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作者简介:

崔晓朵(1973—),女,山东东营人,高级工程师,硕士,从事特殊岩性油气田开发研究工作。E-mail:cuixiaoduo.slyt@sinopec.com。

中图分类号:TE341

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1009-9603(2023)06-0160-07

DOI:10.13673/j.pgre.202211006

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目录contents

    摘要

    丰深1低渗透凝析气藏具有低渗透、易出砂、特高含凝析油等复杂地质和相态特征,开发过程中反凝析污染不可避免,明确反凝析污染特征和建立污染解除措施十分重要。为此,开展了反凝析污染特征及解除措施实验。结果表明:当最大反凝析压力为19 MPa时,长岩心气相有效渗透率降幅为90%以上,压裂能提高长岩心气相有效渗透率,但反凝析污染程度尚未明显改善。对于单一注入介质,注CO2解除反凝析污染效果明显优于注甲醇和伴生气;甲醇与CO2等比例混合介质解除反凝析污染效果好于单一注入介质,是最优注入介质。对于注入时机,在 19 MPa 时注 CO2后裂缝长岩心渗透率恢复程度最高达 61.18%,进一步衰竭至废弃压力时凝析油最终采收率可达36.2%,较5 MPa时提高4.9%,较衰竭过程提高7.8%,是相对最优注入时机。

    Abstract

    Fengshen 1 condensate gas reservoir with low permeability has complex geological and phase characteristics such as low permeability,easy sand production,and extremely high content of condensate oil. Therefore,retrograde condensate pollution is in‐ evitable during development. It is essential to clarify the retrograde condensate pollution characteristics and establish pollution relief measures. In this paper,experiments about retrograde condensate pollution characteristics and relief measures were conducted. The results show that the effective permeability of the gas phase in long cores is decreased by more than 90% under the maximum retro‐ grade condensate pressure of 19 MPa. Fracturing can improve the effective permeability of the gas phase in long cores,but the de‐ gree of retrograde condensate pollution has not been significantly improved. For the single injection medium,CO2 injection has a significantly better effect on relieving retrograde condensate pollution than methanol injection and associated gas injection. The mixed medium of methanol and CO2 in equal proportion has a better effect on relieving retrograde condensate pollution than a single injection medium,and it is the optimal choice. As for the injection timing,the maximum permeability recovery rate of fractured long cores after injecting CO2 at 19 MPa is 61.18%. Then the condensate oil recovery can reach 36.2% when the injection pressure reaches the abandoned pressure,which is 4.9% higher than that at 5 MPa and 7.8% higher than in the depletion process. As a result, it is the relatively optimal injection timing.

  • 凝析气藏是一种介于油藏和天然气藏之间的特殊气藏,其在储层条件下以单一气相存在[1-4],而当气藏压力降至露点压力以下时,流体会由单一气相变为气-凝析油两相[5-8]。凝析气藏反凝析现象不仅在地层中损失大量的凝析油,还造成储层表皮效应,进而严重影响气井产能[9-16]。注气吞吐和压裂能在一定程度上解除凝析气藏近井区反凝析污染[17-22]。注气吞吐是通过注入介质的驱替及抽提作用降低近井区凝析油饱和度从而提高气相渗透率;压裂能增加近井地层流动压力,减少压降,明显扩大有效流入范围,使气井能保持高的井底压力,推迟井眼附近凝析油的聚集[23-25]。甲醇和 CO2是解除反凝析污染较好的注入介质。甲醇具有的挥发性可加速凝析油的蒸发,改善地层水的蒸发能力,有利于通过地层水的蒸发降低水的饱和度,从而降低克服水锁效应所需的启动压力以解除水锁[26-27];其次,注入甲醇能降低凝析气体系的露点压力,减缓反凝析的发生[28]。注 CO2时,CO2充分溶解于凝析油,既增加了油的流动性,又降低了油流动的毛细管阻力及流动阻力;地层压力和温度越高,CO2溶解度越大,单井吞吐效果越好;并且 CO2还可蒸发反凝析液。另外,因 CO2易溶于水且溶解于水后呈弱酸性,酸化作用可解除地层堵塞使储层渗透性提高[29-32]

