为主。其中,侧切式单砂体的井间连通程度最高,其次是对接式单砂体,而孤立式单砂体井间连通程度最低。

  • 砂体垂向叠置关系影响水驱动用程度,其中切叠式砂体水驱动用程度高,其次为叠加式砂体,分离式砂体水驱效果最差;侧向接触关系反映了河道砂体的井间连通程度,进而影响油井的注水见效周期。

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