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作者简介:

李长海(1992—),男,河北唐山人,工程师,博士,从事油气田开发地质及储层裂缝表征方面的工作。E-mail:2982198988@qq.com。

中图分类号:TE357.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2023)06-0138-12

DOI:10.13673/j.pgre.202301018

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目录contents

    摘要

    酸压技术已成为石油工程领域增产的常规措施之一,广泛应用于碳酸盐岩、致密砂岩、火山岩等储层中,但相关研究主要集中在具体的区块,缺少对其研究进展系统的梳理和总结。全面调研了国内外酸压技术的最新进展,系统梳理了最新的酸压热点技术、不同类型储层酸压改造的难点及应对措施、酸压机理和酸压效果影响因素等方面研究成果,指出了酸压技术的发展趋势及存在的问题。差异化分段酸压技术、体积酸压技术和控缝高酸压技术是当前酸压热点技术,不同类型储层酸压改造的难点存在一定差异,需根据储层特征制定相对应的酸压技术政策。酸压机理可以通过理论计算法和模拟实验法进行分析,理论计算法是酸压技术研究的基础,模拟实验法可以为酸压机理的研究及工艺参数的确定提供重要指导。酸压技术受到地质和工程因素的双重影响,地质因素是酸压技术政策的依据,工程因素是提高酸压效果的关键。酸压技术目前有4大发展方向,即酸压层位深层超深层化,酸压对象精准化,酸压范围扩大化和酸压技术可控化。建议加强酸压理论研究,不断改进和提高工艺与设备,建立典型酸压技术实施模板,为酸压技术实施提供指导。

    Abstract

    Acid-fracturing technologies have become conventional measures to increase production in the field of petroleum engi‐ neering, and they are widely used in carbonate rock, tight sandstone, and volcanic rock reservoirs. However, relevant research mainly focuses on specific blocks, and there is a lack of a systematic and comprehensive summary of relevant research progress. This paper comprehensively investigated the latest progress of acid-fracturing technologies in China and abroad, systematically con‐ cluded the research achievements including the hot acid-fracturing technologies, difficulties and measures of acid-fracturing simula‐ tion in different reservoirs, acid-fracturing mechanism, and factors affecting acid-fracturing, and pointed out the development trend and existing problems of acid-fracturing technologies. Differentiated multi-staged acid-fracturing technology, volume acidfracturing technology, and fracture height control acid-fracturing technology are hot acid-fracturing technologies in recent years. There are certain differences in the difficulties of acid-fracturing simulation in different reservoirs. Therefore, it is necessary to for‐ mulate corresponding acid-fracturing technology policies according to reservoir characteristics. The acid-fracturing mechanism can be analyzed through theoretical calculation and experiments. Theoretical calculation is the basis of acid-fracturing technology re‐search,and experiments can provide important guidance for the research on acid-fracturing mechanisms and the determination of process parameters. Acid-fracturing technologies are affected by both geological and engineering factors. Geological factors are the basis of acid-fracturing technology policies, and engineering factors are the key to improving acid-fracturing effects. At present, acid-fracturing technologies are developing in four directions: deep and ultra-deep acid-fracturing layers, accurate acid-fracturing objects, expanded acid-fracturing scope, and controllable acid-fracturing technologies. It is suggested to strengthen the research on acid-fracturing theories, continuously improve the process and equipment, and establish the implementation template of typical acid-fracturing technologies, so as to guide the implementation of acid-fracturing technologies.

  • 酸化技术按作业工艺可划分为酸洗、基质酸化和酸压。酸压是压裂酸化的简称,最初的定义是指将酸液持续注入井底,使井底压力大于地层压力且不加入任何支撑剂,从而使地层形成裂缝的技术[1]。随着酸压技术的不断发展,其借鉴了页岩储层中压裂技术的部分工艺,现有部分酸压技术会加入支撑剂,如交联酸携砂酸压[2],该技术仍属于酸压技术范畴。因此,将酸压技术定义为将酸液持续注入井底,使井底压力大于地层压力,可加入或不加入支撑剂,从而使地层形成裂缝的技术。酸压和压裂技术的关键差别是工作液的类型,而不是是否加入支撑剂,酸压技术一般用酸液,而压裂技术一般用水。

