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作者简介:

杨术刚(1993—),男,四川广元人,工程师,博士,从事气田采出水回注、CO2地质封存、地下水环境保护等方面的研究工作。E-mail:yshugang@cnpc.com.cn。

通讯作者:

刘双星(1990—),男,河南洛阳人,高级工程师,博士。E-mail:liushuangxing@cnpc.com.cn。

中图分类号:TE82

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2023)06-0080-12

DOI:10.13673/j.pgre.202301014

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目录contents

    摘要

    CO2-水-岩相互作用是CO2地质封存的核心问题,CO2的注入打破了岩石-地层水化学平衡,引发的地层水化学性质改变、原生矿物溶蚀和次生矿物沉淀,会导致储层和盖层岩石孔隙度、润湿性、力学性质等物性变化并进而影响CO2的注入能力、封存效率以及封存安全性与稳定性。从CO2-水-岩相互作用机制出发,系统阐述了CO2-水-岩相互作用对地层岩石孔隙度、渗透率、润湿性、力学性质的影响研究进展。研究表明,CO2-水-岩相互作用导致岩石孔隙度和渗透率的变化与其初始孔渗特征和矿物组成密切相关,岩石孔渗特征的改变直接影响储层的注入能力与封存潜力和盖层的封闭能力。润湿性的变化与初始亲水亲油特征有关,CO2-水-岩相互作用通常会减弱亲水岩石而增强亲油岩石的水润湿性,进而影响多相流体在岩石孔隙中的微观分布与渗流特征。由于胶结物溶蚀以及溶蚀孔的形成,CO2-水-岩相互作用会引起岩石损伤,抗压强度、抗拉强度、弹性模量等力学参数减小,一定程度上影响封存安全性。碳中和背景下,微纳米尺度孔隙、深地微生物介导、非纯CO2或工业尾气注入、封存全周期等情景下的CO2-水-岩相互作用及岩石物性响应仍有待深入研究。

    Abstract

    The CO2-water-rock interaction is the core issue of CO2 geological sequestration. The injection of CO2 disrupts the chemi‐ cal balance of rock-formation water, and the changes in the chemical properties of formation water, primary mineral dissolution, and secondary mineral precipitation will lead to changes in the physical properties of reservoir and caprock, such as porosity, wetta‐ bility, and mechanical properties and thus directly affect the CO2 injection capacity, sequestration efficiency, and sequestration se‐ curity and stability. Based on the mechanism of CO2-water-rock interaction, this paper systematically expounds on the research prog‐ ress of the effects of CO2-water-rock interaction on porosity, permeability, wettability, and mechanical properties of formation rocks. The results show that the change in rock porosity and permeability caused by CO2-water-rock interaction is closely related to its initial porosity and permeability characteristics and mineral composition, and the change of rock porosity and permeability char‐ acteristics directly affects the injection capacity and sequestration potential of the reservoir and the sealing capacity of the caprock. The change in wettability is related to the initial hydrophilic and oil-philic characteristics. The CO2-water-rock interaction usually weakens the water wettability of the hydrophilic rocks and enhances that of the oil-philic rocks, thus affecting the microscopic distri‐ bution and seepage characteristics of the multiphase fluids in the pores of the rocks. Due to the dissolution of cement and the forma‐ tion of dissolution holes, the CO2-water-rock interaction will cause rock damage, and the mechanical parameters such as compres‐ sive strength, tensile strength, and elastic modulus will decrease. To a certain extent, the security of sequestration is affected. Un‐ der the setting of carbon neutrality, the CO2-water-rock interaction and rock physical property response under the scenarios of micronano-scale pore, deep microbial mediation, impure CO2 or industrial tail gas injection, and full sequestration cycle still need to be further studied.