  • 丰深1低渗透凝析气藏为高温高压不饱和凝析气藏,储层物性较差、非均质性强,岩性主要为块状砂砾岩,分选差。例如丰深斜 101 井储层温度为 165℃,压力为 43.88 MPa,凝析油含量达 627 g / cm3[33-36]。在丰深1低渗透凝析气藏前期生产过程中发现产量递减快,气相有效渗透率显著降低,反凝析污染严重。但目前对于该凝析气藏反凝析污染伤害程度、岩心中反凝析油饱和度及其治理措施存在认识空白。为此,笔者基于丰深斜 101 井生产流体相态分析,采用长岩心实验方法进行反凝析污染特征及解除措施实验和效果评价,旨为丰深 1 低渗透凝析气藏后续开发提供基础资料和机理认识。

  • 1 基础相态实验

  • 根据油气藏流体物性分析方法[37],采用现场分离器取得的脱气油和伴生气,按丰深 1 井的生产气油比配制凝析气。在储层温度为 165℃和压力为 44 MPa条件下,采用 JEFRI无汞高温高压流体分析仪对配制后的凝析气进行闪蒸分离及井流物测试、等组成膨胀及露点压力测试和定容衰竭实验。

  • 1.1 闪蒸分离及井流物测试

  • 配制的凝析气样品闪蒸气油比和凝析油含量测试结果分别为1 100 m3 / m3 和638 g/cm3,与现场生产认识基本一致。将配制凝析气闪蒸分离后收集的凝析气和凝析油分别进行气相和油相色谱分析,获得井流物组成,并与原始井流物组成进行对比(表1)。配制的井流物组分中 C1摩尔含量为 71.12 mol%,与常规认识的下限值 70 mol%相近,C11+摩尔含量为 4.03 mol%。

  • 1.2 等组成膨胀及露点压力测试

  • 恒质膨胀实验(CCE)中配制流体的露点压力为 35.2 MPa,地露压差为8.8 MPa。从流体相对体积与压力的关系(图1)可以看出,当压力大于25 MPa时,随着压力增加流体相对体积变化较为平缓,这是由于高压下分子之间以斥力作用为主,随着压力降低分子之间距离增加缓慢;而当压力小于 25 MPa 时,由于反凝析作用,凝析气中脱出了大部分凝析油,流体变轻,膨胀能力增强,同时分子之间距离增大,引力作用凸显,随着压力降低流体相对体积快速增大。

  • 表1 井流物组成

  • Table1 Composition of well fluid

  • 图1 恒质膨胀实验中流体相对体积与压力的关系

  • Fig.1 Relationship between relative volume of fluid and pressure during CCE

  • 1.3 定容衰竭实验

  • 定容衰竭实验(CVD)可用于模拟凝析气藏衰竭过程的反凝析和流体采出特征。实验过程中最大反凝析压力为 19 MPa,废弃压力为 5 MPa。从图2 可以看出,露点压力以下随着压力降低,反凝析油饱和度快速增长,直至 19 MPa 时达到最大值 (19.10%),之后随着压力降低部分凝析油又再次挥发到气相中,但降低程度有限。测试结果表明,压力从 44 MPa 衰竭至废弃压力后,天然气采出程度为 88.06%,凝析油采收率仅为 12.55%,鉴于目标气藏的低渗透特征,衰竭过程反凝析污染程度可能较强。

  • 图2 定容衰竭实验中反凝析油饱和度随压力的变化

  • Fig.2 Change of retrograde condensate oil saturation with pressure during CVD

  • 2 反凝析污染特征及解除措施实验

  • 为有效掌握目标气藏反凝析污染特征,采用从现场获取的储层段实际岩心组合成长岩心进行近井区反凝析污染特征及解除措施实验。

  • 2.1 实验器材

  • 实验用26块岩心取自丰深斜101井储层。将岩心按照渗透率高低分为 2 组,从出口至入口的排列方式,采用调和平均法排序组装成 2 组不同渗透率长岩心。由于气藏渗透率太低,现场部分井进行了压裂改造作业,因此在采用基质岩心完成实验后,将所有岩心洗净、烘干,再依据现场试井渗透率对基质岩心进行造缝,再重新组装成 2 组长岩心。长岩心基本物性参数见表2,其中高渗透长岩心在造缝前和造缝后的调和平均渗透率分别为 3.5和 73.9 mD,低渗透长岩心在造缝前和造缝后的调和平均渗透率分别为0.44和32.4 mD。实验用地层水水型为CaCl2 型,矿化度为200 848 mg/L,pH值为4.56。