  • 酸压技术最早出现在美国,1935 年 GREBE 和 STOESSER 两位学者首次对该技术进行了描述,主要应用于碳酸盐岩储层的改造[3-4]。仅几年后,随着加砂压裂技术的出现,酸压技术不再受重视,相关应用长期局限于碳酸盐岩储层中且没有取得突破性的进展。20世纪70年代,学者开始逐步讨论酸压技术的相关机理,为酸压技术储层改造提供了理论基础,极大地促进了该技术的发展和应用[5]。20世纪 80 年代后酸压技术得到了大范围的推广。进入新世纪,随着深层超深层碳酸盐岩储层油气资源的开发,对其储层改造随之兴起,酸压技术开始受到重视。

  • 目前酸压技术不仅在中国塔河、顺北和塔里木油田等碳酸盐岩储层中获得了广泛应用[6-8],同时也是中东和中亚地区碳酸盐岩储层油气增产的重要措施[9-10]。该技术不仅仅用于碳酸盐岩储层油气开发[11],在砂岩[12]、致密砂岩[13-14]、火山岩[15-16]以及煤层气[17] 储层中也均有应用,是一项适用于各种储层的通用技术。值得注意的是,酸压既可以用于石油和天然气等传统资源的开发,也可用于地热资源的开发[18],对未来清洁能源的开发与利用以及“碳循环”和“碳中和”等人类宏伟目标也有重要意义。前人对不同地区酸压技术的新成果和新技术进行了诸多报道[19-20],详细介绍了一系列酸压的最新技术进展,但相关研究均聚焦于具体的地区,缺少对酸压技术系统性的梳理和总结。笔者系统整理了酸压技术近些年的热点方向,总结了不同类型储层中酸压改造面临的技术难题以及矿场上的应对措施,梳理了酸压机理和酸压效果影响因素并建立了典型酸压技术的实施模板,指出了酸压技术未来发展的趋势以及存在的问题。

  • 1 酸压技术发展现状及难点

  • 1.1 酸压技术最新进展

  • 历经近百年的发展,酸压技术包括普通酸压和深度酸压 2 种技术,普通酸压即向地层中直接注入酸液,但酸液滤失严重,作用距离短,仅作用于井筒周围 15~30 m。为了克服该技术的缺陷,发展了深度酸压技术。深度酸压技术是普通酸压技术的改进,包括前置液酸压、特性酸深度酸压(包括稠化酸酸压和胶凝酸酸压等)、多级交替注入酸压、降滤失酸压以及平衡酸压技术等[21]。近年来,随着深层超深层碳酸盐岩储层的大规模开发,涌现了一系列酸压新技术,主要包括差异化分段酸压、体积酸压和控缝高酸压技术。

  • 1.1.1 差异化分段酸压技术

  • 碳酸盐岩储层非均质性强,传统的笼统酸压技术常会导致酸压的实际位置与设计目的层位不匹配,为了实现对储层的精准改造,发展了差异化分段酸压技术。该技术是通过评价不同目的层段储层类型的差别或通过分析同一类型储层储集空间类型的差异,综合储层垂向变化特征确定分段依据,用前置液+酸液的常规液体组合,通过分隔器实现对不同储层段的精细化改造。

  • 碳酸盐岩储层的储集空间类型可以划分为孔洞型、孔洞缝型、裂缝孔隙型和孔隙型 4大类[1922]。孔洞型储层洞穴分布具有极强的随机性,基质物性差,储层连通性差,无明显破裂压力,该类储层以沟通不同的溶洞为目标,需要造大缝和长缝从而有效改善储层的物性特征。孔洞缝型储层物性好,产量一般较高,大部分情况可以不用酸压,但存在近井堵塞等问题时需要进行酸压。其酸压的显著问题是由于先存天然裂缝存在导致工作液漏失严重,酸压时仅沿着先存天然裂缝扩展,难以形成新的压裂缝,导致储层改造体积小。该类储层改造可借鉴体积压裂模式,从而形成主缝+支缝的复杂裂缝网络系统[19]。裂缝孔隙型储层的改造也主要采用体积压裂模式。孔隙型储层物性差,渗流阻力大,是酸压改造的重点储层类型之一,该类储层应造大缝和长缝提高储层渗流能力。由于不同的碳酸盐岩储层储集空间类型酸压改造面临的问题存在显著的差异,因此需要针对不同的储集空间类型进行分段酸压,如鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田根据储层类型进行分段酸压,从而极大地提高了酸压改造的效果[19]