  • 人类活动持续高强度排放CO2是导致全球气候变暖的主要原因[1-2]。为应对全球气候变化这一全人类共同面临的严峻挑战,削减 CO2排放量已成为世界共识,多数国家先后提出了“碳中和”承诺。 CO2地质利用与封存以其巨大的减碳潜力和潜在的经济效益而备受各国关注,是公认的控制全球气候变暖的有效措施之一,同时也是保障能源安全、促进可持续发展的重要选择。据《中国二氧化碳捕集利用与封存(CCUS)年度报告(2021)》,全球陆上 CO2地质封存潜力为 6×1012~42×1012 t,海洋理论地质封存潜力为 2×1012~13×1012 t,分别为 2021 年全球能源燃烧与工业过程 CO2排放量(363×1012 t)的 165~1 157 倍和 55~358 倍[3]。为推动 CO2地质利用与封存技术的规模化发展,美国、加拿大、挪威、阿尔及利亚、澳大利亚、中国等国家先后启动建设了十万吨级或百万吨级CO2地质驱油封存或咸水层封存示范项目,全球 CO2封存能力约为 4 000×104 t/ a,预计2050年将达到36×1012 t/a[3-4]

  • CO2地质利用与封存技术的规模化应用面临诸多科学与技术问题,包括但不限于 CO2地质封存多相流体与地质体的长时耦合和互馈作用机制、封存地质体结构透明化表征及量化选址与封存潜力定量评估、储层可注入性与长期安全性评价、泄漏风险监测-评价与控制以及封存数值模拟等。其中, CO2-水-岩相互作用是地质封存的核心科学问题[5]。注入地层中的CO2与地层水及岩石之间的地球化学反应将直接导致原生矿物的溶蚀与次生矿物的沉淀,从而影响地层水的组成以及岩石的矿物组成、孔隙度、渗透率、润湿性以及力学性质等物性,并最终影响 CO2注入效率、封存容量以及封存的长期安全性和稳定性[5-6]。目前,已公开发表的 CO2地质封存相关研究进展以场地选址[7-9]、封存机理与封存潜力评价方法[9-11]、盐析[412-13]、矿物溶解与沉淀化学反应以及反应动力学模拟与参数取值[614-15]、封存过程力学问题数值模拟[16]、环境风险评价方法以及泄漏风险监测方法为主[17-20],CO2-水-岩相互作用对地层物性影响研究综述报道相对较少。为此,在简要介绍 CO2-水-岩相互作用机理的基础上,系统回顾了 CO2-水-岩相互作用对孔隙度、渗透率、润湿性以及岩石力学性质影响规律的研究进展,梳理了研究问题并提出了后续研究方向,以期为 CO2地质封存选址、注入工艺优化与封存安全评估提供有益参考。

  • 1 CO2-水-岩相互作用机理

  • CO2地质封存按封存位置可分为陆上封存和海洋封存,按照封存地质体类型则分为深部咸水层封存、枯竭油气藏或开采后期油气藏封存以及不可开采煤层封存[621]。在前述适宜封存 CO2的地质体中,深部咸水层封存容量占比约为 98%,且分布广泛并与含油气盆地分布基本相同,是目前最具潜力的封存场所;油气藏因构造完整、地质物探资料详实且兼具提高采收率,是适合 CO2地质封存的早期选择。近年来研究发现,近地表广泛分布的基性、超基性岩石(如玄武岩、橄榄岩)碳酸盐化固碳也具有巨大的 CO2封存潜力,且经济投入低、泄漏风险小、封存更加安全,为CO2地质封存提供了一种新途径,已受到国际社会的广泛关注[22-23]

  • 储层与盖层是 CO2地质封存最基本的物质条件,储层提供容纳CO2的孔隙空间,盖层则阻止CO2 向上泄漏至浅层含水层或地表[5]。储层的注入性与盖层的封闭性是衡量 CO2地质封存项目成败的关键。适宜规模化实施 CO2地质封存的地质体,储层分布广、厚度大、孔隙度与渗透率高,上覆与下伏盖层厚度大、渗透率低,且无贯通性的裂缝或断裂。储层岩性通常为砂岩、白云岩、灰岩、玄武岩以及煤等,以石英、长石、方解石为主要矿物;盖层一般为页岩、泥岩、泥灰岩、粉砂质泥岩或泥质粉砂岩等超低渗透岩石,以石英和黏土矿物为主[524-25]。注入地下的CO2,因地质体类型的不同,其封存机理主要包括:①构造封存;②残余封存;③溶解封存;④矿化封存;⑤水动力封存;⑥吸附封存[52126]。无论何种形式的封存,都伴随着复杂的 CO2-水-岩相互作用过程。

