By investigating the research and application of microbial technology in shale oil and gas reservoir development in other countries， the principle， technology， and application of plugging removal technology by indigenous microorganisms in shale oil and gas reservoirs and DNA sequencing diagnosis technology in shale formation are introduced in detail. At the same time， the principle and research progress of enhanced shale oil and gas recovery and transformation of shale reservoir rock by microorganisms are analyzed. The results show that there are microorganisms in shale oil and gas reservoirs. Based on the degradation of macromolecular organic matter by reservoir microorganisms and the detection and analysis of specific microorganism DNA in reservoirs，the plugging removal technology by indigenous microorganisms in shale oil and gas reservoirs and DNA sequencing diagnosis technology in shale formation have been applied in the field， and excellent results have been obtained in improving shale oil and gas productivity and high-efficiency reservoir description. Based on the improvement of crude oil flow ability by microorganisms in reservoirs and that of reservoir rock properties， studies on enhanced shale oil and gas recovery and transformation of shale reservoir rock by microorganisms have shown a very good application prospect. At present， the development of shale oil and gas reservoirs in China is in the stage of rapid growth， so it is necessary to learn from the experience of foreign countries and explore microbial development technology in accordance with the characteristics of shale oil and gas in China.