  • 有些油田以某一种储层类型为主,难以使用储层类型作为分段依据对储层实施分段酸压,因此提出了同一类型储层内实施分段酸压的划分依据。如塔河油田以孔洞缝型储层为主[23],提出了根据洞穴的数目进行分段酸压的技术方案,即将每个洞穴单独进行酸压,实现对储层的精准改造。

  • 目前关于分段酸压的实例主要是针对碳酸盐岩储层,对于其他类型储层鲜有提及,根据碳酸盐岩储层分段酸压成功的经验,对其他类型储层分段酸压实施依据进行了分析。砂岩储层可根据胶结物的差异或孔隙度差异进行分段酸压,致密砂岩储层可根据裂缝强度的差异或孔隙度差异进行分段酸压,火山岩储层可根据裂缝强度的差异进行分段酸压,煤层气储层可根据裂缝强度的差异进行分段酸压。

  • 1.1.2 体积酸压技术

  • 体积酸压技术是指在已经形成一条主裂缝的情况下,通过分段多簇射孔以及向储层中泵入高排量、高液量、低黏度的液体,结合转向技术实现对天然裂缝和层理等的沟通[14]。该技术主要借鉴了页岩气开发中的压裂技术,采用滑溜水压裂液+携带支撑剂的线性胶或交联压裂液实现压裂改造,在储层中建立复杂裂缝网络系统[24],从而实现提高产能的目标。体积酸压时常用到的转向技术可以划分为机械转向、化学转向和可降解纤维/颗粒转向 3种技术[25-27],机械转向技术可靠性更高,但费用高,施工难度相对较大。化学转向和可降解纤维/颗粒转向技术成本低且施工难度小,但可靠性相对较差。因此,在实际应用中 3 种转向技术的确定需要根据具体的条件。体积酸压技术是近几年较为热门的技术,在孔隙型碳酸盐岩储层、致密砂岩储层和火山岩储层中均有广阔的应用前景[28-29]

  • 1.1.3 控缝高酸压技术

  • 控缝高酸压技术是指针对底水油藏改造储层段距离底水近的问题,通过控制生成的裂缝高度,实现产生的裂缝既可有效疏通储层又可避免与底水沟通的技术[30],较多应用于四川盆地和塔里木盆地等地区。李松等通过分析工程和地质等因素的综合影响,建立了四川盆地安岳气田灯影组二段底水气藏控缝高酸压技术[31]。工程因素包括排量和工作液黏度,并指出排量越大,工作液黏度越大,裂缝高度越大,因此从工程角度需要控制排量及工作液黏度。地质因素主要包括储隔层应力差和隔层厚度。对于储隔层应力差小于5 MPa且隔层厚度小于 30 m 的层段,采用射孔完井,避开高角度裂缝发育段,人工选择裂缝起裂位置来避免缝高失控。当隔层厚度大于30 m时,则开展裸眼完井分段酸压技术实现深度改造。对于储隔层应力差小于2 MPa的层段,可采用下沉剂在酸压裂缝底部形成人工隔层增加裂缝尖端的阻抗,人为提高应力差,阻碍裂缝中流体压力向下传递,从而控制缝高延伸[31]。鄢宇杰等制定了塔河油田碳酸盐岩油藏控缝高酸压选井原则,即选择风化壳岩溶发育的储层段、储层上部剩余油富集、具有厚隔层、避水高度大且深部挤堵及压前射孔的井[32]

  • 1.2 不同类型储层酸压改造的难点及应对措施

  • 地质条件是酸压技术实施的基础,不同的地质条件面临不同的酸压改造难题。通过系统梳理前人相关文献,总结了不同类型储层酸压改造的难点及应对措施。

  • 碳酸盐岩储层 常见的酸压改造难点是:①埋藏深度大,地层破裂压力高,难以直接提升排量。 ②长裸眼段分段改造受限,目标体精准改造难度大。③远距离高导流裂缝造缝难度大。通过优化酸压工作液体系,并对有利储层段进行集中进液造长缝改造,从而实现对深层碳酸盐岩储层的酸压改造[20]