  • 注入的 CO2部分在地层水中发生溶解并生成碳酸,碳酸电离产生 H+,HCO3- 和 CO3 2-(表1)。研究表明,CO2 在地层水中的溶解度与地层水矿化度、CO2注入压力以及地层温度密切相关,表现为 CO2溶解度随压力增加而增大,随地层温度、地层水矿化度的增加而显著降低,其中温度为影响 CO2 溶解度的主控因素,压力次之,矿化度对 CO2溶解的影响最小[1427-28]。CO2的溶解改变了原始地层水的酸碱平衡环境,生成的碳酸根将与地层水中的钙、镁、钡、铁等金属离子发生反应并生成沉淀(表1)。WANG 等研究表明,地层水中的钙离子浓度对 CO2的矿化捕获至关重要[29]。此外,酸性流体会与岩石中的方解石、白云石、长石以及黏土等矿物发生溶解反应,并生成石英、高岭石、片钠铝石等次生矿物[61421] (表2)。随着温度的升高或溶液 pH 值的降低或溶液盐度的增加,矿物的溶蚀溶解作用加剧,热力学性质不稳定的矿物(如方解石) 的溶蚀速率远大于热力学性质稳定的矿物(如黏土和石英)[30-31]。方解石、白云石、铁白云石在酸性环境中发生全等溶解,而长石、黏土等矿物在酸性环境中发生非全等溶解,伴随有新矿物生成。原生矿物的溶解、次生矿物的沉淀以及微粒迁移将直接导致孔隙度、渗透率、润湿性以及力学性质等岩石物性的变化,进而改变储层的可注性与盖层的封闭性,最终影响封存地质体的长期稳定性与安全性。

  • 表1 常见CO2-地层水化学反应方程式

  • Table1 Common chemical reaction equations of CO2-formation water

  • 2 CO2-水-岩相互作用对地层物性影响规律

  • 2.1 孔隙度-渗透率

  • CO2-水-岩相互作用对孔隙度的影响表现为双重作用。一方面,诸如方解石、白云石、黏土以及长石等矿物在CO2与地层水的作用下会发生溶蚀并形成大量溶蚀孔,甚至形成次级溶蚀通道,从而导致岩石孔隙结构的变化以及孔喉半径与孔隙度的增加;另一方面,CO2的注入会导致地层水中原生结垢离子沉淀,此外,硅酸盐矿物或碳酸盐胶结物的溶蚀同时伴随有高岭石、片钠铝石、石英等矿物晶体的生成和黏土颗粒的释放,此类沉淀物或悬浮物随地层流体的运动会堵塞岩石孔喉和局部孔隙,进而影响岩石的孔隙度和渗流半径[1432-33]。当岩石的孔隙度、孔喉半径以及曲折度中的任意一个发生变化时,据Kozeny-Carman渗透率公式可知[34],岩石的渗透率也将发生改变。

  • 此外,CO2连续注入会使地层水发生类似的干燥作用,当地层水浓度不断增加而达到过饱和时将产生析盐现象,析出的盐会堵塞孔隙而影响地层孔隙度和渗透率;CO2注入导致地质体一定范围内应力场的变化也会间接影响地层岩石的孔隙度与渗透率[12-1316]

  • 鉴于砂岩、碳酸盐岩、泥页岩3种岩石在地层中分布的广泛性,现有文献中关于CO2-水-岩相互作用对岩石孔隙度和渗透率的影响研究,主要聚焦于静态溶蚀反应与动态驱替条件下砂岩、碳酸盐岩与泥页岩的孔隙度和渗透率演化以及碳酸盐岩裂隙的溶蚀扩展,并结合核磁共振、CT、高压压汞、扫描电镜等分析方法对孔隙度以及孔隙微观形貌的变化予以量化或刻画[3235-38]。由于实验研究的时间尺度限制,岩石-流体地球化学反应、流体多相渗流等相关数学模型,结合 TOUGHREACT 和 GEM 等数值模拟软件,常被用于模拟十年、千年乃至万年时间尺度下的岩石孔隙度与渗透率演化[1339-40]