  • 表2 高、低渗透长岩心基本物性参数

  • Table2 Basic physical property parameters of high/low-permeability long cores

  • 注:4.00/3.93表示基质岩心/裂缝岩心。

  • 反凝析污染特征及解除措施实验装置如图3所示,实验仪器主要包括围压泵、驱替泵、回压泵、回压阀、恒温箱、中间容器、长岩心夹持器、分离器、气量计等。

  • 图3 反凝析污染特征及解除措施实验装置

  • Fig.3 Experimental device for retrograde condensate pollution characteristics and relief measures

  • 2.2 实验步骤

  • 反凝析污染特征实验 具体实验步骤包括:① 将 4 组长岩心分别进行测试,长岩心束缚水饱和度均为 48%。②在地层条件下使用干气饱和岩心,建立系统压力,随后使用干气测试长岩心渗透率;再用凝析气置换干气,待出口端产出流体的气油比与配制凝析气的一致时,完成地层原始条件的建立。③ 将装有干气的中间容器和长岩心系统串联,从原始地层压力开始缓慢降压,使凝析油在长岩心中凝析出来,每级压力下(44,35.2,30.3,26.1,19.5,10.4 MPa)采用中间容器中的平衡凝析气测试长岩心气相有效渗透率。④实验测试结束后,清洗岩心。

  • 解除反凝析污染措施实验 具体实验步骤包括:①采用低渗透裂缝长岩心进行测试,在地层条件下使用干气饱和岩心,建立系统压力;再用凝析气置换干气,待出口端产出流体的气油比与配制凝析气的一致时,完成地层原始条件的建立。②将长岩心系统从原始地层压力分别衰竭至最大反凝析压力和废弃压力,在 19 MPa 时从长岩心出口注 CO2,使长岩心系统压力上升至 28.5 MPa;在 5 MPa 时从长岩心出口分别注CO2、甲醇、甲醇+CO2、伴生气,使长岩心系统压力上升至7.5 MPa;并采用平衡凝析气测试注入介质前后的长岩心气相有效渗透率。③将长岩心系统压力衰竭至废弃压力,并计算凝析油采收率。

  • 2.3 实验结果及分析

  • 2.3.1 反凝析污染特征实验

  • 由4组长岩心衰竭过程中气相有效渗透率随压力的变化(图4)可知,裂缝长岩心气相有效渗透率大幅提高,即使压力降至 10 MPa 时,气相流动能力仍高于基质岩心;当降至最大反凝析压力以下时,凝析油开始反蒸发,裂缝长岩心气相有效渗透率出现回升的趋势,而基质岩心无此现象。因此对于低渗透凝析气藏,压裂是应对凝析油污染的有效方式之一。

  • 图4 衰竭过程中不同长岩心气相有效渗透率随压力的变化

  • Fig.4 Changes of effective permeability of gas phase in different long cores with pressure during depletion process

  • 由衰竭过程中不同长岩心气相有效渗透率降幅随压力的变化(图5)可知,当压力为26 MPa时,基质长岩心气相有效渗透率降幅为 37%~39%,裂缝长岩心为 62%~67%;当压力为 30 MPa 时,基质长岩心气相有效渗透率降幅为 18%~20%,裂缝长岩心为 35%~40%。由此可见,当压力为最大反凝析压力以上时,裂缝长岩心气相有效渗透率比基质长岩心下降更快。分析认为对于裂缝长岩心,岩心渗透率中裂缝渗透率占主导地位,在衰竭过程中裂缝长岩心基质内凝析气首先进入裂缝系统再流入井筒,因此反凝析现象主要发生在裂缝中;同时裂缝中凝析油不断堆积,当达到凝析油流动饱和度后可形成气液两相流动。这2方面的原因都会降低裂缝长岩心气相有效渗透率,使裂缝长岩心气相有效渗透率比基质长岩心下降更快。

  • 图5 衰竭过程中不同长岩心气相有效渗透率降幅随压力的变化

  • Fig.5 Changes of effective permeability reduction of gas phase in different long cores with pressure during depletion process