  • 常规砂岩储层 一般很少采用酸压技术对储层进行改造,其改造的难点在于:①酸压产生沉淀物堵塞孔道。②酸压导致大量岩石被酸液溶蚀变得松散,引起油井过早出砂。③酸液沿缝壁均匀溶蚀岩石,不能形成明显沟槽[12]。唐海军等以江苏油田为例,通过改变工作液体系,采用硝酸和氟硼酸复合酸,实现了对常规砂岩储层的酸压,并取得了较好的酸压效果[33]。目前关于常规砂岩储层酸压成功的案例仍旧极少。

  • 致密砂岩储层 酸压改造的主要难点在于:① 储层埋藏深,破裂压力高,延伸压力高。②储隔层应力差异不大,缝高难控制。通过使用集中射孔技术,优化工作液体系,采用前置酸+加砂压裂+胶凝酸酸压技术,控制酸压规模及加砂量实现控缝高酸压,对致密砂岩储层进行酸压改造[13]

  • 火山岩储层 酸压改造的主要难点是:①先存裂缝导致裂缝扩展复杂。②岩性致密,加砂难度大。③储层水敏性强,常规酸压体系难以适用。④ 地层压力系数低,返排困难[15]。通过采用“前置酸降破+两段式加砂+助排快排”复合压裂改造技术,优化工作液体系,使用降阻水、胶液组合携砂对微裂缝、主缝提供有效支撑,应用全程伴注液氮、大油嘴排液等高效排液工艺提高返排效率,降低对储层的伤害,从而实现对火山岩储层的酸压。

  • 煤层气储层 酸压技术在煤层气储层中的应用尚处于起步阶段,相关工艺和参数在不断进行优化。煤层气储层实施酸压改造的主要难点是:①工作液易造成储层污染。②酸液与地层水反应形成沉淀物造成堵塞。③压裂液滤失大[1734]。通过采用前置酸压裂技术,注入隔离液,控制排量,使用低密度支撑剂等技术可以实现煤层气储层的酸压。酸压技术在煤层气储层中具有广阔的应用前景。

  • 2 酸压机理

  • 对于酸压机理的研究,目前可以划分为 2 大类主流方法:一类是通过理论计算对酸压过程进行定量化数值建模;一类是通过对相关影响因素的实验模拟,从而确定不同影响因素的控制规律和机理并确定相关工艺参数。

  • 2.1 理论计算法

  • 酸压是涉及到岩石破裂和岩石与流体之间化学反应的综合过程,对于其机理问题前人进行了诸多研究,大大促进了酸压技术的进步。酸压技术包括2大关键步骤,即造缝和酸蚀扩大裂缝开度[35]

  • 酸压裂缝形成机理可以根据有无先存裂缝划分为 2 类,即先存裂缝的酸压和无先存裂缝的孔隙型储层的酸压。前人对于先存裂缝的酸压造缝过程研究较多,并进行了详细的推导和论证[36-38]。但对于无先存裂缝的孔隙型储层的酸压造缝过程研究却提及较少。酸压造缝的过程中,既可以形成剪裂缝,亦可以形成张裂缝。

  • 对于先存裂缝的酸压造缝过程,泵入的流体压力远大于地层压力,从而使地层孔隙压力迅速增大,岩石中先存的天然裂缝或诱导裂缝因孔隙压力的改变极易发生剪切错动或张性破坏。当岩石承受的剪切应力大于剪切岩石抗剪强度且小于岩石抗张强度时,岩石形成剪裂缝,天然裂缝发育剪裂缝的条件是:

  • τnτ0+σn-pftanφfpf
    (1)
  • pf<σn
    (2)
  • 当先存裂缝内的流体压力大于先存天然裂缝缝面所受的法向压力,则缝壁发生张性破裂,形成张裂缝,其条件是:

  • pfσn
    (3)
  • 天然裂缝缝面的正应力和剪应力可以分别表示为:

  • σn=σH+σh2-σH-σh2cos2φ
    (4)
  • τn=σH-σh2sin2φ
    (5)
  • 对于无先存裂缝的孔隙型储层的酸压造缝过程,与异常高压裂缝形成的机理相同[39]。泵入的流体压力远大于地层压力,从而使地层孔隙压力迅速增大,增大的地层孔隙压力会逐步改变地应力场中最大和最小主应力的大小,即随着孔隙压力增大,最大和最小主应力均会向坐标轴负方向移动,即莫尔圆不断向左移动,导致莫尔圆可能逐步向岩石破裂包络线逼近。当莫尔圆与岩石破裂包络线在坐标轴第一象限相交时即可形成剪裂缝,而当莫尔圆与岩石破裂包络线在坐标轴第二象限相交时即可形成张裂缝(图1)[40]

  • 图1 孔隙型储层酸压裂缝形成机理

  • Fig.1 Formation mechanism of acid-fracturing fractures in porous reservoirs

  • 除酸压裂缝形成机理外,酸压裂缝扩展机理的研究是近年来酸压机理研究中的热点问题,已经从一维研究逐步扩展到三维研究[41-43],针对酸压裂缝的几何形态建立了 PKN-C 模型[44]、KGD-C 模型[45] 以及 P3D-C模型[46] 等,为后续三维裂缝扩展机理的研究提供了较好的理论基础。

  • 在酸压裂缝形成之后,泵入井中的酸液会与岩石发生化学反应。值得注意的是,在任何储层中,酸液均主要与方解石和白云石进行反应。如常规砂岩储层主要通过使用氢氟酸等对碳酸盐胶结物进行溶解,火山岩储层主要使用酸与先存的方解石脉进行反应,从而实现对储层的改造。以碳酸盐岩储层酸压改造中常用的盐酸为例,说明酸压过程中的酸岩反应机理。

  • 方解石与氯化氢反应机理为:

  • 2HCl+CaCO3CaCl2+CO2+H2O
    (6)
  • 白云石与氯化氢反应机理为:

  • 4HCl+CaMgCO32CaCl2+MgCl2+2CO2+2H2O
    (7)
  • 酸岩反应过程中,反应的快慢可以用反应速度进行评价,反应速度是指单位时间内与岩石发生反应的酸液浓度或者单位时间内溶解的岩石质量。其中,前者可以用反应动力学方程来进行评价,是常用的评价酸岩反应速度的指标。虽然酸岩反应机理较为明确,但仍需要考虑许多因素,如酸液漏失进入天然裂缝中对天然裂缝的影响等[47-48]

  • 酸压机理的研究为酸压效果评价提供了理论基础,但是酸压效果的预测结果与实际结果往往存在较大的差异,虽然部分学者对该问题进行了相关讨论并取得部分成果[49-50],但仍存在诸多问题,基于酸压机理对酸压效果的预测是酸压研究中的核心问题之一。

  • 2.2 模拟实验法

  • 酸压过程极其复杂,仅依靠理论计算难以对酸压过程中是否形成裂缝进行有效预测,且确定相关工艺参数十分困难。因此,模拟实验法成为酸压技术研究的重要手段。模拟实验法重点关注酸压裂缝的扩展规律和相关工艺参数的确定。多位学者针对酸压裂缝扩展规律开展了三维模拟实验分析。 GUO 等基于吉林沙河子野外露头的致密砂岩对酸压进行了真三维模拟,从而对酸压过程中裂缝的扩展规律进行了研究[51]。基于岩石样品, LI 等将真三维模拟技术与 CT 扫描技术相结合,分析了酸压裂缝的扩展规律[52]。ZHAO等进行真三维模拟,对酸压裂缝的形成特征和酸化后的储层特征进行了研究[53]。ZHOU等进行真三维模拟,对发育先存裂缝的岩石样品的酸压裂缝的扩展规律进行了分析[54]。SHOVKUN 等进行三维酸压模拟,分析了酸压裂缝的扩展规律,讨论了酸压后的储层孔隙对酸压裂缝扩展的影响[55]。通过相关模拟实验为酸压裂缝的形成与扩展规律的认识提供了重要的指导。