  • 表2 常见CO2-地层水-岩石矿物化学反应方程式

  • Table2 Common chemical reaction equations of CO2-formation water-rock minerals

  • 2.1.1 砂岩

  • 砂岩储层主要由石英、长石组成,含部分碳酸盐矿物和少量黏土矿物。当 CO2注入后,矿物的溶解与次生矿物的生成、迁移对砂岩的孔渗特征具有显著影响[33]。部分学者通过开展 CO2-水-砂岩静态相互作用实验或饱和碳酸水砂岩渗流实验或CO2驱替实验并结合核磁共振分析表明,由于方解石与黏土等矿物的溶蚀,砂岩的孔隙度和渗透率均有所增加,增加幅度与 CO2注入压力、CO2注入速率、实验温度等相关[323841]。例如,LIN 等研究发现,当 CO2 注入压力从 15 MPa 增至 25 MPa 时,由于地层水中的 CO2溶解度增加,矿物溶蚀作用加剧,CO2-水-岩相互作用后砂岩孔隙度增幅从 3% 增至 6.2%,渗透率增幅从 25.5% 增至 34.4%;当 CO2注入压力为 15 MPa,温度从 44℃增至 64℃,由于 CO2溶解度降低,矿物溶蚀变缓,砂岩孔隙度增幅从 3.0% 降至 1.7%,渗透率增幅先减小后增大,总体增幅介于 20.3%~35%[38]。另一方面,CO2-水-岩相互作用引发的次生矿物沉淀和黏土颗粒运移而堵塞孔喉也可能导致砂岩渗透率下降[323642]。于志超等基于动态驱替实验的研究结果表明,在历经约 151 h 的饱和 CO2水驱实验后,由于高岭石等次生矿物和碳酸盐胶结物溶解释放的黏土颗粒堵塞了孔隙,致使岩心孔隙体积、孔隙度和气测渗透率分别下降 3%, 2.5% 和 4%[36]。ZHAO 等研究了不同压力(15~25 MPa)、不同温度(50,100℃)条件下 CO2-水-岩相互作用对砂岩孔隙度、孔隙结构和渗透率的影响,发现在 120 h的反应后,砂岩孔隙度、平均孔隙直径和渗透率均有不同程度降低,分析表明,方解石、铁白云石、赤铁矿等矿物的沉淀,减少了岩石小孔喉与大孔喉的分布,继而使得渗透率降低,且压力越大、温度越高,渗透率下降幅度越大[32]

  • 从文献分析结果来看,CO2注入砂岩储层引发的原生矿物溶蚀、次生矿物沉淀与迁移是导致变化的根本原因,影响因素包括但不限于初始孔渗特征、矿物组成、地层水成分、实验温度以及 CO2注入压力。储层岩石渗透率下降将影响CO2的注入能力和封存潜力,反之孔隙度和渗透率提高将有助于增强CO2注入能力和封存潜力[43]

  • 2.1.2 碳酸盐岩

  • 全球很多大型油气藏、深部咸水层的储层岩性为碳酸盐岩,通常具有分布广泛、层厚、孔隙度大、渗透率高等特点,是实施 CO2地质封存的理想地层[44]。碳酸盐岩以灰岩和白云岩为主,灰岩以方解石为主要成分,含少量白云石、石英等碎屑矿物和黏土矿物;白云岩以白云石为主要矿物,含部分石英、长石、方解石和黏土矿物。由表2 可知,碳酸盐岩中的方解石、白云石遇酸性水将发生全等溶解,强烈的水-岩相互作用将改变碳酸盐岩的孔隙度和渗透率。

  • 与砂岩类似,CO2-水-碳酸盐岩相互作用对孔隙度和渗透率的影响也表现为两种趋势,增大或减小均有可能发生,其变化幅度与孔隙结构、地层水组成、温度、润湿性等因素有关。IZGEC等结合 CT研究了 CO2注入碳酸盐岩岩心后的孔隙度、渗透率变化,并探讨了渗流方向、流速、盐度、温度、CO2-盐水同注和非均质性的影响,分析表明,岩心的渗透率增加和减小均有发生,其变化趋势取决于岩心孔隙分布、盐水组成以及热动力学条件,当盐水浓度降低时,孔隙度和渗透率下降不明显[35]。LUQUOT等通过开展富含CO2流体在灰岩样品中的反应渗流实验,建立了方解石溶蚀条件下的灰岩孔隙度随时间变化方程,并提出了考虑灰岩溶蚀下的渗透率-孔隙度的经验关系式[45]。SEYYEDI 等研究发现饱和 CO2的盐水-碳酸盐岩相互作用将会增加矿物晶粒的粗糙度以及小孔与大孔的比例、减小中孔的体积。孔隙结构的变化导致岩石毛细管压力的降低,并最终减小 CO2封存潜力、增加 CO2泄漏风险[46]。 WANG等研究了 CO2-盐水-岩石相互作用对白云岩孔隙结构、孔隙度和渗透率的影响,发现矿物溶解通常发生在高渗透率通道,在小孔中发现矿物的沉淀,但样品的孔隙度和渗透率整体只有略微增加[47]。AL-YASERI 等结合 CT 成像探究了亲水、亲油两种类型的灰岩岩心样品在CO2驱替前后的孔隙度和渗透率变化,结果表明矿物的大量溶解导致灰岩样品在CO2驱替后孔隙度、渗透率显著增加,其中亲水样品增幅更大[48]