  • 当压力为 19 MPa 时,高、低渗透裂缝长岩心的气相有效渗透率降幅分别为 93.71% 和 93.99%,高、低渗透基质长岩心的分别为91.90%和93.21%,可以看出2类岩心的气相有效渗透率降幅基本相当。这是由于样品凝析油含量高,至最大反凝析压力时,凝析油析出量大,基质、裂缝长岩心气相渗流通道基本被凝析油占据,从而岩心气相有效渗透率降幅达到最大。当压力为19 MPa以下时,随着压力降低基质长岩心的气相有效渗透率降幅无明显变化,而裂缝长岩心气相有效渗透率降幅出现了轻微的回升,这是因为相对于基质,裂缝空间较大,凝析油出现了部分反蒸发;而基质岩心中凝析油主要堆积在微纳米孔隙中,空间小,凝析油不易流动,反蒸发现象难以发生。

  • 2.3.2 解除反凝析污染措施实验

  • 在原始地层压力为44 MPa条件下,采用平衡凝析气测得低渗透裂缝长岩心渗透率为 1.652 mD,解除反凝析后再用平衡凝析气测定长岩心渗透率。在 19 MPa 时注 CO2,裂缝长岩心渗透率最高恢复程度为 61.18%;在 5 MPa 时注 CO2、伴生气、甲醇、甲醇+ CO2,渗透率最高恢复程度分别为 19.44%,14.56%,8.05 % 和 24.76%。对于同种注入介质 CO2,最大反凝析压力时的渗透率恢复程度明显高于 5 MPa,这是因为将地层压力分别从 19 和 5 MPa 提升 1.5 倍后,前者CO2注入量大,对凝析油的抽提与降黏作用较强,故解除反凝析污染效果较好。同一注入压力下,甲醇与 CO2等比例混合介质解除反凝析污染效果优于注 CO2,这是因为前者同时具有 CO2的抽提与对原油膨胀、降黏作用以及甲醇蒸汽对水、中间-重质烃的携带作用。而注 CO2效果优于注伴生气,这是因为 CO2在原油中的溶解能力远高于伴生气。单独注甲醇时由于仅有甲醇蒸汽对原油的携带作用,所以效果相对最差。

  • 由不同注入介质与注入压力下低渗透裂缝长岩心凝析油最终采收率(表3)可知,对于同种注入介质CO2,注入时机为最大反凝析压力时,裂缝长岩心凝析油最终采收率为36.2%,较5 MPa时提高4.9%,较衰竭过程提高 7.8%。同一注入压力下,甲醇与 CO2等比例混合介质解除反凝析污染和提高凝析油采收率效果最好,然后依次是 CO2、伴生气和甲醇。当甲醇与 CO2等比例混合后充当解堵介质在 5 MPa 时注入后,裂缝长岩心凝析油最终采收率为 31.9%,相较于衰竭过程提高3.5%,而注CO2、伴生气和甲醇解堵后凝析油最终采收率分别提高 2.9%,2.1%, 1.2%。综上所述,甲醇与 CO2等比例混合介质在解除反凝析污染程度和提高凝析油采收率方面效果相对好,注入时机优选最大反凝析压力。

  • 表3 不同注入介质与注入压力下低渗透裂缝长岩心凝析油最终采收率

  • Table3 Ultimate recovery of condensate oil from fractured long cores with low permeability at different injection medium and pressure conditions

  • 3 结论

  • 丰深 1 低渗透凝析气藏凝析油含量高,地露压差大,衰竭过程中反凝析液量大。长岩心衰竭实验证实在最大反凝析压力为19 MPa下,长岩心气相有效渗透率降幅为 90% 以上,压裂能提高凝析气藏反凝析后储层气相有效渗透率,但对反凝析污染改善不明显。在最大反凝析压力下注CO2后裂缝长岩心渗透率恢复程度最高达 61.18%,进一步衰竭至废弃压力,凝析油最终采收率可达 36.2%,较衰竭过程提高7.8%,较5 MPa时提高4.9%;在废弃压力为5 MPa 下注甲醇与 CO2等比例混合介质,裂缝长岩心渗透率恢复程度最高为24.76%,明显优于单一注入CO2、甲醇或伴生气。

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