  • 模拟实验法对酸岩反应的认识更为直观,可直接指导确定酸压技术中工作液相关的工艺参数。通过模拟实验法,牟春国等分析了不同白云石含量的灰岩在不同温度、不同酸液质量分数、不同转速条件下与酸液反应的差异,揭示了酸压机理并优化了酸压工艺设计(图2)[56]。ZHANG 等研究了酸岩反应机理并指导了酸压的工艺设计[57]。刘长松等评价了煤层气储层酸压可行性条件,并指导了酸压的实施[58]。陈万钢等分析了适用于煤层气储层的酸压工艺参数[59]。段贵府等分析了滑溜水的注入对施工压力、酸液反应速率和缝网形成的作用机理,指导了酸压工艺的实施[60]。储铭汇分析了大牛地气田致密碳酸盐岩储层酸压的技术政策,有效指导了大牛地气田的酸压工作[61]。ZHANG等比较了清洁酸和胶凝酸对碳酸盐岩储层酸化的效果[62]。模拟实验法可以有针对性的对酸压过程的参数进行分析,从而确定相关工艺参数,比数值理论更具实际指导意义,是不同油田在实际工作中使用的主流方法。

  • 3 酸压效果的影响因素及应对措施模式

  • 酸压技术是一种通过人工手段对油气储层实施改造,从而实现提高油气井产量的技术。影响酸压效果的直接因素可以简单归纳为有效作用距离和裂缝导流能力 2 大因素,但影响这 2 大直接因素的间接因素非常多,总结起来间接因素可以概括为地质和工程因素 2大类。系统梳理并总结了这 2大类因素对酸压效果的影响,提出了其应对措施模式,为酸压技术的后续研究奠定了基础。

  • 3.1 地质因素

  • 储层特征 储层特征是酸压技术的物质基础,不同的储层特征需要制定不同的酸压技术政策。如钻遇溶洞型碳酸盐岩储层,仅需要酸化即可进行生产,而未钻遇溶洞的储层,但距离溶洞较近,则可以通过酸压技术扩展缝高,从而实现提高产量的目标。对于裂缝孔隙型或孔隙型碳酸盐岩储层,如果是单一储集体可以采用体积酸压改造的技术,而对于多个储集体则可以采用分段酸压的技术。因此储层特征是酸压技术选择的关键,若技术选择不合理,则会造成酸压效果变差。此外,储层特征同样对裂缝的形成及酸蚀程度有重要的影响。储层的岩石成分、厚度、杨氏模量、破裂压力梯度等参数会影响裂缝的形成及酸蚀程度,从而对酸压效果产生重要影响,大裂缝的形成及较高的酸蚀程度是酸压效果的关键。方解石比白云石更容易溶解,地层薄形成的裂缝相对更长,杨氏模量和破裂压力梯度越低,越容易形成破裂。因此,在进行酸压时需要明确储层特征,从而制定相应的技术政策,取得最大化的酸压效果。

  • 水平地应力差值 地应力场是地壳或地球体内不同空间点具有不同的应力所组成的虚拟体。地层在钻井之前即存在地应力,地应力对酸压同样具有不可忽视的影响。如地层中先存的水平地应力差值过高会导致酸压过程中容易形成单条大裂缝,不利于复杂裂缝网络的形成,导致酸压效果差,如库车地区克深和大北等气田[1463]。关于水平地应力差值高低如何定义,前人主要是通过应力场模拟进行分析。如 YUSHI 等通过实验模拟认为水平地应力差小于 6 MPa 即为低水平地应力差值,大于 9 MPa 即为高水平地应力差值[64]。HOU 等认为低水平地应力差和高水平地应力差的临界值为 8MPa[63]。因此,在酸压实施前需要明确水平地应力差值,评价其对酸压裂缝存在的影响。

  • 图2 不同白云石含量的灰岩酸岩反应速度与温度、酸液质量分数、转速的关系(据文献[56]

  • Fig.2 Relationship among acid-rock reaction rate of imestone with different dolomite contents and temperature, acid mass fraction, and rotational speed (According to reference [56])

  • 埋深 地层埋深大易导致破裂压力和延伸压力高,从而限制施工的规模和排量,导致裂缝延伸长度受限,储层改造不充分[13],酸压效果差。此外,埋深大导致的另一大问题是地层温度越高,对工具和工作液体系等提出更高的要求。赵贤正等针对该问题研制了耐200℃高温的耐剪切性的超高温聚合物压裂液[65]。目前针对埋深大,地层存在高温高压的问题,已成功研制相关工艺以及工作液体系,并在塔里木油田和塔河油田以及川东南等地区得到验证和广泛使用[266]