  • 鉴于碳酸盐岩地层广泛发育裂隙,CO2注入后碳酸盐岩裂隙溶蚀扩展规律吸引了众多学者的研究[49]。DENG等开展了CO2酸化的盐溶液反应渗流前后白云质灰岩裂隙宽度变化规律研究,并结合CT 扫描重构裂隙三维模型,结果发现裂隙的宽度显著增加,局部增幅达 1~3 倍,裂隙水力性质的改变受矿物溶解体积和裂隙几何特征发展的限制[50]。 DENG 等以灰岩样品为例,研究了不同 CO2分压下形成的酸化盐水在注入灰岩裂隙后因地球化学反应导致的裂隙水动力学性质变化,对于反应性强的流体,裂隙的通道化会加快,溶蚀导致的裂隙渗透率演化更快,对应裂隙渗透率将大幅增加[51]。 WANG 等以柴达木盆地灰岩为例,研究了 CO2地质封存条件下,灰岩裂隙在不同温度、CO2分压以及注入速度下注入饱和 CO2水溶液后的溶解扩展过程,建立了灰岩裂隙水力裂隙张开宽度与反应溶蚀时间的函数关系式[52]。此外,矿物溶蚀除了引起碳酸盐岩裂隙接触面积、几何形态、水动力学性质发生变化外,还会影响裂隙的机械强度[4953]

  • 2.1.3 泥页岩

  • 泥质岩是地壳表层分布最广的岩石,约为沉积岩总量的三分之二,其中,泥页岩完整度高、厚度大,常作为 CO2地质封存的盖层并决定了封存的长期安全稳定性[2454]。CO2-水-岩之间的地球化学反应引起的泥页岩孔渗特征、裂隙扩展等变化,将改变 CO2在盖层中的扩散能力与突破压力,并最终影响CO2地质封存工程的长期稳定性。

  • 泥页岩孔隙度低,渗透率低,黏土矿物含量高, CO2-水-岩相互作用引发的孔隙度和渗透率变化同样呈现两种趋势,绿泥石、伊利石等黏土矿物的溶蚀会增加孔隙度和渗透率,而方解石、铁白云石等矿物的沉淀会减小孔隙度与渗透率。

  • 基于 TOUCHREACT 数值模拟软件,董建兴等探究了CO2进入泥岩盖层后,CO2-水-岩相互作用对泥岩渗透率的影响,模拟结果表明,CO2溶解致使地层水 pH 值降低,导致泥岩矿物组分和渗透率发生改变[55]。当模拟时间尺度为5 000 a时,泥岩盖层底部和顶部渗透率分别增加10%和6.7%,而中部渗透率降低了约6.7%。结合室内实验与数值模拟,田海龙研究表明CO2-咸水-岩石相互作用下奥长石、绿泥石和伊利石的溶解会导致泥岩盖层孔隙度增加,而方解石、铁白云石和菱铁矿的沉淀则会使盖层孔隙度小幅度减小,此外,盖层渗透率和孔隙度的非均质分布会促进 CO2在盖层内的垂向迁移[56-57]。徐永强等开展了 90℃,10 MPa 条件下的 CO2-模拟压裂液-页岩相互作用实验,研究发现,超临界 CO2的存在会使页岩矿物溶蚀作用加剧,促使孔隙变大并产生更多的微孔,导致页岩样品孔隙度增大[58]。CO2-水-岩导致的孔隙度和渗透率变化也与矿物组成、反应时间相关,对于孔隙度、渗透率相对较高且富含碳酸盐矿物的页岩,随着反应时间的增加,CO2-水岩反应更加强烈,矿物溶蚀会产生大量溶蚀孔,对优先渗流通道的溶蚀和扩展起积极作用,并导致页岩的孔隙度和渗透率显著增加[59-61]。此外,结合封存场地地质数据,XIAO等建立了盖层反应-运移-地质力学耦合模型,探究 CO2侵入非均质盖层时的化学-力学响应,表明矿物沉淀导致储层-盖层交界面处岩石孔隙度最高下降约 25%,盖层的密封性进一步提高[62]。SORAI 结合方解石溶解对 CO2地质封存盖层密封性能的影响进行研究,提出了方解石溶蚀量与渗透率的定量关系式[63]

  • 2.2 润湿性

  • 岩石润湿性指液体在分子间作用力、静电力等的作用下在岩石表面的扩散现象,是岩石-流体界面相互作用的宏观表现。润湿性与岩石矿物组成及表面粗糙度、流体性质以及温度、压力等条件密切相关,并决定了多相流体在岩石孔隙中的微观分布、相对渗透率、毛细管压力和突破压力以及储层 CO2残余封存和构造封存的潜力,进而影响 CO2地质封存的长期安全性[5364-65]。多孔介质的毛细管压力或突破压力可用拉普拉斯方程表示[66-67]

  • 岩石润湿性的强弱通常用接触角和黏附功表征,鉴于黏附功可通过接触角和气-液界面张力计算得到,故而常用平衡接触角测量法来测定岩石的润湿性[68-70]。此外,部分学者也采用岩石自吸法、岩心驱替法、Amott润湿指数和USBM润湿指数法、核磁共振等方法来研究表征岩石的润湿性[6771]

  • 平衡接触角测量法研究 CO2-水-岩相互作用对岩石润湿性影响通常分为两种情形。

  • 第一种是 CO2-水-岩体系在高温高压反应釜中反应特定时间后,取出岩石在室温常压环境下测定反应前后空气-水-岩石接触角变化。例如,周佩等测定了不同温度、压力条件下油藏砂岩-CO2-水相互作用前后的接触角变化,表明岩心片在与 CO2作用后,接触角降低,变得更加亲水[69]。唐博文以鄂尔多斯盆地页岩为例,探究了不同温度、压力下超临界 CO2作用后页岩润湿性变化规律,表明在超临界 CO2 作用后页岩表面水润湿性均有所减小[72]。 FATAH等研究了不同时间、压力、温度、矿物组成条件下超临界CO2-页岩相互作用对空气-水-页岩接触角的影响,研究发现,富含石英页岩在超临界CO2作用后,仍能维持强亲水性,而富含黏土页岩在超临界 CO2作用,其润湿性由水湿转变为 CO2润湿[73]。温度的升高加速了CO2-页岩相互作用,但整体对页岩的润湿性影响很小。CO2-水-页岩相互作用对润湿性的影响主要源于页岩表面黏土矿物和碳酸盐矿物减少[67]

  • 第二种则是通过高温高压接触角测定仪直接测定地层温压条件下CO2-溶液-岩石接触角,并探究温度、CO2相态、CO2注入压力、盐水浓度、矿物组成等因素对润湿性的影响[6674]。WANG 等测量了不同相态CO2-盐水-不同矿物接触角,研究发现当CO2 相态从超临界态或液态过渡至气态时,接触角减小[75]。IGLAUER 等测定了不同温度、压力条件下的 CO2-盐水-页岩接触角,当温度从 50℃增至 70℃,接触角增加约15°;当温度为70℃时,CO2-盐水-页岩接触角随CO2注入压力的增加而显著增加,当压力为 20 MPa时,接触角达 70° [64]。肖娜等采用高温高压界面张力/接触角测定仪研究了35℃条件下 CO2注入压力对水在石英表面接触角的影响,发现当 CO2注入压力从 0.1 MPa增至 7.2 MPa时,水在石英表面的接触角从22.4°升至44.6°,但随着CO2注入压力从 7.2 MPa 升至 15 MPa 时,接触角略有减小,仍大于5.4 MPa时的接触角[68]。美合日阿依•穆太力普测量了水/盐水在不同相态 CO2下在不同岩石表面的接触角,发现当 CO2从气态或液态转变为超临界态时,岩石润湿性由亲水向疏水转变[76]。此外,BABAN 等利用耦合核磁共振的动态驱替实验装置,采用润湿指数法,测量了砂岩-CO2-盐水系统的润湿性,表明CO2的存在,无论是溶解态还是作为独立的超临界态,会显著降低砂岩的亲水性,使其从强亲水(润湿指数约为 1)变为弱亲水(润湿指数为0.26)[71]