  • 与油(气)水界面的关系 当底水油藏油(气)水界面距离目的层段射孔位置较近(一般小于 35 m) 时酸压过程中形成的裂缝极易沟通底水,从而使油 (气)井过早见水。因此对于该类油藏必须控制缝高,如四川盆地安岳气田灯影组二段底水气藏[31],通过控缝高技术实现了对储层的酸压改造[27]。塔河油田在实施酸压的过程中存在底水锥进的问题,控缝高是该油田实施酸压的重要论证工作之一。目前已形成了以“三降二配套”、多级停泵沉砂工艺、覆膜砂阻水工艺为主体的控缝高酸压技术,实现了底水油藏有效开发[32]

  • 3.2 工程因素

  • 工程因素包括酸压技术的选择、酸液类型与浓度、酸液用量、酸液流速、注酸后反应时间、闭合压力等。不同的酸压技术所用的酸具有显著的差异,不同的酸液和岩石的酸岩反应存在显著差异,如 20%的胶凝酸酸压+闭合酸化的酸蚀能力显著弱于 20% 胶凝酸+18% 转向酸的酸蚀能力[67]。酸液的浓度越高、酸液量越大、注酸后反应时间越长、闭合压力越低则酸压后裂缝的导流能力越强,酸压效果越好。当闭合压力较低时,酸液流速越低酸蚀效果越好;当闭合压力较高时,酸液流速不再对酸压效果产生显著影响[68-69]。深层超深层储层闭合压力一般较大,ZHANG 等给出了不同闭合压力下酸液体系如何配置的方法,为消除深层超深层闭合压力的影响提供了借鉴[70]

  • 3.3 应对措施模式

  • 通过系统梳理前人关于酸压技术研究的成果,综合本次对酸压效果影响因素的分析,建立了不同酸压效果影响因素及应对措施的模式图(图3)。储层特征是决定酸压技术相关措施的基础,不同储集空间类型的储层实施不同的酸压技术政策。对于孔洞型或孔洞缝型储层,若井轨迹钻遇洞穴,则只需简单的酸化疏通,不需要开展酸压工作。若井轨迹未钻遇洞穴,则需要实施酸压扩缝高,将洞穴与井连通,实现提高产能的目标。对于裂缝孔隙型或孔隙型储层,若钻遇单一储集体,可以实施体积酸压,若钻遇多个储集体,则可以实施分段酸压,从而提高单井产能。当水平地应力差值高或者埋深大时,无论任何类型的储层,在造缝过程中,都会出现沿着天然裂缝继续延伸,难以形成裂缝网络的现象,因此一般通过体积酸压技术进行储层改造。当储层射孔段与油(气)水界面较近时,最关键的是控制酸压产生的裂缝的缝高,缝高过大容易造成裂缝延伸进水体,从而造成水体锥进,因此需要使用控缝高酸压技术对储层进行改造。

  • 4 酸压技术发展趋势及存在的问题

  • 酸压技术目前朝着 4 大方向发展,即酸压层位深层超深层化、酸压对象精准化、酸压范围扩大化和酸压技术可控化。酸压层位深层超深层化是指随着人类对于深层超深层油气勘探开发的步伐不断加快,油气钻井深度持续突破记录,对酸压技术也提出了诸多新的挑战,深层超深层油气勘探开发的突破是酸压技术近年来技术革新的主要动力。酸压对象精准化是指通过分段改造等技术手段,对需要改造的目的层实施精准改造,从而克服传统酸压实际改造井段与设计目的井段不一致的情况。酸压范围扩大化主要是指通过采用体积酸压等技术,最大范围的对储层实施改造,从而实现单井增产。酸压技术可控化主要针对射孔井段距离油水界面较近的底水油藏,通过控制缝高实现单井增产并避免出现过早水窜的技术。