  • 故此,CO2-水-岩相互作用对岩石润湿性的影响主要源于岩石表面矿物组成变化,变化规律与影响程度取决于岩石初始润湿特征以及CO2相态、压力、温度、溶液组成和作用时间[77]。对于亲水岩石, CO2-水-岩相互作用通常会降低其润湿性,表现为接触角增大,而对于疏水亲油岩石,CO2-水-岩相互作用通常会增强其水润湿性,表现为接触角减小。

  • 2.3 岩石力学性质

  • CO2-水-岩相互作用背景下的岩石力学行为是 CO2地质封存的关键科学问题之一[78]。储盖层岩石力学稳定性关系 CO2长期封存的安全性,当 CO2注入地层后,CO2聚集压力下或CO2-水-岩相互作用导致的矿物溶蚀与沉淀、孔隙结构变化而引发的岩石力学损伤、岩石变形规律以及岩石力学特性演化机理等科学问题受到广泛关注。

  • 从文献来看,CO2-水-岩相互作用对岩石力学性质的影响聚焦于相态、压力、温度、溶液、浸泡时间等不同影响因素下 CO2-水-岩相互作用前后岩石单轴/三轴抗压强度、抗拉强度、残余强度等强度性质以及弹性模量、泊松比等变形性质的变化规律。李四海等探究了 CO2-水-岩相互作用对致密砂岩抗张强度的影响,研究表明,当砂岩在地层水、CO2注入压力为 20 MPa、温度为 80℃的反应罐中浸泡 24 h 后,由于碳酸盐矿物和长石等发生溶蚀,岩石胶结程度降低,导致砂岩垂直层理方向抗张强度降幅为 3.95%,而平行层理方向抗张强度降幅达 21%[79]。 FOROUTAN 等研究了两块砂岩样品在不同环压、孔隙压力下经富CO2盐溶液动态驱替后的力学性质和水力学性质变化,研究发现,以8.8×10-5 cm3 /s的恒定流速驱替 2 d后,由于矿物的溶蚀,两块砂岩样品的力学性质均出现了不同程度的弱化,其中环压为 40 MPa时的动态驱替实验后,力学性质变化最为明显,两块砂岩样品的平均杨氏模量分别下降 31.3% 和 15.3%,平均体积模量分别降低 26.8% 和 22.7%,而平均泊松比分别增加 19.5% 和 25.3%[80]。 ZHANG 等将直接 CT 扫描与离散元法相结合研究了 CO2注入后灰岩的力学性质变化,发现通入超临界 CO2后,岩石样品的最大压应力将从饱和盐水时的 17.2 MPa降至 14.8 MPa,表明向碳酸盐岩储层注入 CO2会影响基质岩石的机械强度[81]。AN 等基于超临界CO2注入后引起岩石力学损伤的蚀变动力学实验,提出岩石弱化系数并建立动力学方程,基于岩石蚀变指数和损伤程度之间的正相关关系,结合动力学方程计算得到的理论蚀变指数分析了不同条件下的岩石力学损伤规律[82]。WANG 等采用多场耦合数值模拟软件 TOUGH2,探讨了 CO2注入砂岩含水层产生的力学响应对 CO2地质封存效率的影响[83]

  • 相比于砂岩与灰岩,CO2-水-页岩相互作用对页岩力学性质的影响更显著。ZHANG等研究了温度为45℃时页岩与不同流体相互作用持续7 d后的力学性质变化,结果表明页岩与单轴抗压强度相比初始值下降 5%~32%,其中 CO2-盐水-页岩相互作用导致的单轴抗压强度降幅最大[84]。ZOU 等测试了温度为 80℃、CO2注入压力为 20 MPa 时不同时间下 CO2-盐溶液-页岩相互作用后岩石抗拉强度的变化,研究发现,矿物溶蚀形成了大量的溶蚀孔使岩石产生了力学损伤,对于龙马溪组页岩,反应 0.5 h 后层理面抗拉强度降低 7.9%,168 h 后降低 71.3%,而对于方解石填充的裂隙页岩,反应0.5 h后层理面抗拉强度降低3.9%,168 h后降低48.2%[59]。卢义玉等研究了不同相态 CO2-页岩、不同相态 CO2-水-页岩相互作用对页岩力学特性和变形规律的影响,发现相比于 CO2作用前的样品,CO2作用后的页岩单轴抗压强度和弹性模量均有不同程度降低,且超临界 CO2作用后的页岩单轴抗压强度的降幅比气态CO2更明显[77]。当水存在时,由于矿物溶解、溶蚀加剧,CO2-水的耦合作用对页岩力学性质的弱化更显著。

  • 综合分析可知,CO2-水-岩相互作用会使岩石抗压强度、抗拉强度等力学性质产生不同程度的下降,其原因主要归因于以下几个方面:①矿物溶蚀或沉淀导致岩石胶结程度降低;②矿物溶蚀形成溶蚀孔导致岩石力学损伤;③产生伴生裂纹;④黏土矿物的膨胀或收缩影响岩石力学性质[42597985]

  • 3 研究展望

  • 不同条件下CO2-水-岩相互作用对岩石孔隙度、渗透率、润湿性和力学性质的影响研究主要是基于岩心尺度的动态驱替实验和静态溶蚀实验,并结合矿物组成分析、孔隙结构分析、CT 扫描、接触角测试、三轴力学实验等,应用场景包括了不同地质体、不同地层温度与压力、不同注入工艺等,研究方法与表征技术趋于成熟。结合 CO2地质封存规模化、效益化发展需求,后续CO2-水-岩相互作用及岩石物性响应研究需聚焦于尺度的延伸和场景的拓展。

  • 目前,多数CO2-水-岩相互作用的研究集中在体相溶液,对于低渗透或致密储层以及盖层岩石,孔径可低至 10 nm 以下,地层水通常受限在微纳米尺度孔隙、晶界和裂隙中。研究表明,在固定温度下,微米级和纳米级孔隙中纯组分的饱和压力显著降低,临界温度和临界压力会发生偏移。微纳米孔隙对流体物性的影响必然会导致在其中的物理和化学反应的改变。在 CO2地质封存过程中,微纳米尺度多孔介质中的流体热力学性质、界面性质和化学反应差异使得CO2溶解、矿物溶蚀/沉淀导致的孔隙度和渗透率变化、流体在岩石壁面的润湿性和毛细管力变化等均与常规认识不同。微纳米尺度 CO2-水-岩长时间相互作用对以扩散为主导的低渗透盖层和以对流为主的高渗透储层的孔隙度-渗透率、润湿性以及岩石力学性质的影响仍是后续研究需深入探讨的方向。此外,鉴于 CO2地质封存工程的区域性和长周期性,CO2注入-运移-封存全周期过程中地层尺度下的储层、盖层物性演化仍有待深入研究。

  • 为降低 CO2捕集成本,非纯 CO2地质封存或工业尾气地质封存已引起众多学者的研究兴趣。二氧化硫、氮氧氧化物、氮气、氧气等杂质气体的存在,将不同程度影响 CO2的溶解、扩散和运移,非纯CO2或工业尾气注入情景下储盖层岩石孔隙度-渗透率与润湿性演化、杂质气体组分及含量对储层注入性与盖层岩体封闭性影响规律有待深入开展研究。此外,鉴于 CO2地质封存项目的复杂地层环境以及地质体中广泛存在的微生物,深地微生物介导下的微生物-CO2-水-岩多界面反应对岩石物性影响、温度-渗流-地球化学反应-地质力学四场耦合作用下储层、盖层岩石力学损伤变形规律等也是后续 CO2地质封存理论研究的重点攻关方向。

  • 4 结论

  • CO2-水-岩相互作用引发的原生矿物溶蚀会增大岩石孔隙度、渗透率,而次生矿物的沉淀与迁移引起的孔喉堵塞会降低岩石孔隙度与渗透率,变化幅度与岩石初始物性、地层条件以及 CO2注入压力等因素密切相关。岩石润湿性变化主要取决于岩石初始润湿性。对于疏水岩石,CO2-水-岩相互作用将增强其水润湿性,而对于亲水岩石,CO2-水-岩相互作用引起的表面矿物组成与表面电势变化将减弱其水润湿性。

  • CO2-水-岩相互作用对岩石的抗压强度、抗拉强度、弹性模量等力学性质影响集中表现为弱化或损伤,其变化程度与注入的 CO2相态与压力、溶液组成、反应温度及时间等因素相关。微纳米尺度孔隙、深地微生物介导、非纯 CO2或工业尾气注入、封存全周期、多场耦合等情景下的CO2-水-岩相互作用及其对地层岩石物性影响将是后续重要研究方向。

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