  • 酸压技术研究中存在的相关问题均是围绕当前发展趋势而产生的,主要问题及建议如下:①酸压裂缝扩展机理认识不清,难以有效预测酸压裂缝扩展规律。对深层储层酸压改造后,裂缝网络系统的预测极其困难,相关理论也较为薄弱,预测结果往往与实际情况相差甚远,难以满足实际生产需求。建议加强对酸压裂缝在发育孔、洞、缝等非连续介质中的扩展及延伸行为的研究,完善相关理论,强化缝洞系统和裂缝网络的表征技术和手段,更准确地模拟酸压后的储层特征。强化如扫描电镜和数字岩心技术等先进技术的应用,从而为酸压机理的研究提供更多物理实验方面的依据。此外,一些软件可以对酸压过程进行模拟,如 MFRAC[71] 和 FRACPRO[72] 等软件,为酸压技术的研究提供了新的发展方向。②深层超深层意味着高温高压的存在,相关工作液体系以及井具设备需要耐高温高压,这就对工作液体系和井具设备提出了更高的要求,关于工作液体系的研究仍旧相对有限,对其因素的影响机理进行系统化实验分析并制定详细准则是未来的重要工作。当前,中国在耐高温高压井具设备领域仍存在诸多空白,许多关键仪器设备均来自国外进口,如高压井口及高压压裂车等设备,相关设备的研发是下一步关注的核心之一。③目前对于不同地质条件下相对应的酸压技术应对措施缺少系统性的总结,建议强化不同类型储层中酸压模式的总结,从而指导相关地区酸压技术的实施。通过针对典型油田酸压技术实施的细则进行总结,制定典型案例图版,为其他油田酸压的实施提供借鉴与指导。

  • 5 结论

  • 差异化分段酸压技术、体积酸压技术和控缝高酸压技术是当前3大热点酸压技术。差异化分段酸压技术实现了储层的精准改造,体积酸压技术实现了储层的深度改造,控缝高酸压技术解决了酸压后的水窜问题。

  • 不同类型储层在酸压改造的过程中面临着不同的问题。碳酸盐岩和致密砂岩储层常面临储层埋藏深,破裂压力高,延伸压力高以及储隔层应力差异不大,缝高难控制等问题;砂岩和煤层气储层常面临酸压产生沉淀物堵塞孔道以及工作液体系对储层造成伤害,如储层污染或过早出砂等问题; 火山岩储层酸压改造常面临岩性致密、加砂难度大以及储层水敏性强,常规酸压体系难以适用,地层压力系数低、返排困难等难题。通过在酸压技术以及工作液体系方面的合理调整可以在酸压过程中克服上述问题。

  • 酸压机理的研究目前可以划分为2大类主流方法,即理论计算法和模拟实验法。理论计算法是酸压机理认识的基础,目前仍存在诸多问题,难以准确预测酸压裂缝的扩展规律,模拟实验法相对较为直观,是进一步深入认识酸压机理的关键。

  • 酸压效果受到地质和工程因素的双重影响。地质因素主要包括储层特征、水平地应力差值、埋深以及与油(气)水界面的关系,工程因素则包括酸压技术的选择、酸液类型与浓度、酸液用量、酸液流速、注酸后反应时间、闭合压力等。综合分析,建立了不同酸压效果影响因素及应对措施模式,为油田实施酸压提供指导和方向。

  • 酸压技术目前朝着 4 大方向发展,即酸压层位深层超深层化、酸压对象精准化、酸压范围扩大化和酸压技术可控化。目前酸压技术存在的主要问题及建议是:酸压裂缝扩展机理认识不清,难以有效预测酸压裂缝扩展规律;工作液体系以及井具设备难以满足耐高温高压,建议加快研发工作;对于不同地质条件下相对应的酸压技术应对措施缺少系统性的总结,建议强化不同类型储层中酸压模式的总结,为酸压技术的实施提供指导。

  • 图3 典型酸压效果影响因素及应对措施模式图版

  • Fig.3 Typical factors influencing acid-fracturing effects and corresponding measures

  • 符号解释

  • pf ——水力裂缝中的流体压力,MPa;

  • τn——天然裂缝缝面的剪应力,MPa;

  • τ0——天然裂缝的内聚力,MPa;

  • σH——最大水平主应力,MPa;

  • σh——最小水平主应力,MPa;

  • σn——天然裂缝缝面的正应力,MPa;

  • σV——垂向地应力,MPa;

  • φ——破裂面与最小主应力的夹角,( °);

  • φf ——内摩擦角,( °)。

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